Blockchain Operations Research Articles

Technical sandbox for a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC)

BackgroundThe use of Cloud-based storage personal health records has increased globally. The GPOC series introduces the concept of a Global Patient co-Owned Cloud (GPOC) of personal health records. Technical sandboxes allow the capability to simulate different scientific concepts before making them production ready. None exist for the medical fields and cloud-based research.MethodsWe constructed and tested the sandbox using open-source infrastructures (Ubuntu, Alpine Linux, and Colaboratory) and demonstrated it on a cloud platform. Data preprocessing utilised standard and in-house libraries. The Mina protocol, implementing zero-knowledge proofs, ensured secure blockchain operations, while the Ethereum smart contract protocol within Hyperledger Besu supported enterprise-grade sandbox development.ResultsHere, we present the GPOC series’ technical sandbox. This is to facilitate future online research and testing of the concept and its security, encryption, movability, research potential, risks and structure. It has several protocols for homomorphic encryption, decentralisation, transfers, and file management.The sandbox is openly available online and tests authorisation, transmission, access control, and integrity live. It invites all committed parties to test and improve the platform. Individual patients, clinics, organisations and regulators are invited to test and develop the concept.The sandbox displays co-ownership of personal health records. Here it is trisected between patients, clinics and clinicians. Patients can actively participate in research and control their health data. The challenges include ensuring that a unified underlying protocol is maintained for cross-border delivery of care based on data management regulations.ConclusionsThe GPOC concept, as demonstrated by the GPOC Sandbox, represents an advancement in healthcare technology. By promoting patient co-ownership and utilising advanced technologies like blockchain and homomorphic encryption, the GPOC initiative enhances individual control over health data and facilitates collaborative medical research globally. The justification for this research lies in its potential to improve evidence-based medicine and AI dissemination. The significance of the GPOC initiative extends to various aspects of healthcare, patient co-ownership of health data, promoting access to resources and healthcare democratisation. The implications include better global health outcomes through continued development and collaboration, ensuring the successful adoption of the GPOC Sandbox and advancing innovation in digital health.

Post-Quantum Delegated Proof of Luck for Blockchain Consensus Algorithm

The advancements in quantum computing and the potential for polynomial-time solutions to traditional public key cryptography (i.e., Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC)) using Shor’s algorithm pose a serious threat to the security of pre-quantum blockchain technologies. This paper proposes an efficient quantum-safe blockchain that incorporates new quantum-safe consensus algorithms. We integrate post-quantum signature schemes into the blockchain’s transaction signing and verification processes to enhance resistance against quantum attacks. Specifically, we employ the Falcon signature scheme, which was selected during the NIST post-quantum cryptography (PQC) standardization process. Although the integration of the post-quantum signature scheme results in a reduction in the blockchain’s transactions per second (TPSs), we introduce efficient approaches to mitigate this performance degradation. Our proposed post-quantum delegated proof of luck (PQ-DPoL) combines a proof of luck (PoL) mechanism with a delegated approach, ensuring quantum resistance, energy efficiency, and fairness in block generation. Experimental results demonstrate that while post-quantum cryptographic algorithms like Falcon introduce larger signature sizes and slower processing times, the PQ-DPoL algorithm effectively balances security and performance, providing a viable solution for secure blockchain operations in a post-quantum era.

An efficient model of enhanced optimization and dilated-GRU based secured multi-access edge computing with blockchain for VANET sector

