Integration Of Blockchain Research Articles

Integration of Blockchain and Edge Computing in Healthcare: Accountability and Collaboration

A decentralized, safe, and effective ecosystem is created in the healthcare industry through the integration of blockchain and edge computing. Secure data interchange, real-time analytics, enhanced privacy, and patient-centered treatment are all made possible. Realizing the full potential of integrating blockchain and edge computing for health care will need accountability and collaboration. It will make it possible to create reliable, secure, and cooperative healthcare organizations that will increase patient care, protect the confidentiality of information, and support cutting-edge applications for healthcare. Our Solution is to share data safely and cooperatively, improve patient confidentiality, and support healthcare data's ethical and accountable use. In this paper, we propose that combining blockchain technology with edge computing in healthcare is intended to improve accountability and teamwork. The methodologies used in integrating deep learning deploy various models on edge devices such as Q-Learning and Deep Q-Networks (DQN), SVM, etc. In conclusion, the application of edge computing and blockchain in the healthcare sector offers fascinating possibilities for cooperation and accountability. Healthcare systems may improve data security, privacy, interoperability, and real-time analytics by combining the advantages of the two technologies. The delivery of healthcare might change as a result of this integration, which could also foster cooperative research and eventually enhance patient outcomes.

Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things (IoT) Applications in Healthcare: A Systematic Review of Current Trends and Future Opportunities

The use of advanced computer technology in the healthcare industry has the potential to improve patient care and therapeutic results. The goal of this project is to improve data security, privacy, and decentralisation in healthcare by integrating blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. The adoption of IoT devices makes it possible to gather and analyse patient sensory data in real–time; however centralised processing and storage present problems such as data manipulation and privacy issues. The study investigates the creation of a decentralised IoT-based e-healthcare system that takes these issues into account by utilising blockchain technology. In addition, the paper also emphasises how blockchain use has advanced smart contract technologies. Smart contracts provide safe user authentication for IoT device access, assuring responsibility, traceability, and data integrity. The study investigates the potentially game-changing applications of blockchain technology in healthcare, such as enhanced data interoperability, patient-cantered care, reduced administrative procedures, and increased transaction transparency. The report also highlights the significance of blockchain in managing pharmaceutical supply chains, considering the essential influence on patient welfare and safety. Effective management is essential in the healthcare business because supply chain interruptions or breaches can have serious implications. The present level of research in blockchain-enabled IoT applications for healthcare is examined comprehensively using the PRISMA framework and records from the Scopus database. The three most important research topics are cloud computing, fog computing, and medical services. The results highlight the important role that blockchain-enabled IoT applications have played in enhancing data security and privacy in the healthcare industry. Real-time data gathering, precise diagnoses, individualised treatments, and simplified administrative procedures are all made possible by the integration of blockchain and IoT. Additionally, scalable solutions and insightful data for healthcare decision-making are provided via fog computing, cloud computing, machine learning, and smart contracts.

Wireless Sensor Network with Blockchain Technology using Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem and its Applications

Wireless sensor network (WSN), a type of communication system, is normally deployed into the unattended environment where the intended user can get access to the network. The sensor nodes collect data from this environment. If the data are valuable and confidential, then security measures are needed to protect them from the unauthorized access. This situation requires an access control protocol (ACP) in the design of sensor network because of sensor nodes which are vulnerable to various malicious attacks during the authentication and key establishment and the new node addition phase. Nowadays, wireless sensor networks are being widely applied in many fields of human life such as civil and military applications. Although WSNs can bring a lot of benefits and conveniences. However, when applying the WSNs in the real world we have to face many challenges such as security, storage due to its centralized server/client model. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the distributed model in the WSNs system. One of the newest distributed systems today is Blockchain (BC). Blockchain is a decentralized technology that can help the computation and management processes as well as security in WSNs. In this paper, we propose a secured ACP for such WSN. This protocol is based on Elliptic Curve Discrete Log Problem (ECDLP) and double trapdoor chameleon hash function which secures the WSN from malicious attacks such as node masquerading attack, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack, and forgery attacks. Proposed ACP has a special feature known as session key security. Also, the proposed ACP is more efficient as it requires only one modular multiplication during the initialization phase. This article provides an overview of Blockchain integration in WSN with highlighting the benefits and challenges of applying this technology to WSN. We can conclude that using Blockchain technology to solve the problem of security and distributed storage for WSN can be an effective approach. It could pave the way for new research directions and distributed applications.

