Characteristics Of Blockchain Research Articles

Blockchain-Based Internet of Things Access Control Technology in Intelligent Manufacturing

The integration of information systems and physical systems is the development trend of today’s manufacturing industry. Intelligent manufacturing is a new model of manufacturing, based on advanced manufacturing technology with human–machine–material collaboration. Internet of Things technology is the core technology of intelligent manufacturing, and access control technology is one of the main measures to ensure the security of the IoT. In view of the problem that the existing IoT access control model does not support distributed and fine-grained dynamic access control, this paper uses the characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralization and non-tampering, combined with the attribute-based access control (ABAC) method, to propose a distributed access control method, applicable to the IoT environment in the process of intelligent manufacturing. This paper describes a fine-grained access control policy by defining the access control attribute values in a formal language, which supports complex logic operations in the policy and enhances the expressiveness of the model. Distributed access control decision making, using smart contracts for blockchain, improves the decision-making efficiency of the access control model, increases the post-facto audit of the access control behavior, and improves the overall security of IoT data protection. The paper concludes with proof of security and a performance analysis, and the experimental results, such as storage and computing overheads, show that this method can provide fine-grained, dynamic, and distributed access control for devices in intelligent manufacturing, ensuring the security and reliability of access control for IoT devices.

Design and application of distributed photovoltaic transaction consensus mechanism based on blockchain

In recent years, distributed photovoltaic power generation has developed rapidly, but it has also brought many problems, such as poor equipment reliability, complex operation control, and many management subjects. Under the situation of the development of the electricity market, it is necessary to solve the problem of ensuring the data security of participating in the electricity market. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of traceability, non-tampering of information, openness and transparency, etc., which can satisfy massive transactions and reduce the burden of traditional power transactions. Therefore, based on the typical characteristics of blockchain, this paper analyzes the common attributes of blockchain and electricity market transactions, and adopts the DPOS (delegated proof of stake) consensus mechanism to realize distributed photovoltaic transactions. On this basis, this paper utilizes the consensus method based on node credit value and applies it to the actual microgrid distributed photovoltaic power station. The experimental results show that the transaction consensus mechanism proposed in this paper has certain advantages in transaction efficiency and transaction cost, which can provide a practical basis for blockchain to realize distributed photovoltaic transactions.

BCNBI: A Blockchain-Based Security Framework for Northbound Interface in Software-Defined Networking

Software-defined networking (SDN) has emerged as a flexible and programmable network architecture that takes advantage of the benefits of global visibility and centralized control over a network. One of the main properties of the SDN architecture is the ability to offer a northbound interface (NBI), which enables network applications to access the SDN controller resources. However, the NBI can be compromised by a malicious application due to the lack of standardization and security aspects in the most current NBI designs. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel comprehensive security solution for securing the application–controller interface, named BCNBI. We propose a controller-independent lightweight blockchain architecture and exploit the security features of blockchain while limiting the blockchain’s computational overhead. BCNBI automatically verifies application and SDN controller credentials through token-based authentication. The proposed solution enforces fine-grained access control for each application’s API request and classifies the permission set into strict and normal policies, in order to add an extra level of security. In addition, the trustworthiness of applications is evaluated in order to prevent malicious activities. We implemented our blockchain-based solution to analyze its security, based on the confidentiality–integrity–availability model criteria, and evaluated the introduced overhead in terms of processing time and packet overhead. The experimental results demonstrate that the BCNBI can effectively secure the NBI, based on the fundamental security goals, while introducing insignificant overhead.