The establishment of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) has brought significant advantages to humans, yet it also raises crucial safety considerations. Security is one of the major challenges in VANETs and is receiving significant attention. Hostile Onboard Units (OBUs) can use a variety of tactics including blocking, monitoring and tampering to harm neighboring OBUs to make illicit profits. The widespread use of the decentralized architecture built around blockchain technology has enabled the clear, safe, and dispersed storage and transmission of VANET application-related information without the need for an administrative center of authority. Perhaps the most important parts of the blockchain-driven VANET system involve implementing an efficient and adaptable consensus system, which remains an open academic issue. The objective of the suggested solution is to create a deep learning model for blockchain that will guarantee VANET security. This network topology is comprised of three layers: “perception, edge computing, and services”. The initial layer that comprises the blockchain operation is employed to demonstrate the privacy of VANET information. Additionally, cloud-based services as well as edge computing are used by the perception layer. The data is safeguarded by the service layer through the application of the blockchain system and storage in the cloud. The last layer aids in meeting user criteria for throughput and QoS. The main objective of this model is to evaluate the reliability of vehicle nodes maintained on the blockchain. Here, the node authentication is handled by an Adaptive Dilated Gated Recurrent Unit (AD-GRU), where the hyper-parameters of the recommended AD-GRU model are optimally tuned by an Enhanced Osprey Optimization Algorithm (EOOA). Finally, the proposed system is simulated and its extensive results are carried out. In contrast with other approaches, the novel system delivers the superior results of securing the data over the VANET environment.

Improving Blockchain Scalability with the Setchain Data-Type

Blockchain technologies are facing a scalability challenge, which must be overcome to guarantee a wider adoption of the technology. This scalability issue is due to the use of consensus algorithms to guarantee the total order of the chain of blocks (and of the transactions within each block). However, total order is often not fully necessary, since important advanced applications of smart-contracts do not require a total order among all operations. A much higher scalability can potentially be achieved if a more relaxed order (instead of a total order) can be exploited. In this article, we propose a novel distributed concurrent data type, Setchain , which significantly improves scalability. A Setchain implements a grow-only set whose elements are not ordered, unlike conventional blockchain operations. When convenient, the Setchain allows forcing a synchronization barrier that assigns permanently an epoch number to a subset of the latest elements added, agreed by consensus. Therefore, two operations in the same epoch are not ordered, while two operations in different epochs are ordered by their respective epoch number. We present different Byzantine-tolerant implementations of Setchain, prove their correctness, and report on an empirical evaluation of a prototype implementation. Our results show that Setchain is orders of magnitude faster than consensus-based ledgers, since it implements grow-only sets with epoch synchronization instead of total order. Since the Setchain barriers can be synchronized with the underlying blockchain, Setchain objects can be used as a sidechain to implement many decentralized solutions with much faster operations than direct implementations on top of blockchains. Finally, we also present an algorithm that encompasses into a single process the combined behavior of the Byzantine servers, which simplifies correctness proofs by encoding the general attacker in a concrete implementation.

Blockchain-Based Quality Assurance System for Academic Programs

Nowadays, technology is increasingly being adopted in different kinds of businesses to process, store, and share sensitive information in digital environments that include enormous numbers of users. However, this has also increased the likelihood of cyberattacks and misuse of information, potentially causing severe damage. One promising technology, which can provide the required security services with an improved level of efficiency, is blockchain. This research explores the use of Ethereum blockchain and smart contracts to create a secure and efficient quality assurance system (QAS) for academic programs. By utilizing blockchain and smart contracts, the proposed approach improves the integrity and reliability of sensitive information processed by the QAS, promotes transparency and governance, and reduces the time and effort required for quality operations. The current approach uses an additional access control layer to further enhance user privacy. Smart contracts automate various quality transactions and saves time and resources, and hence increases the efficiency of the QAS. The interplanetary file system (IPFS) is used to address the challenge of size limitations in blockchain. Additionally, this research investigates the use of various cryptographic schemes to provide robust security services at the application layer. The experimental results showed that the use of a hybrid cryptosystem relying on an Elliptic curve digital signature and AES encryption (AES_ECCDSA) outperforms other counterparts’ cryptosystems using an RSA digital signature and AES encryption (AES_RSADSA) and Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES) in terms of speed. The performance results showed that AES_ECCDSA consumes 188 ms to perform the required cryptographic operations for a standard-quality document with a size of 8088 KB, compared to the 231 ms and 739 ms consumed by the AES_RSADSA and ECIES schemes, respectively. This study presents a prototype implementation of the blockchain-based QAS, which outlines the processing model and system requirements for key QAS processes. It has been found that the cost and time required for blockchain operations vary depending on the size of the input data—a larger data size requires more time and costs more to process. The results of the current study showed that the time delay for blockchain transactions ranges from 15 to 120 s, while the cost ranges from USD 50 to USD 400. This research provides evidence that blockchain and smart contract technologies have the potential to create a secure, efficient, and trustworthy QAS environment for academic programs.