Internet of things-blockchain lightweight cryptography to data security and integrity for intelligent application

The industrial internet of things (IoT) plays a major role in the growth of automation and increasing digital connectivity for machine-to-machine communication. The research community has extensively investigated the possibility of IoT and blockchain integration for the last couple of years. The major research is focused on the benefits of integrating blockchain with IoT. In this work, we first focus on the issue of integrating IoT nodes with blockchain networks, especially for non-real-time IoT nodes that do not have an in-built clock mechanism. As a result, they cannot establish communication with real-time blockchain networks. Another critical security issue is protecting data coming from IoT devices to blockchain networks. Blockchain is enough mature to protect the data in its ecosystem. However, information coming from outside of the world does not have any guarantee of data integrity and security. This paper first addresses the clock synchronization issue of IoT nodes with blockchain using a network time protocol and then proposes an IoT-blockchain light-weight cryptographic (IBLWC) approach to secure the entire IoT-blockchain ecosystem. This paper also presents the performance analysis of IBLWC as a suitable and cost-effective solution that incurs less processing overhead for IoT-blockchain-based applications.

Privacy-Preserving Techniques for IoT Data in 6G Networks with Blockchain Integration: A Review

Sixth-generation networks (6G) are predicted to be started use by 2030, supporting the complex communication requirements of a data-centric civilisation where everything is interconnected. The research and academics started to analyse the 6G wireless network technology after the implementation of the 5G technology globally. The 6G networks will be more deliberate to extend cell communication and network capabilities to reach ultra-high-speed connectivity which could precede into the regions where the generation before could not. The new security features need to be advanced to guarantee the data is secure and protect the network from being invaded. The technology of blockchain and integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) has the prospect to revolutionize the networking system. This paper explores the applications of blockchain in IoT networking, addressing challenges such as security, scalability, and trust. Blockchain also enhances security, audibility, and traceability in IoT networks. Use cases in the supply chain, management, healthcare, and smart cities demonstrate the benefits of this integration. Challenges include scalability, energy consumption, interoperability, and privacy concerns. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges to fully exploit the potential of IoT blockchain applications in networking systems.

Integration of Internet of Things and blockchain technology in healthcare domain: A systematic literature review

SummaryHealthcare is a vitally important field in the industry and evolving day by day in the aspect of technology, services, computing, and management. Its potential significance can be increased by incorporating Internet of Things (IoT) technology to make it smart in the aspect of automating activities, which is then further reformed in the healthcare domain with the help of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology provides many features to IoT‐based healthcare domain applications such as restructuring by securing traditional practices, data management, data sharing, patient remote monitoring, and drug analysis. In this study, a systematic literature review has been carried out in which a total of 52 studies were selected to conduct systematic literature review from databases PubMed, IEEE Access, and Scopus; the study includes IoT technology and blockchain integration in healthcare domain‐related application areas. This study also includes taxonomy that mentions the aspects and areas in healthcare domain incorporating the traditional system with the integration of IoT and blockchain to provide transparency, security, privacy, and immutability. This study also includes the incorporation of related sensors, platforms of blockchain, the objective focus of selected studies, and future directions by incorporating IoT and blockchain in healthcare domain. This study will help researchers who want to work with IoT and blockchain technology integration in healthcare domain.

