Diabetes Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

A critical review on traditional herbal plant ‘tulsi’

The medicinal value of Tulsi is fantastic. Studies have also found that Tulsi has been beneficial in lowering blood glucose levels in diabetes. In the same analysis, overall cholesterol levels with Tulsi were greatly decreased. Another research found that its antioxidant effects had a positive effect on blood glucose. The Rama Tulsi is the powerful treatment for extreme acute airborne syndrome. Juice from her leaves provides frost, flu, bronchitis and cough relief. As an ear drop, tulsi oil is used too. In cure of malaria, Tulsi aids. It is particularly effective against indigestion, fever, hysteria, sleeplessness, cholera. Millions of people each day taking the new leaves of Tulsi. Tulsi, the medicinal queen, is renowned for its excellent healing properties for many generations. Modern science study has demonstrably demonstrated the reduction and resilience of stress, inflammation reduce, cholesterol reduction, contaminants removal, radiation safety, gastric ulcers avoidance, fevers reduction, metabolism and a high degree of antioxidant and other nutrients. This research often offers remarkable outcomes. Tulsis protects the heart, blood vessels, liver and lungs in particular and controls blood pressure and blood sugar. Recent studies indicate that Tulsi, like many modern painkillers, may be a COX-2 inhibitor due to its strong eugenol concentration (1-hydroxy-2methoxy-4-allylbenzene). Tulsi is also promising to guard against toxicity and cataracts. The oil from the Karpoora Tulsi is used primarily for herbal washing. It also uses the oil against bacteria and insects. Tulsi can keep the dreaded swine or H1N1 flu in the background, but can also lead to rapid recovery of a person suffering from Ayurvedic practises. “Medical researchers worldwide have recently uncovered Tulsi's anti-flu property. Tulsi strengthens the global system of defence, including its capacity to suppress infectious disease.

Andrographis paniculata Improves Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice and TNFα-Treated 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines interfere with blood glucose homeostasis, which leads to hyperglycemia. Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory activity and to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetes. The two major bioactive diterpenoids in AP, andrographolide (AND) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND), have potent anti-inflammatory activity. We studied whether APE (an ethanolic extract of AP), AND, and deAND could improve a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycemia in vivo and TNF[Formula: see text]-induced impairment of insulin signaling in vitro. Male C57BL/6JNarl mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or the HFD, and the fatty mice were treated with APE, deAND, or AND for 16 weeks. 3T3-L1 cells were used to study the underlying mechanisms by which APE, deAND, or AND attenuated TNF[Formula: see text]-induced insulin resistance. The HFD significantly induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation, whereas APE and deAND significantly ameliorated HFD-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and TNF[Formula: see text] production. The HFD significantly impaired insulin signaling by decreasing the protein expression of p-IRS1 tyr632 and p-AKT ser473, as well as the membrane translocation of GLUT4 in response to insulin stimulation in epididymal adipose tissue. HFD-impaired the membrane translocation of GLUT4 was significantly reversed by deAND and APE. In addition, deAND and APE markedly reversed the detrimental effect of TNF[Formula: see text] on the insulin signaling pathway and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Despite no significant positive effect on p-AS160, a trend for recovery by deAND and APE was observed. These results suggest that deAND and APE protect against HFD-induced insulin resistance by ameliorating inflammation-driven impairment of insulin sensitivity.

Glucose and pH Dual‐Responsive Nanogels for Efficient Protein Delivery

Direct delivery of protein suffers from their in vitro and in vivo instability, immunogenicity, and a relatively short half-life within the body. To overcome these challenges, pH and glucose dual-responsive biodegradable nanogels comprised of dextran and poly(L-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly-(ethylene glycol)/phenyl boronic acid (PLG-g-mPEG/PBA) are designed. The cross-linked network imparted drug-loading efficacy of α-amylase up to 55.6% and hyaluronidase up to 29.1%. In vitro protein release profiles reveal that the release of protein is highly dependent on the pH or glucose concentrations, that is, less amount of protein is released at pH 7.4 or healthy blood glucose level (1 mg mL-1 glucose), while quicker release of protein occurs at pH 5.5 or diabetic blood glucose level (above 3 mg mL-1 glucose). Circular dichroism spectra show that the secondary structure of released protein is maintained compared to naive protein. Overall, the nanogels have provided a simple and effective strategy to deliver protein.