Blockchain-Enhanced Sensor-as-a-Service (SEaaS) in IoT: Leveraging Blockchain for Efficient and Secure Sensing Data Transactions

As the Internet of Things (IoT) continues to revolutionize value-added services, its conventional architecture exhibits persistent scalability and security vulnerabilities, jeopardizing the trustworthiness of IoT-based services. These architectural limitations hinder the IoT’s Sensor-as-a-Service (SEaaS) model, which enables the commercial transmission of sensed data through cloud platforms. This study proposes an innovative computational framework that integrates decentralized blockchain technology into the IoT architectural design, specifically enhancing SEaaS efficiency. This research contributes to an optimized IoT architecture with decentralized blockchain operations and simplified public key encryption. Furthermore, this study introduces an advanced SEaaS model featuring innovative trading operations for sensed data among diverse stakeholders. At its core, this model presents a unique blockchain-based data-sharing mechanism that manages multiple aspects, from enrollment to validation. Evaluations conducted in a standard Python environment indicate that the proposed SEaaS model outperforms existing blockchain-based data-sharing models, demonstrating approximately 40% less energy consumption, 18% increased throughput, 16% reduced latency, and a 25% reduction in algorithm processing time. Ultimately, integrating a lightweight authentication mechanism using simplified public key cryptography within the blockchain establishes the model’s potential for efficient and secure data-sharing in IoT.

Factors affecting the blockchain operation in Asia-Europe

This study's primary goal is to identify the factors that affect the blockchain in retail markets to support more significant benefits to retail customers. Also, this study constructs blockchain facilities, blockchain volatility, blockchain transactions, blockchain intentions, and blockchain operations. This research also used a questionnaire survey; this research collects primary data from consumers in Asia and Europe. The researcher also presents the underlying theory, the theoretical structure, and the hypotheses through systematic random sampling to ensure the research objectives. Besides that, there were 233 responses to the survey questions sent to retail consumers. PLS-SEM tools are used for data analysis. The study's findings are that the Blockchain facility, blockchain volatility, and blockchain transaction were all found to positively impact the blockchain operation (dependent variable) in the Asia-Europe retail market via the mediation of behavior intention. The outcome of this research offers a valuable understanding of blockchain adoption in developing and developed countries. In addition to academic contributions, this paper’s findings are significant for blockchain companies and their operations in developing countries. Additionally, blockchain is beneficial to the Asia-Europe retail market. Hence, this study offers a considerable foundation for comprehending the associations between blockchain and the retail industry. This study did not consider SMEs or general industries. Also, this study's scope is limited to Asia and Europe. Additionally, this study solely employed cross-sectional data. Future studies should use longitudinal data to better understand how the link develops.

Blockchain Technology and Energy Consumption: A Comprehensive Analysis and Sustainability Considerations

Blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary force in various industries, providing unmatched transparency and security in data management. But besides its increase, there have been concerns about high energy consumption associated with blockchain operations mainly due to energy-intensive design methods This paper will effectively address these concerns with energy-saving features analyzing the use of blockchain and proposing solutions to reduce its impact on the environment Efforts This study includes an in-depth case study of Bitcoin dynamics of application that focuses on the scope of the issue. It also examines the status of current research in this area, identifying key findings and features, and emphasizing the need for urgent action. To address the blockchain resource consumption challenge, the paper explores alternative conceptualization techniques such as proof of stake (PoS) and delegated proof of stake (DPoS) and examines the role of resource generation no new and energy-efficient hardware and mining practices Sustainable One is the main theme, which advocates the integration of blockchain with environmentally friendly practices and offers possible solutions to create a blockchain environment our more ecologically sensitive surroundings. The paper draws on successful case studies to provide valuable insights and best practices for sustainable blockchain development. In conclusion, it summarizes the main findings and offers a call to action, hoping for a future where blockchain technology coexists with a sustainable and environmentally friendly world .

