Blockchain Applications Research Articles

Web-based supply chain system design using blockchain

Background: This research aims to design an agromaritime supply chain system as a development of blockchain technology in Industry 4.0. Objectives: The study has three main objectives: (1) to analyse supply chain structures and processes, focusing on coordination, scheduling and resource control; (2) to explore the application of blockchain as an innovative solution in Industry 4.0; and (3) to design and evaluate a blockchain-based supply chain system that enhances transparency, traceability and data integrity through distributed ledger technology. Method: Primary data were collected via observations and interviews with stakeholders involved in the supply chain obtaining information on production data, selling prices and orders for agromaritime products. Secondary data were collected from the previous studies in published journal articles, and the internet during research preparation. Results: Using the prototyping method, the study showed that adopting blockchain in a supply chain significantly impacts companies, suppliers, farmers, and processors. It enables real-time, transparent transactions, reducing errors in buying and selling. Conclusion: Blockchain benefits all supply chain actors, from to consumers by improving efficiency and providing a tracking system for events in the supply chain. Contribution: This study contributes by developing a blockchain-based agromaritime supply chain web system to address trust issues such as corruption and misinformation, presenting data in real time.

Usage of Blockchain Technology in Real Estate Transactions in Lagos State, Nigeria

The study examined the use of blockchain technology in real estate transactions in Lagos State, Nigeria, by assessing the level of adoption among estate surveying and valuation firms and the factors influencing its adoption. The data for this study were collected through questionnaires administered to estate surveying and valuation firms located on Lagos Island, Lagos State. The questionnaires provided the firms’ opinions on the adoption of blockchain technology, their level of awareness of blockchain technology and the factors influencing its adoption. The data analysis revealed that real estate practitioners were very aware of various blockchain applications, including fintech, cryptocurrency, smart contracts, and cross-border transactions, which are useful tools that estate surveyors and valuers can adopt in real estate practice and transactions. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that regulatory challenges, trust issues, and poor internet provision compromise the adoption and usage of blockchain technology in Lagos State. The study recommends frequent sensitisation of members by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers and the creation of an enabling environment by the government, as the use of this emerging technology is facilitated by infrastructure such as regular internet and electricity supply.

Blockchain Technology and the Applicability of Digital Clustering in the Defense Industry

This article comprehensively examines the potential applications and advantages of blockchain technology and digital clustering in the defense industry. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized structure and high security levels, has garnered significant interest, particularly in critical sectors like defense. This technology stands out for its potential to enable secure data sharing, traceability, and operational efficiency. Digital clustering, on the other hand, holds potential for enhancing innovation and collaboration in the defense industry. This study uses literature review and case analysis methods to evaluate the applicability of blockchain and digital clustering technologies in the defense industry. The results indicate that if these technologies are properly integrated, they can provide significant advantages in terms of data security, traceability, and innovation within the sector.

Blockchain-enabled carbon emission trading data quality regulation: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis.

Blockchain-enabled carbon emission trading data quality regulation: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis.

Quality Management System Based Blockchain Applications

This study investigates blockchain technologies and blockchain related researches from various sectors considering sectoral applications including food, healthcare, automotive, supply chain, information security, banking and quality management issues associated with these sectors. This study provides comparisons of various industries considering blockchain technology features. The aim of this study is to present an overview to intelligent quality management system based blockchain. This study examines standards for blockchain and distributed ledger technologies and discusses quality challenges for blockchain applications.

THE POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES IN TOURISM DATA AND TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT

The purpose of this article is to explore how blockchain technology can be used to process data and transactions in the travel and tourism industry. With the rapid digitalization of the tourism sector, there is a growing need for data protection, transaction transparency and reduced intermediary costs. Blockchain is considered a cutting-edge technology that will revolutionize key processes in the tourism industry through smart contracts, decentralization and data immutability. The study examines reports from international organizations, examples of blockchain platform implementation and scientific publications. The methodological basis is content analysis, expert assessment, case analysis and a comparative analytical approach. According to the report, booking, identification, data protection, verification and payment processing are the most important areas of blockchain application in tourism. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing the technology are also discussed. The conclusion is that blockchain technology has great potential in the travel and tourism sector, provided that the regulatory framework is created and the digital literacy of market participants is increased. The obtained results can be useful for business communities, IT solution providers in the tourism sector and the academic community interested in the digital transformation of tourism.