Blood glucose levels in diabetic patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy

ntroduction: To determine if hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy has an effect on diabetic blood glucose levels (BGL) and, if so, the extent of this effect. Also, to examine factors that exacerbate any observed effect. Methods: This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected quality data on diabetics undergoing HBO2. Pre- and post-treatment BGL were recorded. Pre-treatment BGL <120 mg/dL received glucose supplementation. Hypoglycemia was defined as BGL <70 mg/dL. BGL <90 mg/dL was included as an elevated hypoglycemia threshold. Results: 77 patients representing 1,825 treatments were included for analysis. No patient had deleterious side effects or required emergency care. BGL decreased in 75.4% of treatments in this group, with a median decrease of 25 mg/dL (IQR=54 mg/dL; range of decreased 374 mg/dL to increased 240 mg/dL). A statistically significant greater percentage of treatments of patients with type 2 diabetes resulted in a decrease in BGL (1598 or 77.5%) compared to treatments of patients with type 1 diabetes (169 or 51.5%) (χ2(1, N=1767) =55.37, p<0.001). 1.1% of treatments had post-HBO2 serum glucose <90 mg/dL, and 0.2% of treatments had post-HBO2 serum glucose <70 mg/dL. The majority (70%) of patients with post-HBO2 BGL < 90 mg/dL were maintained on insulin alone (χ2(2, N=20) =12.4, p=0.002). Well-controlled diabetics (i.e., those with all BGLs within 50 mg/dL over all pre-HBO2 treatments) had no post-HBO2 BGL <70 mg/dL or <90 mg/dL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HBO2 does not cause a clinically significant decrease in diabetic patient BGL. No patient in our study had deleterious side effects or required emergency care. We found that glucose level of <90 mg/dL occurred more often in those who use insulin. Hyperbaric patients who exhibit consistent BGL values may represent a group who could be managed similarly to the non-diabetic population.

Andrographis Paniculata Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet-fed Mice and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (P21-074-19)

ObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that Andrographis paniculata (AP) possesses antiinflammatory activity and is able to reduce blood glucose level in diabetes. The results suggested that AP reduced blood glucose level via activation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) membrane translocation; however, the mechanism in adipocytes remained unclear. Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to play a role in blood glucose dysregulation, which leads to hyperglycemia in vivo. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of bioactive compounds of AP on GLUT4 membrane translocation in 3T3-L1 cells and hyperglycemia in high fat diet-fed mice. MethodsThe ethanolic extract of AP (APE) was prepared and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (deAND) was purified from APE. The purity of deAND was identified by LC/MS, which showed the purity for deAND was 98%. The 6-weeks old C57BL/6JNarl mice were fed normal fat diet (ND, 12.1% kcal from fat), high fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal from fat), HFD plus 0.1% AND, 0.05% deAND, or 0.4% APE for 16 weeks. 3T3-L1 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL TNFα in the presence or absence of 20 μM AND, 20 μM deAND, or 100 μg/mL APE for 24 hours. The blood glucose and insulin levels were determined by commercial assay kits and the protein expression was assayed by Western blotting. ResultsHFD significantly induced hyperglycemia as compared with ND. Treatment with deAND and APE significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose and HOMA-IR as compared with HFD. TNFα, a proinflammatory cytokine, significantly inhibited glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells because impairment of IRS1-AKT-AS160 signaling pathway and GLUT4 membrane translocation. In contrast, treatment with AND, deAND, and APE attenuated the lower glucose uptake induced by TNFα. The protective effects of deAND and APE were associated with improvement of IRS1-AKT-AS160 signaling pathway, which resulted in more GLUT4 membrane translocation. ConclusionsHFD induced hyperglycemia and elevated blood TNFα level in vivo. TNFα dysregulated insulin signaling pathway in vitro. Treatment with deAND and APE reversed defects in IRS1-AKT-AS160-GLUT4 signaling pathway induced by TNFα in 3T3-L1 cells, which accounted for the anti-diabetic effect of AP. Funding SourcesThis study was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan.