Sustainable Optimizing Performance and Energy Efficiency in Proof of Work Blockchain: A Multilinear Regression Approach

The energy-intensive characteristics of the computations performed by graphics processing units (GPUs) in proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain technology are readily apparent. The optimization of GPU feature configuration is a complex subject that significantly impacts a system’s energy consumption and performance efficiency. The primary objectives of this study are to examine and improve the energy consumption characteristics of GPUs, which play a crucial role in the functioning of blockchains and the mining of cryptocurrencies. This study examines the complex relationship between GPU configurations and system architecture components and their effects on energy efficiency and sustainability. The methodology of this study conducts experiments involving various GPU models and mining software, evaluating their effectiveness across various configurations and environments. Multilinear regression analysis is used to study the complex relationships between critical performance indicators like power consumption, thermal dynamics, core speed, and hash rate and their effects on energy efficiency and performance. The results reveal that strategically adjusting GPU hardware, software, and configuration can preserve substantial energy while preserving computational efficiency. GPU core speed, temperature, core memory speed, ETASH algorithms, fan speed, and energy usage significantly affected the dependent computational-efficiency variable (p = 0.000 and R2 = 0.962) using multilinear regression analysis. GPU core speed, temperature, core memory speed, fan speed, and energy usage significantly affected efficient energy usage (p = 0.000 and R2 = 0.989). The contributions of this study offer practical recommendations for optimizing the feature configurations of GPUs to reduce energy consumption, mitigate the environmental impacts of blockchain operations, and contribute to the current research on performance in PoW blockchain applications.

The Conceptual Flaws of Decentralized Automated Market Making

Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are an essential component of the nascent decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem. The most common DEXs are so-called automated market makers (AMMs): smart contracts that pool liquidity and process trades as atomic swaps of tokens. AMMs price transactions with a deterministic liquidity invariance rule that only uses the AMM’s token deposits as inputs and that has no precedent in traditional finance. Yet, in the context of transparent and open blockchain operations, any liquidity invariance pricing function allows so-called sandwich attacks (akin to front running) that increase the cost of trading and threaten the long-term viability of the DeFi ecosystem. Invariance pricing is also not regret free. Linear pricing rules have similar problems except for uniform pricing, which has regret-free prices and limits sandwich attack profits but which invites excessive order splitting. Comparing trading costs using a model of liquidity provision, constant product pricing is often cheaper except when the variance of the underlying asset is small or when the order is large. This paper was accepted by Will Cong, Special Section of Management Science: Blockchains and Crypto Economics. Funding: A. Park received financial support from the Global Risk Institute and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [Grant 435-2017-0647]. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.02802 .

UAV-Assisted Computation Offloading Toward Energy-Efficient Blockchain Operations in Internet of Things

The advances in the Internet of Things (IoT) have provided generous opportunities for various applications, yet the data security concerns need to be specially addressed due to the limited capability of IoT devices. Toward this issue, we propose to deploy a blockchain system with practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus for IoT data security provisioning. In particular, we conduct profound analyses regarding the PBFT procedure and elaborate on the computation burden therein. Then, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is leveraged to offload the computation and assist the blockchain operations. The system energy efficiency is introduced as the ratio of the blockchained IoT data amount and energy consumption for the computation and communication in the network. Further, we maximize the system energy efficiency by the joint design of offloading and transmission strategies, as well as the UAV deployment, within a reinforcement learning framework. Finally, simulation results are provided to corroborate the effectiveness of our proposal.