Role of Blockchain Technology Integration for Green Bonds Issuance with Sustainability Aspect

Green bonds have gained significant attention in supporting sustainable development goals for achieving sustainability. During the issuance of green bonds, there are a few concerns such as standardization, greenwashing, and lack of benefits that can be gained with green bonds. However, blockchain technology is a promising solution for green bond issuance because it has already shown its impact on different finance activities. This study aims to address and analyze the role and significance of green bond issuance for meeting sustainability with blockchain technology and also suggested recommendations for future research. Decentralized application based on the Algorand blockchain and high-level architecture proposed for the issuance of green bonds is at the primary level. There is no discussion regarding standardizing the environmental data, and the number of benefits gained by the green bond is not addressed in the previously published literature. From the analysis, it has been identified that a similar framework of blockchain cannot be implemented as the geographical and environmental parameters are quite different for every nation. So, every nation needs to customize the framework according to the nation's requirements. This study is the first attempt to combine information from previously published research about green bond issuance and integration of blockchain for green bond issuance, enlightening the disruption caused in the issuance of green.

Investigating the Factors Influencing the Adoption of Blockchain Technology across Different Countries and Industries: A Systematic Literature Review

Despite the reported disruptive nature of blockchain technology in the extant literature, its adoption is slower than its potential. This difference between the technology’s promises and its current adoption has sparked interest in understanding the factors impeding widespread adoption. This systematic literature review (SLR), drawn from 1786 studies published between 2008 and May 2023, seeks to address this gap. Specifically, our research explores the influence of factors and their differences and commonalities on blockchain adoption. The SLR, examining individual and organisational perspectives, identifies 152 unique factors influencing 25 industries across 21 countries. This review also highlights distinct commonalities and variations in these factors across industries and countries. For instance, while regulatory issues and costs were universal concerns, the importance of technical understanding diverged between industries. Furthermore, country-specific factors, including local regulations and cultural aspects, emerged as significantly influenced insights that provide a comprehensive perspective on the dynamics of blockchain adoption, offering valuable guidance to industry practitioners and researchers striving to navigate the complexities of blockchain integration.

Integration of blockchain and edge computing in internet of things: A survey

As an important technology to ensure data security, consistency, traceability, etc., blockchain has been increasingly used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The integration of blockchain and edge computing (IBEC) can further improve the resource utilization in terms of network, computing, storage, and security. This paper aims to present a survey on the IBEC. In particular, we first give an overview of blockchain and edge computing respectively. We then present a general architecture of an IBEC system. We next study the various applications of the IBEC in IoT. We also discuss the optimizations of the IBEC system and solutions from perspectives of resource management and performance improvement. Finally, we analyze and summarize the existing challenges posed by the IBEC system and the potential solutions in the future.

Технологія блокчейн у бухгалтерському обліку: переваги та обмеження

Introduction. The application of blockchain technology has a significant potential to increase the efficiency of accounting compared to the traditional system and will ensure the digital transformation of the accounting process. Problem Statement. The introduction of blockchain technology into the accounting system is at an initial stage and requires significant refinement due to existing limitations. Purpose. To carry out a comparative analysis of the advantages and limitations of using blockchain technology in accounting in comparison with traditional accounting. Methods. The main research methods were general and special scientific approaches to theoretical generalization and grouping, systematization, comparative analysis, logical generalization. Results. Substantiated that the relationship and functionality of the blockchain are perfectly combined with the basic logic of accounting systems. The immutability of the transactions recorded in the blockchain process, the strong ongoing control of the procedures and compliance guaranteed in each phase meet the cardinal principles of accounting summarized in terms of informative data reliability and transparency. Conducted a comparison between pre- and postblockchain accounting characteristics. This established the advantages of blockchaintechnology compared to traditional accounting. The study defines confidentiality issues, scalability and interoperability as important significant constraints for adoption and deployment of blockchain based accounting. Procedural automation of blockchain technology always requires support and monitoring of the correctness of the interpretation of accounting phenomena that require professional judgment. Identified groups of asset transactions that reflect a high probability of outcome uncertainty and measurement uncertainty. Conclusions. Blockchain integration in accounting at enterprises supports consistent with Ukraine's digital transformation strategy. Accounting from this technology perspective would significantly reduce the amount of time and effort used by accountants for traditional and repetitive daily accounting records and constant control over their reliability. The introduction of blockchain in accounting requires overcoming limitations, the main one is the need to make changes to transactions, which require adjustments due to uncertainty and require accounting judgment.