Privacy Preservation and Access Control for Sharing Electronic Health Records Using Blockchain Technology

Sharing of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is of significant importance in health care. Lately, a cloud-based electronic health record sharing scheme has been used extensively to share patient records among various healthcare organizations. However, cloud centralization may compromise patients’ privacy and security. Due to the special features of blockchain, it is important to see this technology as a promising solution to resolve these issues. This article proposes a privacy-preserving, secure EHR sharing and access control framework based on blockchain technology. The proposal aims to implement EHR blockchain technology and ensure that electronic records are stored safely by specifying user access permissions. We emulate the cryptographic primitives and use smart contracts to describe the relationships between the EHR owner and EHR user through the proposed system on the Ethereum blockchain. We assess the proposal results based on encryption and decryption time and the costs of the smart contract. The encryption and decryption times are proportional to the size of the EHR, which varies from 128 KB to 128 MB. When it comes to encryption, the smallest EHR takes 0.0012 s to encrypt, while the largest EHR, which is 128 MB, takes 1.4149 s. On the other hand, a 128 KB EHR takes 0.0013 s to decrypt, whereas a 128 MB EHR requires 1.6284 s. As a result, performance evaluation and security analysis confirm that the proposal is secure for practical application.

ATMChain: Blockchain-Based Security Framework for Cyber-Physics System in Air Traffic Management

The air traffic management (ATM) system is an intelligent system that integrates the ground computer network, the airborne network, and the space satellite (communication and navigation) network. It has remarkable characteristics of cyber-physical system (CPS). The development of ATM system is inseparable from the application of new technologies. This paper proposes a security framework based on blockchain for CPS in the ATM system. Through the research on the characteristics of blockchain and CPS, this paper analyzes the necessity of integrating them into the research of the ATM system, demonstrates the feasibility of combining them, and then constructs the ATMChain framework mechanism to realize the in-depth integration of blockchain and CPS in ATM. On this basis, this paper gives the overall design architecture and implementation steps of the scheme. In addition, this paper also makes a series of analysis and demonstration from the perspective of scheme security. The research scheme will help to improve the security, reliability, and scalability of ATM services and provide a new reference for establishing a more security and efficient ATM system.

Blockchain localization spoofing detection based on fuzzy AHP in IoT systems

Location spoof detection is a major component of location proofing mechanisms in internet of things (IoT), and it is significant for the system to assess the trustworthiness of the location data associated with the user. Unlike the work that employs physical layer features, we interest in building the infrastructure for a solution to establish location spoofing detection capabilities in blockchain-based IoT systems. In detail, at the node and the mobile trajectory level, we create an IoT system for evaluating the trustworthiness of location proofs with blockchain location system features. A blockchain-based multilayer fuzzy hierarchical analysis process (AHP) evaluation method is contemplated to detect location spoofing in the IoT system. Simulation results indicate the proposed method has a superior performance and provides a basis for the trustworthiness assessment of location proofs.

Performance Evaluation of Data Transactions in Blockchain

Blockchain is an emerging technology, with a decentralized infrastructure avoiding third party dependency. Smartcontracts are one of the features of Ethereum blockchain, capable of running distributed applications in unreliableenvironments, enabling process automation and being one of the most sought technologies due to the highcustomization added to transactions. However, little is known about predicting the cost and execution time behavior of blockchain-based system transactions. This work aims to evaluate the performance of an Ethereum network through an application designed to analyze the cost and time of transactions that store characters in the blockchain. To meet the proposed objective, we designed an application for performing transactions with data inclusion and query on a blockchain, collecting time and cost data. As main conclusions of this work we have: the Ethereum platform proved to be inconstant in relation to the processing time of transactions on the blockchain and the application developed based on blockchain can provide a mechanism to evaluate text-type operations on Ethereum network.

Privacy-Preserving Collaborative Computation for Human Activity Recognition

Human Activity Recognition (HAR) enables computer systems to assist users with their tasks and improve their quality of life in rehabilitation, daily life tracking, fitness, and cognitive disorder therapy. It is a hot topic in the field of machine learning, and HAR is gaining more attention among researchers due to its unique societal and economic advantages. This paper focuses on a collaborative computation scenario where a group of participants will securely and collaboratively train an accurate HAR model. The training process requires collecting a massive number of personal activity features and labels, which raises privacy problems. We decentralize the training process locally to each client in order to ensure the privacy of training data. Furthermore, we use an advanced secure aggregation algorithm to ensure that malicious participants cannot extract private information from the updated parameters even during the aggregation phase. Edge computing nodes have been introduced into our system to address the problem of data generation devices’ insufficient computing power. We replace the traditional central server with smart contract to make the system more robust and secure. We achieve the verifiability of the packaged nodes using the publicly auditability feature of blockchain. According to the experimental data, the accuracy of the HAR model trained by our proposed framework reaches 93.24%, which meets the applicability requirements. The use of secure multiparty computation techniques unavoidably increases training time, and experimental results show that a round of iterations takes 36.4 seconds to execute, which is still acceptable.