Scalable Consensus Over Finite Capacities in Multiagent IoT Ecosystems

In the real world, consensus-achievement is an adaptive and evolutionary process. Tailor-made mechanisms are engaging in the light of disputes, to resolve emerging contradictions between the atoms. Most of the dominant Blockchain architectures tend to oversee this fact. They come integrated with rigid, overkilling consensus-achievement procedures which in many cases are not necessary or significantly beneficial. They often raise overwhelming demands on the nodes and prohibit the deployment of fully distributed and peer blockchain operation in the IoT world. Still, for the IoT ecosystems and the metaverse to become self-sustainable and self-evolving, robust validity mechanisms must be embedded in the atomic scale. This work investigates the process of building and sustaining scalable consensus policies over the trivial atomic capacities of the IoT ecosystems. For this we deploy the IoT micro-Blockchain framework as an atomic-consistency tier and we define a primary set of validity rules that every node can easily carry out. The initial concept relies on Gödel’s Incompleteness theorems and K. Friston’s free energy principle and is investigated under the perspectives of Graph and Game theory. To study the dynamic behavior of the system, a competitive game among the nodes is run. The Proof of Existence is utilized as a universal proofing-case. Its feasibility is demonstrated, and its complexity is analyzed under various system considerations. The findings prove that finite-capacity atoms can collectively and efficiently support verifiable validity and scalable consensus in the evolutionary IoT ecosystems and the metaverse, even under conditions of high diversity, trivial capacity and eventual consistency.

Cooperative Task Offloading and Block Mining in Blockchain-Based Edge Computing With Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning

The convergence of mobile edge computing (MEC) and blockchain is transforming the current computing services in mobile networks, by offering task offloading solutions with security enhancement empowered by blockchain mining. Nevertheless, these important enabling technologies have been studied separately in most existing works. This article proposes a novel cooperative task offloading and block mining (TOBM) scheme for a blockchain-based MEC system where each edge device not only handles data tasks but also deals with block mining for improving the system utility. To address the latency issues caused by the blockchain operation in MEC, we develop a new Proof-of-Reputation consensus mechanism based on a lightweight block verification strategy. A multi-objective function is then formulated to maximize the system utility of the blockchain-based MEC system, by jointly optimizing offloading decision, channel selection, transmit power allocation, and computational resource allocation. We propose a novel distributed deep reinforcement learning-based approach by using a multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm. We then develop a game-theoretic solution to model the offloading and mining competition among edge devices as a potential game, and prove the existence of a pure Nash equilibrium. Simulation results demonstrate the significant system utility improvements of our proposed scheme over baseline approaches.

A Review on Blockchain Operations in Construction Management

This study investigates the important role that the blockchain plays to manage the information about who did what and when and hence provides a strong base for any legal potential conflicts. Blockchain technology permits you to distribute, encrypt, and secure the records of digital transactions. In addition, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are encompassed in it. Even though the construction industry has traditionally been a late user of innovative technology compared to other sectors of the economy, it faces various hurdles in terms of trust, accessibility, information sharing, and process automation. As a result, stakeholders, clients, subcontractors, contractors, and suppliers have been unable to work together effectively. Even if building information modeling is employed, which envisions a centralized building, the primary benefit of blockchain is the secure storage of sensitive sensor data

Blockchain Operations in the Presence of Security Concerns

Problem definition: A blockchain payment system, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, validates electronic transactions and stores them in a chain of blocks without a central authority. Miners with computing power compete for the rights to create blocks according to a preset protocol, referred to as hashing or mining, and, in return, earn fees paid by users who submit transactions. Because of security concerns caused by decentralization, a transaction is confirmed after a number of additional blocks are subsequently extended to the block containing it. This confirmation latency introduces an intricate interplay between miners and users. This paper provides approximate system equilibria and studies optimal designs of a blockchain. Methodology/results: The hashing process is essentially a single-server queue with batch services based on a fee-based priority discipline, and confirmation latency adds complexity to the equilibrium behavior and optimal design. We analyze how miners’ participation decisions interact with users’ participation and fee decisions and identify optimal designs when the goal is to maximize the throughput or social welfare. We validate our model and conduct numerical studies using data from Bitcoin. Managerial implications: By incorporating security issues, we uncover the interdependence of the decisions between users and miners and the driver for nonzero entrance fees in practice. We show that miners and users may end up in either a vicious or virtuous cycle, depending on the initial system state. By allowing the entrance fee to be a design parameter, we are able to establish that it is optimal to simply run a blockchain system at its full capacity and a block size as small as possible. Funding: This work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council [Grants 16200019, 16200617, 16200821, 16208120, and 16214121]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1197 .