Blockchain integration with the internet of things for the employee performance management

As time went on, technological progress inevitably altered our daily routines. Many new technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and cryptocurrency, offer revolutionary possibilities. To put it simply, the blockchain is a distributed, public, and auditable database that can be used to record financial transactions. The IoT, or “Internet of Things,” is a system of interconnected electronic devices that can communicate with one another and be remotely monitored and handled. This paper reviews the most recent findings in the field of blockchain and Internet of Things with the goal of examining blockchain as a possible answer to secure IoT data management within supply networks. There is a dearth of literature in the early stages of both blockchain and IoT study because they are such novel topics. The study's findings suggest that in order to improve their leadership quality to intentionally impact employee performance, industry managers should pay attention to human resource management indicators like collaboration, involvement, actualization, perception, and teamwork. This is primarily because of the inherent limitations of IoT devices and the distributed ledger architecture of the blockchain technology. There is potential for IoT to provide many advantages if blockchain capabilities can be optimized for it.

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Based Robustness for Mobile Crowdsensing

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has become a prominent paradigm to collect and share data based on sensing devices with built-in sensors in the Internet of Things era. Nevertheless, conventional MCS confronts various security and privacy vulnerabilities in terms of decentralized, openness, and non-dedicated properties. Currently, the submitted tasks are collected and managed conventionally by a centralized MCS platform. A centralized MCS platform is not safe enough to protect and prevent tampering sensing tasks since it confronts the single point of failure, which reduces the effectiveness and robustness of the MCS system. Meanwhile, fake task attack is a serious threat, as it would drain excessive resources from the participant devices and clog the MCS servers to disrupt the services offered by the MCS. To address the centralized issue and identify fake tasks, a blockchain-based decentralized MCS is designed. Integration of blockchain into MCS enables a decentralized framework. Moreover, the distributed nature of a blockchain chain prevents sensing tasks from being tampered. The blockchain uses a practical Byzantine fault tolerance consensus that can tolerate one-third faulty nodes, making the implemented MCS system robust and sturdy. In addition, an ensemble learning approach is deployed in the blockchain for eliminating fake tasks by malicious requesters. The evaluation test is conducted under two different datasets representing a big city and a small one to have an MCS campaign. Numerical results show that the ensemble approach eliminates most of the fake tasks with a detection accuracy of up to 0.99. Furthermore, the ensemble learning integrated system outperforms individual learner based centralized systems, and non-fault tolerant systems in terms of Ratio of Legitimate Tasks (RoLT) saved and Ratio of Fake Tasks (RoFT).RoFTis low to 0.01, andRoLTis high up to 0.913 via the proposed MCS blockchain-driven framework.

Integrating Digital Twins with IoT-Based Blockchain: Concept, Architecture, Challenges, and Future Scope.

In recent years, there have been concentrations on the Digital Twin from researchers and companies due to its advancement in IT, communication systems, Cloud Computing, Internet-of-Things (IoT), and Blockchain. The main concept of the DT is to provide a comprehensive tangible, and operational explanation of any element, asset, or system. However, it is an extremely dynamic taxonomy developing in complication during the life cycle that produces an enormous quantity of the engendered data and information from them. Likewise, with the development of the Blockchain, the digital twins have the potential to redefine and could be a key strategy to support the IoT-based digital twin's applications for transferring data and value onto the Internet with full transparency besides promising accessibility, trusted traceability, and immutability of transactions. Therefore, the integration of digital twins with the IoT and blockchain technologies has the potential to revolutionize various industries by providing enhanced security, transparency, and data integrity. Thus, this work presents a survey on the innovative theme of digital twins with the integration of Blockchain for various applications. Also, provides challenges and future research directions on this subject. In addition, in this paper, we propose a concept and architecture for integrating digital twins with IoT-based blockchain archives, which allows for real-time monitoring and control of physical assets and processes in a secure and decentralized manner. We also discuss the challenges and limitations of this integration, including issues related to data privacy, scalability, and interoperability. Finally, we provide insights into the future scope of this technology and discuss potential research directions for further improving the integration of digital twins with IoT-based blockchain archives. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the potential benefits and challenges of integrating digital twins with IoT-based blockchain and lays the foundation for future research in this area.