Microwave sensor for the investigation of glucose-dependent reflection properties in aqueous samples

The reported paper presents the development of a microwave sensor with a resonant frequency 2.4 GHz. The sensor is also demonstrated in vitro to investigate the variation in its response as a function of glucose concentration. The sensor could be used for the monitoring of blood glucose level in diabetics through non-invasive technology. The approach followed is based on the notion that, change in glucose concentration in the blood affects dielectric properties of blood which in turn produce an impact on reflection properties of the sensor. This effect on response of sensor will be ultimately used to estimate blood glucose concentration. The design specifications considered for the development of sensor are defined in the paper. The experimental setup for in vitro experiment and procedure employed for the investigation of the reflection properties of the sensor as a function of glucose concentration are also discussed in detail. The shift in resonance frequency and the change in the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of proposed sensor have been observed. The reported measurement results are the preliminary results in exploring the implementation of proposed sensor for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.

Vitamin D level and body mass index in patients with type II diabetes mellitus

Background: There are many evidence suggesting an association between Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus. Low Vitamin D levels, development of diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome have all been interrelated. Interestingly, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors common to both Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus. Aims and Objectives: The study was carried out to determine the correlation of Vitamin D levels and body mass index (BMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and Methods: A case-controlled study was carried out at Shree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chrompet, Chennai, a tertiary care teaching institute. A total of 48 patients with T2DM (cases) and 43 non-diabetics healthy individuals (controls) were included in this study. The controls were age and sex matched with the cases. The demographic data and other relevant information were recorded in case record form. 5 mL blood was collected from all persons in the fasting state and analyzed for plasma blood glucose levels and Vitamin D. Plasma glucose levels were determined by glucose oxidase- peroxidase method. Vitamin D levels were determined by ELISA method. Results: An inverse correlation has been found between Vitamin D and BMI in diabetics. ANOVA single factor done for diabetics and non-diabetics both cases F statistical value >F critical value and P < 0.05 proving statistical significance. As Vitamin D levels decreased, there was an increase in plasma blood glucose levels. Conclusion: It was thus concluded that Vitamin D supplementation can help in efficient control of blood glucose levels in diabetes as well as prevent early onset of diabetes in obese individuals.

Ethical Acceptability of Postrandomization Consent in Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Pragmatic clinical trials that seek informed consent after randomization (ie, postrandomization consent) are increasingly used, but debate on ethics persists because control arm patients are not specifically informed about the trials and randomization occurs before consent for the trials. The public's attitude toward postrandomization consent trials is unknown, but the way the trials are described could bias people's views. To assess the attitudes of the US general public toward postrandomization informed consent for pragmatic trials and to measure potential framing and other factors associated with those attitudes. An online, 2 × 2 experimental survey (fielded between February 23 and April 3, 2018) portraying 4 scenarios of postrandomization informed consent (with prior broad consent for medical record use) was conducted. These scenarios included traditional randomized clinical trial language framing vs alternative framing in a high-stakes trial (ie, survival in leukemia) or low-stakes trial (ie, blood glucose level in diabetes). A total of 3793 individuals invited to participate were part of an existing panel representative of the US general public (GfK KnowledgePanel). The proportion of participants who would recommend that an ethics review board approve a postrandomization consent pragmatic trial. A total of 2042 of 3739 invitees (54.6%) responded; after exclusion of 38 incomplete surveys, 2004 participants were included in the analysis. Of these, 997 (49.8%) were women, 1440 (71.9%) were white non-Hispanic, 199 (9.9%) were black non-Hispanic, and 233 (11.6%) were Hispanic. Mean (SD) age was 47.5 (17.4) years. Across scenarios, weighted data showed that 75.4% of the participants would recommend approval of the postrandomization consent pragmatic trial, 20.4% would probably not recommend approval, and 4.2% would definitely not recommend approval. Approval was not sensitive to framing language (traditional vs new framing in high-stakes scenario, 74.3% vs 76.8%, P = .40; in low-stakes scenario, 77.7% vs 72.9%, P = .10) or to the stakes (low vs high stakes in traditional framing, 77.7% vs 74.3%, P = .25; in new framing, 72.9% vs 76.8%, P = .18). Better understanding of the postrandomization consent design was associated with higher rate of approval (78.1% vs 65.0%, P = .002 for high-stakes scenario; 77.2% vs 64.9%, P = .004 for low-stakes scenario), especially among those with less education. However, opinions about personal involvement in the control arm were more cautious (range depending on scenario, 45.6%-59.7%) and sensitive to stakes but not to framing. The public's generally high rate of approval of the ethics of postrandomization informed consent for pragmatic trial designs does not appear to be affected by whether postrandomization consent design is framed using traditional randomized clinical trial terminology, regardless of the stakes of the trial. Promoting better understanding of the design may increase its acceptance by the public.