Interaction between joining platform blockchain technology and channel encroachment for fresh agricultural product firms

AbstractIn recent years, some e‐commerce platforms (e.g., JD.com), which allow firms to set up third‐party stores on them, have established their own blockchain technology and publicly provided blockchain technology to firms. Besides, source tracing of fresh agricultural products on blockchain is a concern for consumers. For firms selling fresh agricultural products, whether to join the platform blockchain technology to disclose product freshness and whether to set up third‐party stores on platforms are thorny problems. To research the interaction between joining the platform blockchain technology strategy and channel encroachment decision for fresh agricultural product firms, we consider four theoretical models. The main results demonstrate that whether firms set up third‐party stores on the platforms or not, their strategies of joining the platform blockchain technology are dependent on consumer's sensitivity to the freshness‐keeping effort level of fresh agricultural product, consumer's trust degree of freshness‐keeping effort level, and the unit blockchain operation cost. Besides, if firms set up third‐party stores, the willingness of joining the platform blockchain technology will increase. Firms’ channel encroachment willingness will also be affected by their joining the platform blockchain technology strategy. Moreover, when considering the fresh agricultural product supply chain, these main conclusions are still held.

Blockchain, Quo Vadis? Recent Changes in Perspectives on the Application of Technology in Agribusiness

Information technologies such as blockchain are developing fast, overcoming bottlenecks, and quickly taking advantage of their application. The present study analyzes recent changes concerning the benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and opportunities of blockchain applications in agribusiness. Interviews were conducted with and a questionnaire was applied to professionals working in the development and application of blockchain technology in agribusiness, to compare their perception of the recent advances. The results showed that the importance of blockchain technology to improve governance and information flow along supply chains has increased, and this is the main perceived benefit. The main disadvantages were removing intermediaries and the high cost of implementing the technology. The absence of a widely accepted platform in blockchain operations is the leading and growing challenge, while patterns for blockchain technology seem to be being overcome. The integration of blockchain with new technologies, and the competitiveness provided by the technology, are seen as the main and growing opportunities. Despite the study limitations, we conclude that the benefits and opportunities associated with blockchain application in agribusiness outweigh the challenges and disadvantages in number and importance, and are becoming more relevant.

SINT: Toward a Blockchain-Based Secure In-Band Network Telemetry Architecture

The foundation of network management is to timely, accurately, and flexibly monitor the status of a managed network. Recently, In-band Network Telemetry (INT) has presented its unique capabilities in acquiring the insights of a network and thus has been adopted in many production networks. However, less attention was put on the potential threats on INT (e.g., the man-in-the-middle attacks, Trojan horse injection) that may falsify network measurements resulting in catastrophic consequences. In this paper, we propose a secure INT architecture called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SINT</i> that can effectively mitigate INT vulnerabilities and can be implemented using ’chiplet’ based multi-modal network processors (MNP). SINT adopts blockchain technology into INT, in which a network status snapshot acquired via INT is viewed as a block and added into a network telemetry blockchain to prevent arbitrary access and malicious modification. To minimize the intrusiveness of the INT and blockchain operations, SINT is designed to be a lightweight protocol and uses improved RAFT consensus mechanisms to reduce its network and computing overhead. The design of the chiplet MNP system makes SINT highly flexible and adaptive to facilitate INT convergence and related blockchain updates. In the SINT architecture, INT tasks and blockchain operations are dispatched to different chips to achieve an optimal trade-off among measurement accuracy, security requirements, and computing resource on the data plane. Experiments and simulations show that SINT can alleviate most cyberattacks on INT and retain 97% of bandwidth utilization for other users’ normal traffic in a complex scenario with 500 nodes. Furthermore, SINT converges the INT results quickly and accurately with minor overhead compared to that of the state-of-art INT methods.