Federated Learning and Blockchain Integration for Privacy Protection in the Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions

The Internet of Things (IoT) compromises multiple devices connected via a network to perform numerous activities. The large amounts of raw user data handled by IoT operations have driven researchers and developers to provide guards against any malicious threats. Blockchain is a technology that can give connected nodes means of security, transparency, and distribution. IoT devices could guarantee data centralization and availability with shared ledger technology. Federated learning (FL) is a new type of decentralized machine learning (DML) where clients collaborate to train a model and share it privately with an aggregator node. The integration of Blockchain and FL enabled researchers to apply numerous techniques to hide the shared training parameters and protect their privacy. This study explores the application of this integration in different IoT environments, collectively referred to as the Internet of X (IoX). In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art review of federated learning and Blockchain and how they have been used in collaboration in the IoT ecosystem. We also review the existing security and privacy challenges that face the integration of federated learning and Blockchain in the distributed IoT environment. Furthermore, we discuss existing solutions for security and privacy by categorizing them based on the nature of the privacy-preservation mechanism. We believe that our paper will serve as a key reference for researchers interested in improving solutions based on mixing Blockchain and federated learning in the IoT environment while preserving privacy.

Smart Flood Detection with AI and Blockchain Integration in Saudi Arabia Using Drones.

Global warming and climate change are responsible for many disasters. Floods pose a serious risk and require immediate management and strategies for optimal response times. Technology can respond in place of humans in emergencies by providing information. As one of these emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, drones are controlled in their amended systems by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In this study, we propose a secure method of flood detection in Saudi Arabia using a Flood Detection Secure System (FDSS) based on deep active learning (DeepAL) based classification model in federated learning to minimize communication costs and maximize global learning accuracy. We use blockchain-based federated learning and partially homomorphic encryption (PHE) for privacy protection and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) to share optimal solutions. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) addresses issues with limited block storage and issues posed by high gradients of information transmitted in blockchains. In addition to enhancing security, FDSS can prevent malicious users from compromising or altering data. Utilizing images and IoT data, FDSS can train local models that detect and monitor floods. A homomorphic encryption technique is used to encrypt each locally trained model and gradient to achieve ciphertext-level model aggregation and model filtering, which ensures that the local models can be verified while maintaining privacy. The proposed FDSS enabled us to estimate the flooded areas and track the rapid changes in dam water levels to gauge the flood threat. The proposed methodology is straightforward, easily adaptable, and offers recommendations for Saudi Arabian decision-makers and local administrators to address the growing danger of flooding. This study concludes with a discussion of the proposed method and its challenges in managing floods in remote regions using artificial intelligence and blockchain technology.

Federated Learning and Blockchain-Enabled Intelligent Manufacturing for Sustainable Energy Production in Industry 4.0

Intelligent manufacturing under Industry 4.0 assimilates sophisticated technologies and artificial intelligence for sustainable production and outcomes. Blockchain paradigms are coined with Industry 4.0 for concurrent and well-monitored flawless production. This article introduces Sustainable Production concerned with External Demands (SP-ED). This method is more specific about energy production and the distribution for flawless and outage-less supply. First, the energy demand is identified for internal and external users based on which sustainability is planned. Secondly, Ethereum blockchain monitoring for a similar production and demand satisfaction is coupled with the production system. From two perspectives, the monitoring and condition satisfaction processes are validated using federated learning (FL). The perspectives include demand distribution and production sustainability. In the demand distribution, the condition of meeting the actual requirement is validated. Contrarily, the flaws in internal and external supply due to production are identified in sustainability. The failing conditions in both perspectives are handled using blockchain records. The blockchain records reduce flaws in the new production by modifying the production plan according to the federated learning verifications. Therefore, the sustainability for internal and external demands is met through FL and blockchain integration.