Neuroprotective Effects of Amylin Analogues on Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis and Cognition.

Type II diabetes (T2D) has been identified as a major risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interestingly, both AD and T2D have similar characteristics including amyloid peptide aggregation, decreased metabolism, and increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Despite their prevalence, therapies for these diseases are limited. To date, most therapies for AD have targeted amyloid-β or tau. Unfortunately, most of these clinical trials have been largely unsuccessful, creating a crucial need for novel therapies. A number of studies have shown that metabolic hormone therapies are effective at ameliorating high blood glucose levels in diabetics as well as improving cognitive function in AD and mild cognitive impairment patients. Pramlintide, a synthetic analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, has been developed and used for years now as a treatment for both type I diabetes and T2D due to the loss of β-islet cells responsible for producing amylin. Importantly, recent data demonstrates its potential therapeutic role for AD as well. This review aims at addressing parallels between T2D and AD at a pathological and functional level, focusing on amylin signaling as a key, overlapping mediator in both diseases. The potential therapeutic use of this hormone to treat AD will also be explored from a mechanistic viewpoint.

Combining data augmentation, EDAs and grammatical evolution for blood glucose forecasting

The ideal solution for diabetes mellitus type 1 patients is the generalization of artificial pancreas systems. Artificial pancreas will control blood glucose levels of diabetics, improving their quality of live. At the core of the system, an algorithm will forecast future glucose levels as a function of food ingestion and insulin bolus sizes. In previous works several evolutionary computation techniques has been proposed as modeling or identification techniques in this area. One of the main obstacles that researchers have found for training the models is the lack of significant amounts of data. As in many other fields in medicine, the collection of data from real patients is not an easy task, since it is necessary to control the environmental and patient conditions. In this paper, we propose three evolutionary algorithms that generate synthetic glucose time series using real data from a patient. This way, the models can be trained with an augmented data set. The synthetic time series are used to train grammatical evolution models that work together in an ensemble. Experimental results show that, in a scarce data context, grammatical evolution models can get more accurate and robust predictions using data augmentation. In particular we reduce the number of potentially dangerous predictions to 0 for a 30 min horizon, 2.5% for 60 min, 3.6% on 90 min and 5.5% for 2 h. The Ensemble approach presented in this paper showed excellent performance when compared to not only a classical approach such as ARIMA, but also with other grammatical evolution approaches. We tested our techniques with data from real patients.

Continuous Reduction of Blood Glucose Average during One Year of Glucose Monitoring Using a Digital Monitoring System in a High-Risk Population