A survey on blockchain-based Recommender Systems: Integration architecture and taxonomy

A Recommender System (RS) is an integral part of present-day leading web services, such as YouTube, Amazon, Netflix, and many others. Modern RSs are challenged to go beyond their traditional role of predicting user preferences to efficiently provide reliable, carefully personalized, and highly accurate recommendations. This paper thoroughly explores and analyzes state-of-the-art literature surveys on RS to extract important challenges and open issues. Our goal in this paper is to survey the literature to extract essential features of RSs and Blockchain (BC), focusing on their integration. Because of the lack of an existing foundation of BC-based RSs, the intrinsic BC aspects in RSs are identified and described. Integrating BC technology within RSs can achieve many benefits such as transparency, decentralization, and security. To that end, a thorough study of the papers on current BC-based RSs is presented along with a synthesized comprehensive taxonomy. Furthermore, a modular RS architecture, encompassing on-chain and off-chain storage and computation processes, is designed. This paper also includes a thorough discussion on the validity of the proposed architecture, BC limitations concerning RSs, and the derivation of a rich set of pointers to future research directions.

Application of Internet of Things and Block-chain Technology in Improving Supply Chain Financial Risk Management System

ABSTRACT In order to transform the uncontrollable risks of a single enterprise’s credit business into a controllable overall risk, and better alleviate the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises. This article first studies the concept and function of supply chain finance and the meaning and characteristics of supply chain finance, and then analyzes the operating mechanism of the three financing methods and various risks in the financing process. This article combines the unique operation and business process of the Logistic model of the Internet of Things technology to design a new model to further reduce credit risk and market risk. The empirical analysis results show that: facing the financing problems of small and medium-sized enterprises, the current financing model based on supply chain finance is the most ideal choice. By using blockchain decentralization technology to solve the risks of supply chain financial projects, and using the characteristics of blockchain to improve the efficiency of supply chain financing in clearing and settlement. According to data from the Demica Institute, it is estimated that from 2011 to 2013, the financial supply chain developed by international financial institutions will grow at a rate of more than 30%. It is expected that by 2020, its average annual growth rate will maintain 10%.

TVS: a trusted verification scheme for office documents based on blockchain

To realize the encryption of document information, authority authentication, and traceability of historical records, we propose a trusted verification scheme (TVS) for office documents to ensure security. Specifically, the scheme is realized by timestamps, smart contracts (or chaincode), and other blockchain technologies. It is based on the features of blockchain, such as security, credibility, immutability, and traceability of network behavior. And the TVS stores users and documents information through blockchain; it can monitor the state changes of office documents in real time by setting the trigger conditions of smart contracts. The experiment indicates that we have realized the real-time monitoring of data and the traceability of historical records. Moreover, we have achieved the purpose of document encryption and authority authentication, ensuring the authenticity and objectivity of data, avoiding the illegal tampering of malicious users to realize the trusted verification for documents.

Characteristics of Blockchain Technology In Educational Development

The worldwide education implementation process has not been able to keep up with contemporary events. The education sector is now dealing with a number of issues, including the problem of verification and the presence of a third party in the management of certificates, which are micro and macro outputs of a company's learning process. The existence of a beacon of Blockchain technology, which is frequently referred to as a revolutionary solution to the current educational debate. In the education business, the merger of education with blockchain technology will usher in a new era. There are numerous reasons for this solution, but I don't believe they are sufficient to describe the features of blockchain in detail from the perspective of education utilizing blockchain, which examines the presence of blockchain for education based on scientific investigations. These features of blockchain will be highly valuable as a literary platform for scholars who will begin fundamental research and applications that will lead to blockchain for education in the future. Aside from that, there will be recommended solutions in the form of a framework for the cost, storage space, and speed of blockchain technology. As a result, this research can also serve as a basis for the new blockchain as a predecessor of technology-based governance blockchains.