TRANSFORMING RIDE-HAILING SERVICES: EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF UBER WEB 3.0 BLOCKCHAIN APP

This paper explores the transformative potential of integrating Web 3.0 and blockchain technologies into the ride-hailing industry, specifically focusing on Uber Web 3.0 Blockchain App. As the ridehailing industry continues to evolve, there is a growing need for enhanced security, transparency, and efficiency. The emergence of Web 3.0 and blockchain offers a unique opportunity to address these challenges and revolutionize traditional ride-hailing services. By leveraging decentralized networks, smart contracts, and tokenization, Uber Web 3.0 Blockchain App has the potential to redefine the user experience for riders and drivers while also reshaping the overall ecosystem. Through an in-depth analysis of the benefits, challenges, and implications of implementing such a solution, this paper sheds light on the potential impact of Web 3.0 and blockchain integration in the ride-hailing industry. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers interested in understanding the future of ride-hailing services and the transformative power of blockchain technology.

Blockchain-Based Loyalty Management System

Loyalty platforms are designed to increase customer loyalty and thus increase consumers’ attraction to purchase. Although successful in increasing brand reach and sales, these platforms fail to meet their primary objective due to a lack of incentives and encouragement for customers to return. Along with the problem in originating sales, they bring excessive costs to brands due to the maintenance and infrastructure required to make the systems feasible. In that sense, recent blockchain technology can help to overcome some of these problems, providing capabilities such as smart contracts, which have the potential to reinvent the way loyalty systems work and solve current problems. Although blockchain is a relatively new technology, some brands are already investigating its usefulness and rebuilding their loyalty systems. However, these platforms are independent and linked directly to a brand. Thus, there is a need for a generic platform capable of creating and managing different loyalty programs, regardless of the size of the business. This paper explores the shortcomings of current loyalty programs identified through the literature review, and proposes a loyalty management system with blockchain integration that allows any retailer to create and manage their loyalty programs and have customers interact directly with multiple programs in a single application.

A Blockchain-Based System for Aid Delivery

Climate-related catastrophes leave people in dire need of aid. A major obstacle in providing help to people is the lack of trust in the aid process. Charity organizations want to ensure that funds and materials reach the intended destinations. Blockchain technology injects trust into business transactions through impeccable record keeping and can alleviate the trust problems in aid delivery. Another major problem in disaster recovery is broken infrastructure (e.g., broken bridges and unavailable roads). Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), generally referred to as drones, can address this access problem. In this paper, the authors design a system that uses drone technology for delivery of aid and blockchain technology for the assurance of such delivery. This system records and shares data on the interaction of various participants involved in a disaster aid delivery scenario. The simulation studies validate the applicability of this proposed system showing high throughput and satisfactory performance are attainable with integration of blockchain in large-scale aid delivery.

Economic and legal approaches to the humanization of FinTech in the economy of artificial intelligence through the integration of blockchain into ESG Finance

The purpose of the article is to study the current experience and prospects of the humanization of FinTech in the economy of artificial intelligence. The research methodology is based on the use of the method of structural equation modeling (SEM). The study analyzes statistics for 2021–2022 (annual indicators). The sample included 118 countries. As a result, the modern international experience of FinTech humanization in the economy of artificial intelligence has been studied and the causal relationships of FinTech humanization in the economy of artificial intelligence through the integration of blockchain into ESG finance have been identified. The article proposes an economic and legal approach to the humanization of FinTech in the economy of artificial intelligence by integrating blockchain into ESG finance to ascertain the economic and political implications. The article contributes to the literature by clarifying the scientific provisions of the concept of the humanization of the economy. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is that the developed model (SEM) and the detailed regression equations have formed a comprehensive understanding of the patterns of humanization of FinTech. The resulting econometric model can be used to predict prospects for the development of blockchain-based ESG finance, as well as high-precision planning of state economic policy. The practical significance of the authors’ conclusions and recommendations is that they have formed a clear idea of modern barriers (“market failures” and “institutional traps”) and prospects (improvement of the institutional environment through the application of an economic and legal approach) to the humanization of FinTech in the economy of artificial intelligence through the integration of blockchain into ESG finance.