Patients with high average of blood glucose levels (above 180mg/dL) are at high risk for developing clinical complications. Digital engagement is playing a pivotal role in the care of patients with diabetes, assisting to enhance their compliance. The Dario Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS) connects physically to a smart mobile device and automatically logs blood glucose measurements into designated App. The data captured on the App is transmitted to the Dario cloud. The study is looking at high risk patients’ data over one year of Dario use. Methods: An exploratory data analysis study reviewed a population of high risk active type 2 diabetic users with initial 30 days glucose average above 180 mg/dL during a full calendar year. The study assessed the average blood glucose readings along a year of usage. The average of glucose readings was calculated per user in periods of in 30 days intervals from 30-60 to 330-360 days and compared to the first 30 days as the starting point baseline of analysis. Results: Overall of 238 highly engaged T2D users (more than one daily measurement in average) whose average blood glucose level was above 180mg/dL in the first 30 days of measurements (225±45 mg/dL) showed continuous reduction in glucose level average vs. baseline. Reduction in blood glucose average level was demonstrated gradually, in the succeeding 3, 6 and 12 months showing average decrease of 7%, 11% and 14% vs. baseline, respectively. Furthermore, 76% of the entire population (180 out of 238 users) improved their average blood glucose level over a year. Those 180 users (average blood glucose 228±46) showed an average decrease of 10%, 16% and 24% in their glucose average following 3, 6 and 12 months, respectively. Conclusions: The use of a digital smartphone-based blood glucose monitoring system in high risk patients has the potential to promote behavioral modification and enhanced adherence to diabetes blood glucose levels management in T2D patients. Disclosure Y. Hershcovitz: Employee; Self; DarioHealth. S. Dar: Employee; Self; DarioHealth. E. Feniger: Employee; Self; DarioHealth.

ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF INDIAN MAHAGONI PLANT EXTRACT BY TRANSDERMAL THERAPY

Objective: Most of the medicinal products are originated from nature and considered as a rich source for producing herbal drugs with modern approach. Swietenia mahagoni is one of the most important plants of the Meliaceae family. This plant has been reported to treat diabetes without adverse effects by local communities since long time. The present work is aimed on the transdermal therapy using seed extract of S. mahagoni in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in male Wistar rats.Methods: The induction of diabetic state by STZ injection and the biochemical analyses such as blood glucose, serum protein, albumin, cholesterol, urea, and alkaline phosphatase was monitored before and after treatment.Results: This present study showed there was a significant (p&lt;0.01) increase in the blood glucose level in diabetics, as well as, diabetics treated with insulin transdermally. However, there was significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) in the hyperglycemic state in diabetic animal, which is transdermally treated with seed extract.Conclusion: Thus, the results showed that this type of drug delivery could provide a pain-free physiological insulin balance among the patients.

Fasting blood glucose, glycaemic control and prostate cancer risk in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer

BackgroundDiabetic men have lowered overall risk of prostate cancer (PCa), but the role of hyperglycaemia is unclear. In this cohort study, we estimated PCa risk among men with diabetic fasting blood glucose level.MethodsParticipants of the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (FinRSPC) were linked to laboratory database for information on glucose measurements since 1978. The data were available for 17,860 men. Based on the average yearly level, the men were categorised as normoglycaemic, prediabetic, or diabetic. Median follow-up was 14.7 years. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for prostate cancer overall and separately by Gleason grade and metastatic stage.ResultsIn total 1,663 PCa cases were diagnosed. Compared to normoglycaemic men, those men with diabetic blood glucose level had increased risk of PCa (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.31–1.75). The risk increase was observed for all tumour grades, and persisted for a decade afterwards. Antidiabetic drug use removed the risk association. Limitations include absence of information on lifestyle factors and limited information on BMI.ConclusionsUntreated diabetic fasting blood glucose level may be a prostate cancer risk factor.

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on oxidative damage in liver of STZ-diabetic rats

In this study, the effects of exogenic application of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on oxidative stress and hyperlipidemia was determined in diabetics rats. The study included 60 Wistar albino rats aged 4-5 months. Rats were divided into 6 equal groups. The groups were control, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, diabetic, diabetic+60 mg/kg polysaccharides, diabetic+120 mg/kg polysaccharides and diabetic+10 mg/kg polysaccharide. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozocine at the dose rate of 50 mg/kg. The rats were fed ad-libitum throughout the experiment. At the end of the study, we took some samples out of total oxidant and total antioxidant levels and measured them with the spectrophotometer; thereafter we used the auto-analyser to measure the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL cholesterol and pancreatic amylase. We examined the blood of diabetic fasting rats and the effect was that their glucose level was increased significantly. (p<0.05), nonetheless the dose of 60, 120 and 180 mg/kg of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides did not reduce the blood glucose level (p>0.05). With the diabetic rats, the dose of 60, 120 and 180 mg/kg of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides rides effected in the increase of serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, and HDL cholesterol levels, although it was not a significant change (p>0.05), instead, we observed a statistically significant decrease of LDL cholesterol level (p<0.05). According to this study we concluded that polysaccharides effects in the decrease of hyperlipidaemia with regard to diabetes. During the study we applied Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides exogenously (60, 120, 180 mg/kg) and it did not affect the level of total antioxidant in diabetes significantly (p>0.05), however with a dose of 180 mg/kg the total oxidant level in pancreas and liver tissues was reduced significantly and has been considered as crucial fact. The collected data supported our view on histopathologic examination. Based on all the information, we used one type of fungus Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides which did not influence the blood glucose level in diabetes, whereas with regard to LDL and total oxidants it played a significant role in reducing its levels.