Utilization of Blockchain Technology for Future Education

Blockchain is a distributed ledger that is both decentralized and distributed. There is a Node that acts to keep track of all transactions on the Blockchain across all networks. Due to the immutable or immutable nature of Blockchain technology, the risk of fraud is extremely low. In the realm of education, this is unquestionably a highly practical and safe technology for conducting digital certification, recording, and so on. It is envisaged that Blockchain technology would be able to tackle difficulties that frequently arise in the field of education. The blockchain-based educational architecture has enormous promise for minimizing the degree of cheating that is so prevalent in the educational environment. This study employed a multi-method approach, with the goal of examining Blockchain-based education design, Blockchain features used, and Blockchain-based educational services as a consequence of the study. Each of these areas is critical to the implementation's success.

Efficient Delivery Of Government Schemes Using Blockchain Technology And Cryptography

India is a country of growing population and agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of Indians population. The Indian food industry is poised for huge growth, increasing its contribution to world food trade every year due to its immense potential for value addition, particularly within the food processing industry. Government of India is giving more priority for welfare of the farmers. In this regard it is implementing several welfare schemes to provide financial support to farmers. Various schemes were introduced by the government, but the benefits of these schemes do not reach to the common people in our case farmers due to corruption happening at the middleware. Hence there is need of a reliable, authorized and secured system to maintain and manage these transactional records. This is where blockchain comes into picture. One of the aims of our system is to ensure that the amount transferred by the authority to a particular farmer, reaches to him/her without any corruption and system manipulation using the features of blockchain and cryptography.

Blockchain-based Power Digital Asset Security Management Framework

Due to the hierarchical management structure of electric power enterprises, data flow often needs to go through multiple layers of nodes for review, which makes data synchronization slow and distortion high and data reliability difficult to improve. The existing data asset management mode of electric power enterprises faces security problems such as node trustworthiness and data tampering in the process of identity mutual trust, transmission and storage, data collection and data usage. In view of this, this paper proposes a blockchain-based digital asset management framework using the decentralized, untrustworthy, and hard-to-tamper features of blockchain. In the proposed framework, we optimized security authentication mechanism, data recording and consensus process, and data storage and transmission strategy involved in blockchain data sharing applications. The framework can effectively ensure the security, integrity, operability and consistency of digital assets in the management process under the blockchain environment.

The effect of management accounting and blockchain technology characteristics on supply chains efficiency

Blockchain is a new boom for the use of the Internet and will change the way in accounting and auditing as well as management accounting (MA); Blockchain as the biggest evidence of the growing use of this technology in the accounting field, its use leads to lower costs in the long run, avoiding human errors and controlling manipulation and fraud through immediate control of information and enhancing its integrity. However, this paper aims to investigate the impact of management accounting and Blockchain technology characteristics on supply chain efficiency in Jordanian Manufacturing Companies (JMC). Besides, the descriptive approach was conducted using the survey, 258 respondents were included in the survey from JMC. The results indicated that the characteristics of Blockchain technology and MA has a positive and significant impact on the efficiency of supply chains in JMC. However, this paper contributes to identifying the characteristics of Blockchain as well as management accounting methods and their role in increasing the efficiency of supply chains; to survive and continue in different business environments.

Service Level Agreement Based Secured Data Analytics Framework for Healthcare Systems