Dynamic Evolutionary Game-based Modeling, Analysis and Performance Enhancement of Blockchain Channels

The recent development of channel technology has promised to reduce the transaction verification time in blockchain operations. When transactions are transmitted through the channels created by nodes, the nodes need to cooperate with each other. If one party refuses to do so, the channel is unstable. A stable channel is thus required. Because nodes may show uncooperative behavior, they may have a negative impact on the stability of such channels. In order to address this issue, this work proposes a dynamic evolutionary game model based on node behavior. This model considers various defense strategies' cost and attack success ratio under them. Nodes can dynamically adjust their strategies according to the behavior of attackers to achieve their effective defense. The equilibrium stability of the proposed model can be achieved. The proposed model can be applied to general channel networks. It is compared with two state-of-the-art blockchain channels: Lightning network and Spirit channels. The experimental results show that the proposed model can be used to improve a channel's stability and keep it in a good cooperative stable state. Thus its use enables a blockchain to enjoy higher transaction success ratio and lower transaction transmission delay than the use of its two peers.

ВЛИЯНИЕ КРИПТОВАЛЮТНОГО РЫНКА В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ СОЦИУМА

The scientific article explores the impact of cryptocurrencies on modern society in the context of digital transformation. The article provides a literature review, describes the research methodology, and analyzes the impact of cryptocurrencies on various areas of life, including finance, economics, politics, education and sociocultural aspects. The study highlights the importance of understanding and accounting for cryptocurrency technologies in the context of modern sociocultural and economic changes. The relevance of studying the significance of cryptocurrency development in the context of digital societal transformation is driven by several key factors: 1. The growing popularity and use of cryptocurrencies challenge existing financial institutions and payment systems, raising the potential for changes in financial infrastructure and the global economy. This necessitates urgent research into the impact of cryptocurrencies on financial stability. 2. The evolution of cryptocurrencies also has profound sociocultural implications, influencing how people interact, exchange information, and even their national identities. Research on this topic is relevant as it helps to understand how technological changes affect sociocultural aspects of life and interactions within society. Therefore, the study of the importance of cryptocurrencies in the context of digital societal transformation is relevant in light of their potential impact on financial systems and the sociocultural changes they induce. The research aims to analyze the impact of cryptocurrency development on political and legal aspects in different countries. To achieve the goal of studying trends in the impact of cryptocurrency technologies on the economy, the following objectives have been formulated: • analyze the historical context of cryptocurrency development and their role in the digital transformation of society; • examine the technological aspects of cryptocurrencies, including the principles of blockchain operation and cryptographic mechanisms; • evaluate the impact of cryptocurrencies on the financial sector, including investments, payment systems, and banking activities; • investigate the influence of cryptocurrencies on economic processes, such as global trade, inflation, and macroeconomic stability; • consider the impact of cryptocurrencies on political and legislative aspects, including the regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies. Scope of Research Application: 1. The research findings can be valuable for shaping economic policies, regulating cryptocurrency markets, and developing financial stability strategies. 2. Financial institutions and banks can use the research conclusions to adapt their services and products to new technological realities, including blockchain and digital currencies. 3. The study can be beneficial in the development of legislation and regulations governing cryptocurrency operations and in making decisions regarding taxation and financial transaction monitoring. 4. The research findings can contribute to the development of educational programs and courses aimed at training specialists in the field of cryptocurrencies and blockchain. 5. The results can be applied to the analysis of sociocultural and social aspects of cryptocurrency impact on society, including changes in consumer behavior and financial literacy.