A Systematic Literature Review of Blockchain Interoperability Analysis for Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) System

The Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) system plays a vital role in global trade by ensuring secure and efficient supply chain operations. Blockchain technology offers transformative potential for AEO systems by enhancing transparency, traceability, and operational efficiency. This study employs a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology to analyse blockchain applications in AEO systems, focusing on standardisation challenges such as interoperability, regulatory compliance, and integration. A total of 222 studies were initially identified, with 53 passing the screening process. After further analysis, 23 studies were selected for final evaluation based on relevance and quality criteria. Findings indicate that blockchain facilitates the mutual recognition of AEO certifications, simplifies customs clearance processes, and improves data security. However, standardisation gaps, scalability limitations, and data privacy concerns persist. Recommendations include developing standardised interoperability frameworks, integrating blockchain with existing AEO processes, and adopting cost-efficient, scalable blockchain models. This review offers researchers, policymakers, and practitioners actionable insights to advance blockchain-enabled AEO systems.

Blockchain adoption in Italian winemaking: insights from a PLS-SEM study

PurposeThis empirical study aims to expand the literature on the application of blockchain by analysing the factors that influence Italian winemakers.Design/methodology/approachAn online questionnaire was used to collect data from 114 Italian wine producers. The factors influencing the adoption of blockchain technology were based on an extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the data using the SmartPLS computer program.FindingsThe PLS-SEM results show that two dimensions of the extended UTAUT, including performance expectancy and trust, positively influence blockchain technology adoption. At the same time, effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions are found to have no significant influence on the intention to adopt blockchain technology. The intention to adopt blockchain is therefore linked to the expectation of improving the winery’s production efficiency, on the one hand, and the greater transparency that this brings, and the benefit that this can bring to consumers, on the other.Originality/valueThe empirical results of this study fill a gap in the existing literature regarding the factors influencing the adoption of blockchain by Italian winemakers. This study found that, out of five factors, only two have an impact on behaviour, thus providing insight into this issue that has not been clearly examined in previous studies.

The Application of Blockchain and AI in Financial Security: Improving Market Assessment and Risk Management of CAPM

With the rapid development of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI), their integration in financial security has gained increasing attention. This paper explores how these technologies can enhance the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in market assessment and risk management. Blockchain ensures transparent and tamper-proof financial transactions, while AI leverages big data and machine learning to identify risks and uncover investment opportunities. Through vase studies, this paper explores the integration path of blockchain and AI within CAPM. The results show that this combination not only optimizes CAPMs risk assessment process but also improves its adaptability and predictive accuracy in complex markets. This integrated method helps financial institutions to assess risks more scientifically and make forward-looking decisions. Overall, the synergy between blockchain and AI provides a new path for financial security, enhancing system transparency, responsiveness, and institutional competitiveness. This fusion technology opens up a new situation for the innovative application of CAPM and provides theoretical support and practical reference for building a more intelligent, efficient and secure financial system.

The Metamorphosis of Global Trade Routes: Immediate Challenges and Advanced Logistics Techniques

Introduction: In the context of dynamic global transformations, digitalisation is becoming a key factor in improving the efficiency and sustainability of global supply chains. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) have demonstrated the potential to optimise logistics processes and mitigate operational risks.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the measurable impact of specific digital technologies on logistics efficiency and supply chain sustainability, as well as to assess their role in supporting transparency, cost reduction, and fraud prevention.Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative analysis with comparative quantitative assessment. The study analysed case-based data on the integration of blockchain for secure documentation, AI-driven route optimisation and sales forecasting, and IoT-based monitoring systems to enhance service quality and reduce delays.Results: The findings revealed that the implementation of AI reduced delivery time by an average of 15%, while blockchain applications decreased document-processing fraud incidents by 23%. Additionally, IoT solutions contributed to a 12% improvement in inventory visibility and reduced losses.Conclusions: Modern digital tools have practical applicability in reshaping supply chain operations, improving resilience and responsiveness. Future research should focus on the development of adaptive risk management frameworks tailored to the cybersecurity and cost-related challenges of digital transformation.

Transformative blockchain technological approaches to sports events.

The integration of blockchain technology in sports event management represents a significant shift towards more decentralized and efficient governance structures, particularly relevant to small and medium-sized events. Despite growing interest, its practical implementation remains limited and lacks comprehensive theoretical guidance. This study addresses this gap by proposing an integrated theoretical framework, combining the Dynamic Capabilities Framework (DCF), Collaborative Governance Theory (CGT), and the Four Modes of Governance (FMG), to systematically explore blockchain's application within sports event management. Our analysis reveals that blockchain technology can effectively foster transparency, efficiency, and enhanced stakeholder participation through Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). These advantages are realized through key mechanisms of access, control, and incentives, which interact across external environments, governance structures, and blockchain core infrastructure. Furthermore, the study identifies critical managerial implications necessary for successful blockchain implementation, emphasizing strategic infrastructure assessments, stakeholder engagement, and risk management protocols. Ultimately, this research contributes both theoretical insights and practical guidelines, addressing existing knowledge gaps and providing a structured framework for leveraging blockchain in managing small to mediumsized sports events.