Many physical objects are connected to the internet in this modern day to make things easier to work based on the convenience of the user, which reduces human involvement with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology.This aids in the capture of large amounts of data, the interchange of information via the internet, and the remote operation of machines. IoT health data is typically in the form of big data and is frequently coupled with the cloud for secure storage. Cloud technology provides a wide range of technological services via the internet, and it is a highly interoperable and on-demand network for a wide range of computing resources. The Service Level Agreement (SLA) is made between the cloud and the patient, and it outlines the services supplied as well as the level of security provided to the user. For fulfilling service, the deployed external cloud has challenges with load balancing and work scheduling. Furthermore, the gathered health data must be effectively processed by medical practitioners. To solve this issue, a Secure Cluster Naive Bayes (CNB) framework is proposed, both with and without Dimensionality Reduction. To preserve its anonymity, the obtained data is hashed and stored in the cloud using the blockchain technology. SLA sessions are organized to prioritize patient data for decryption and prediction. At the doctor’s end, the decrypted data is first filtered and dimensionally reduced before being clustered using a dual K-means clustering technique and classified using the Naive Bayes algorithm. The web-based graphical user interface server is responsible for connecting the IoT device, the cloud, and the doctor. The security performance of the DRCNB and CNB frameworks is evaluated using block chain characteristics, the frequency of SLA violations, and processing and execution time. The DRCNB framework is 91.1% accurate, while the CNB model is 80.73% accurate, making it more accurate than previous models. The new models exceed the prior ones in terms of both security and prediction performance.

Blockchain Technology for Secure Supply Chain Management: A Comprehensive Review

Supply chain management (SCM) is a core corporate activity responsible for moving commodities and services from one point to another through various stakeholders. The traditional SCM is based on a centralized approach managed at the central headquarter, and all other sub-offices get instructions from the main office. Some major issues with present SCM systems are security, transactional transparency, traceability, stakeholder involvement, product counterfeiting, additional delays, fraud, and instabilities. Blockchain (BC) emerges as a technology that can manage the data and build trust efficiently and transparently. It can also aid in transaction authorization and verification in the supply chain or payments without a third party. To address the present SCM issues, BC technology is a feasible solution. Motivated by the aforementioned considerations, in this paper, we present a survey on the adoption of BC in SCM. This paper undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the literature on BC characteristics, implementations, and business consequences in various SCM. This Blockchain-centered study, in particular, discloses the research state and delineates future research directions by studying and analyzing 97 up-to-date publications highlighting BC’s supply chain uses. Transparency and traceability, information sharing, product anti-counterfeiting, and building trust are the major aspects propelling BC’s implementation in SCM. Further, we analyzed various applications of SCM in which BC can be used as a probable technology to secure all transactions. Then, we have highlighted open issues and research challenges for adopting BC technology in SCM that open the doors for beginners eager to start work in this amazing area.

Blockchain Enabled Quality Management in Short Food Supply Chains

Food system (re)localisation involves moving food systems back to local areas and a result are the short food supply chains. Food system (re)localisation is occurring to offset the perceived negative impacts of global food systems. Short food supply chains may face challenges in terms of quality set at national and international levels. Short food supply chains will benefit from technologies that can be developed to meet specific requirements which can be significantly different from those in conventional level food supply chains. One such digital technology is blockchain. This paper aims to present a blockchain based quality management architecture developed for short food supply chains. Requirements for the blockchain architecture are based on existing literature on quality management in food supply chains, with an emphasis on the specifics of quality and re-localisation in short food supply chains. Also considered in the architecture are the characteristic features of blockchain, with some emphasis on trust management and smart contracts. The adoption considerations regarding the resulting architecture are highlighted. It is concluded that the architecture has features relevant to the short food supply chain that differs from conventional food supply chains. Future work regarding implementation and validation of the architecture developed is suggested.

Profit Maximizing Smart Manufacturing Over AI-Enabled Configurable Blockchains

Based on the trustless feature of blockchain, this article designs a general configurable blockchain-enabled smart manufacturing system to achieve flexible manufacturing in response to large-scale manufacturing services. With a transaction pool containing all the pending manufacturing tasks but aligning with the logic flow, the complex manufacturing structure can be uniformly tackled. Furthermore, in virtue of the contradiction between large-scale manufacturing and limited blockchain throughput, we formulate a joint optimization of the block size, task scheduling, and the supply-demand configuration to maximize the customers’ net profit with the probabilistic delay requirements, which addresses the critical issue of efficiency and latency in the blockchain-based live manufacturing process. Meanwhile, the production quality and price preference are involved. For solution, a mixed online bipartite matching-based DQN algorithm is proposed, which circumvents the high dimensionality by separating the task-manufacturer matching from the time-correlated problem. Simulation results show that the proposed flexible framework can well adopt to dynamic customer population, and achieves better convergence.