Impedance Spectroscopy of Aqueous Solution Samples of Different Glucose Concentrations for the Exploration of Non-Invasive-Continuous-Blood-Glucose-Monitoring

Continuous blood-glucose-monitoring provides maximal information about the fluctuations of blood-glucose levels throughout the day and thus plays a vital role in controlling the blood-glucose level in diabetes. The conventional methods of testing blood-glucose level are invasive, painful and are unsuitable for continuous monitoring. Thus, the battle for developing bloodless and painless blood-glucose monitors has begun from past three decades. Electrical bio-impedance spectroscopy has been suggested as one of the potential technique for the development of such monitors. The present work is aimed at impedance spectroscopy to demonstrate the variation in electrical bio-impedance properties of blood with the change in glucose concentration. Glucose-dependent electrical impedance parameters of aqueous solution samples, of increasing glucose concentration have been determined to accomplish the same. The glucose-dependent capacitance and conductance illustrates the direct variations in impedance parameters with respect to change in glucose concentration. Measurement automation program is developed to ease the measurement procedure, to support continuous measurement, and to compute short-term repeatability of measurement results. The experimental results of the present work will be used to implement electrical bio-impedance spectroscopy technique in the development of non-invasive-continuous-blood-glucose monitoring system.

In vitro regulation of enzymatic release of glucose and its uptake by Fenugreek microgreen and Mint leaf extract

SummaryFenugreek microgreen and mint leaf displayed antidiabetic potential during in vitro assays including cell line‐based analysis. Aqueous fenugreek microgreen extract (FME) (2 mg mL−1) inhibited α‐amylase by 70%. It also enhanced glucose uptake in L6 cells by 25% at 10 mg mL−1 which further improved to 44% in the presence of insulin. On the other hand, fresh mint leaf extract (MLE) inhibited α‐glucosidase up to 90% and increased glucose uptake by 15% in HepG2 cells. Besides, both these extracts also inhibited nonenzymatic glycation of protein. FME and MLE were also found to have high levels of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidants which could play a possible role in the observed antidiabetic activity. As blood glucose levels in diabetes can be regulated by inhibition of enzymes regulating carbohydrate metabolism and improving glucose uptake in cells, the findings indicate a complimentary therapeutic role of these two dietary herbs in diabetes.

HUBUNGAN KECEMASAN DENGAN KADAR GLUKOSA DARAH PENDERITA DIABETES MELLITUS DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS SUMBERSARI BANTUL KEC. METRO SELATAN KOTA METRO

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked increase in blood glucose. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013 the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the world reached 347 million people in Indonesia alone ranks among the seven countries with the highest diabetes prevalence of 7.6 million people. Among the causes of the increase in blood glucose levels in diabetics is due to psychological factors, namely anxiety. In the pre-survey results in Puskesmas Sumbersari Bantul note that from 8 patients with diabetes mellitus, there are 6 people experiencing anxiety and 2 do not complain any signs of anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of anxiety with blood glucose levels of diabetics mellitus in Puskesmas Sumbersari Bantul District of South Metro City. The type quantitative research, form design used is cross sectional. The population in this study are patients with diabetes mellitus in Puskesmas Sumbersari Bantul District of South Metro totaling 408 samples taken as many as 41 people. The analysis in this study using the test Person Product Moment. Statistical analysis showed that anxiety patients with diabetes mellitus are at an average score of 27.44 with a standard deviation of 4.353 and the average blood sugar levels of people with diabetes mellitus are at 339.78 mg / dL with a standard deviation of 74.742. In the Person Product Moment test results proved no relationship anxiety with blood sugar levels of people with diabetes mellitus (p-value = 0.000 &lt;a 0.05). Pearson correlation results obtained value of 0.817 towards a positive correlation with the strength of the relationship is very strong. Conclusions research shows there is an anxiety relationship with blood glucose levels of diabetics mellitus.