Authentication of Products and Counterfeits Elimination Using Blockchain

ABSTRACT- Blockchain technology has garnered significant interest due to its potential to disrupt various industries beyond finance. This paper investigates the application of blockchain in combating counterfeiting. By eliminating the need for trusted intermediaries, enabling faster transactions, and enhancing transparency, blockchain offers promising solutions to address counterfeit issues. The paper presents an overview of anti-counterfeit solutions, different blockchain technologies, and highlights the unique characteristics of blockchain that make it suitable for this use case. Three novel concepts and the expansion of an existing system are explored, emphasizing that technological solutions proof packaging is essential. By integrating blockchain technology with these strategies, a comprehensive and efficient approach to combat counterfeiting can be achieved. Keywords : Encryption, Authentication, Blockchain, Encryption, QR code verification, immutable records, decentralizes ledger

Tokens and blockchain evidence in international commercial arbitration: its current status?

Abstract The token economy is rapidly advancing and if fully realized will change the financial sector significantly. This paper will examine the development, application and use of tokens, and blockchain technology along with their impact to the rules of evidence in international commercial arbitration. The technology is formidable and will require new skills. It calls on arbitration institutions, as a starting point, to develop guidance notes for the technical application of blockchain and tokens used in evidence. This paper highlights how a recent addition to the legal framework is the Token Service Agreement, which incorporates an arbitration clause and the use of blockchain. This, along with the many other agreements that have recently been developed, for instance, in cybersecurity and data, will all be important components to the evidence that an arbitral tribunal will need to consider. More specifically, expert evidence is and will become crucial to being able to trace the actual dispute of the token (its supporting technology) and blockchain. The paper concludes calling for further research to be undertaken about how blockchain and tokens will need to be considered as evidence in international commercial arbitration.

A blockchain-driven Pu-erh tea supply chain: product pricing and coordination mechanism design

PurposeThe issue of counterfeiting has exerted a significant impact on the level of trust and collaboration within the Pu-erh tea supply chain. While digital identification methods have been implemented to mitigate counterfeiting, they offer only temporary remedies rather than comprehensive solutions. The emergence of blockchain technology presents an opportunity to address the traceability problem in the Pu-erh tea industry. However, the precise impact of blockchain on interfirm cooperation within Pu-erh tea supply chains remains unclear.Design/methodology/approachThis research gap incentivizes our study, where we use game theory to propose stylized models for Pu-erh tea supply chains that capitalize on the trust-enhancing capabilities of blockchain technology. In our study, a factor called “trust degree” is introduced and its influence on the pricing of Pu-erh tea and the performance of the entire supply chain following the adoption of blockchain is examined.FindingsThe blockchain-driven Pu-erh tea supply chain could not reach Pareto improvement without intervention. A simple cost-sharing contract is not sufficient to enable coordination in the supply chain, while a hybrid contract with benefit-sharing and cost-sharing can be used to achieve this goal.Practical implicationsBy comparing centralized and decentralized decision-making scenarios, we illustrate how blockchain can impact the performance along the entire Pu-erh tea supply chain. Finally, through numerical examples, we evaluate the value of cost-sharing contracts and benefit-sharing contracts and then propose a hybrid coordination mechanism to incentivize firm behaviour in the Pu-erh tea supply chain.Originality/valueThe framework uses a coordination mechanism that incentivizes the adoption of blockchain technology in the Pu-erh tea supply chain and offers valuable insights for the development of blockchain applications in food supply chain management.

A variable threshold ring signature scheme for privacy protection in smart city blockchain applications

In smart city deployments, blockchain offers decentralized control over services and data, yet it also introduces stringent privacy and scalability challenges. Ring signatures can authenticate transactions while preserving signer anonymity, but existing schemes seldom provide both unconditional strong anonymity and robust collusion resistance, and they often incur burdensome key management and costly verification. To overcome these limitations, we present a distributed, attribute-based ring signature scheme with a flexible threshold policy. Our approach leverages (n, t)-threshold distributed key-generation protocol to eliminate any single point of trust and to simplify key distribution. By encoding user identity attributes directly into signature keys, the construction guarantees provable unforgeability, unconditional anonymity, and resistance to collusion among malicious users. We further introduce an optimized batch-verification algorithm that cuts the number of expensive pairing checks per signature from O(n) to O(1)+n, dramatically improving throughput. Security proofs in the random-oracle model and detailed performance evaluations confirm that our scheme is both practical and scalable for privacy-critical blockchain applications in smart cities.