Effects of diabetes mellitus on biomechanical properties of the rabbit cornea

To investigate the effects of diabetes on the biomechanical behavior of cornea in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in 20 rabbits using alloxan, while another 20 age- and weight-matched non-diabetic rabbits served as controls. Eyes were enucleated after 8 weeks of inducing diabetes and the whole cornea was removed with a 3 mm wide scleral ring and tested under inflation conditions with an internal pressure range of 2.0–30.0 mmHg to determine their stress-strain behavior using an inverse analysis process. The blood glucose level (BG), advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) increased significantly in the DM group. There were statistically significant correlations between BG and AGEs (r = 0.768, p = 0.00), and between AGEs and CCT variation upon induction of DM (r = 0.594, p = 0.00). The tangent modulus (Et) of the cornea at four stress levels (1–4 kPa, equivalent to approximately IOP of 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 mmHg, respectively) was significantly higher in diabetic rabbits than in the control group (p < 0.05). Further, Et at stress of 2 kPa (which corresponded to the average IOP for the control group) was significantly correlated with BG (r = 0.378, p < 0.05), AGEs (r = 0.496, p < 0.05) and CCT variation upon induction of DM (r = 0.439, p < 0.05). IOP, as measured by contact tonometry, was also significantly correlated with both CCT (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) and Et at 2 kPa (r = 0.329, p < 0.05), and even after correcting for the effects of CCT and Et, IOP still significantly increased with both AGEs (r = 0.772, p = 0.00) and BG (r = 0.762, p = 0.00). The cornea of diabetic rabbits showed a significant increase in mechanical stiffness as evidenced by increases in corneal thickness and tangent modulus. The Et increase may be explained by a non-enzymatic cross-linking of collagen fibrils mediated by AGEs due to the high blood glucose levels in diabetes. The study also found significant IOP increases with higher blood glucose level even after controlling the effects of both corneal thickness and tangent modulus.

Predictive Control of the Blood Glucose Level in Type I Diabetic Patient Using Delay Differential Equation Wang Model

Because of increasing risk of diabetes, the measurement along with control of blood sugar has been of great importance in recent decades. In type I diabetes, because of the lack of insulin secretion, the cells cannot absorb glucose leading to low level of glucose. To control blood glucose (BG), the insulin must be injected to the body. This paper proposes a method for BG level regulation in type I diabetes. The control strategy is based on nonlinear model predictive control. The aim of the proposed controller optimized with genetics algorithms is to measure BG level each time and predict it for the next time interval. This merit causes a less amount of control effort, which is the rate of insulin delivered to the patient body. Consequently, this method can decrease the risk of hypoglycemia, a lethal phenomenon in regulating BG level in diabetes caused by a low BG level. Two delay differential equation models, namely Wang model and Enhanced Wang model, are applied as controller model and plant, respectively. The simulation results exhibit an acceptable performance of the proposed controller in meal disturbance rejection and robustness against parameter changes. As a result, if the nutrition of the person decreases instantly, the hypoglycemia will not happen. Furthermore, comparing this method with other works, it was shown that the new method outperforms previous studies.

Salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in Type 2 diabetics

BackgroundTo assess the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in diabetics and non diabetics and to study the association between salivary glucose levels and oral candidal carriage in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methodThe study sample was divided into two groups, control and study group. The study group was again divided into two separate groups controlled diabetics and uncontrolled diabetics. Blood and saliva samples (for fasting and postprandial) were taken from each individual. ResultsThe salivary glucose levels, highly correlated with blood glucose levels in both diabetic as well as non diabetics subjects. Salivary candidal carriage was more in oral cavity of Type 2 diabetic subjects than control subjects. ConclusionSaliva has the potential to be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor glycemic status of diabetic patients.