Analysis of the Application of Blockchain in the Carbon Trading Market

This research systematically explores the application prospects, implementation pathways, and challenges of blockchain technology in carbon trading markets. The study demonstrates that blockchain technology, with its decentralized architecture, data immutability, smart contract functionality, and transaction traceability characteristics, can effectively address issues in traditional carbon trading markets such as trust deficits, low efficiency, restricted cross-platform circulation, and regulatory difficulties. Through literature review, technical mechanism analysis, and typical case studies, this paper constructs a theoretical framework for blockchain carbon trading and proposes implementation strategies. The research finds that despite challenges including scalability limitations, regulatory compliance complexity, interoperability difficulties, and high investment costs, blockchain technology shows significant advantages in enhancing market efficiency, strengthening data credibility, and promoting cross-regional cooperation. This study provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for constructing more efficient, secure, and transparent carbon trading market systems. It provides future research directions and policy recommendations, such as suggesting the establishment of a blockchain carbon trading regulatory sandbox, among others, contributing to the early realization of global carbon neutrality goals.

Research on the Application of Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Finance

At present, blockchain, with its distributed structure, trust mechanism, openness and transparency, and tamperability, has significantly optimized the information flow in supply chain finance, constructed a multi-body cooperation and coordination mechanism, and effectively solved the risk control problems. This paper analyzes the practice of Ant Gold's "Double Chain" platform, which demonstrates the role of blockchain technology in simplifying the financing link, aggregating multi-value chain, and promoting the innovation of supply chain finance. Finally, policy recommendations are put forward, including the development of supply chain finance, alleviating financing constraints and strengthening blockchain applications to promote the technology and the healthy development of supply chain finance. The study shows that the application of blockchain technology not only improves the efficiency and security of supply chain finance, but also brings innovative solutions for supply chain management

BLOCK CHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INTEGRATION IN SBI BANKING

The Indian banking industry is witnessing a major disruption with the advent of blockchain technology. With more and more frauds and anomalies getting detected every day, the need to secure the systems and the processes for higher efficiencies is crucial to gain momentum in the industry. Furthermore, there are many use cases for blockchain technology; with blockchain, banks can securely store records and provide faster and more reliable services to their customers. Hence, this study aims to present a riveting view of different applications of blockchain in the Indian banking industry to understand the impact it may produce once this technology becomes mainstream. This study uses the SCOPUS database to synthesize the systematic review. The outcome of this study provides a blueprint for further research in the area of advancing blockchain in the banking industry.

Analysis of Blockchain-Technology

Introduction. Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation in distributed computing, providing a secure, transparent, and decentralized mechanism for data management. Initially introduced as the backbone of cryptocurrencies, blockchain has expanded into various sectors, including finance, healthcare, supply chain management, and governance. However, despite its numerous advantages, blockchain faces significant challenges, including scalability, transaction speed, and energy consumption. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of blockchain technology, focusing on its classification, consensus mechanisms, scalability solutions, and future trends. The study explores the comparative advantages and limitations of different blockchain architectures and evaluates emerging optimization techniques such as hybrid consensus algorithms and artificial intelligence-based enhancements. Purpose of the Work. The objective of this study is to conduct an in-depth analysis of blockchain technology, investigating its core principles, operational mechanisms, and performance optimization strategies. The research aims to provide a systematic comparison of consensus algorithms, including Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) variations, assessing their impact on transaction speed, energy efficiency, and security. Additionally, the study examines Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) scaling solutions such as sharding, rollups, and sidechains to address blockchain's scalability challenges. The research also highlights emerging trends in blockchain development, particularly hybrid models and AI-driven optimization techniques, which can enhance blockchain efficiency and security. Results. The analysis reveals that different blockchain architectures exhibit varying trade-offs between decentralization, security, and scalability. Public blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, prioritize decentralization and security but suffer from limited scalability. Private blockchains, in contrast, offer higher transaction throughput but compromise decentralization. Hybrid blockchains aim to balance these aspects by integrating the strengths of both models. A detailed comparison of consensus mechanisms indicates that PoW, while highly secure, is energy-intensive and slow, whereas PoS and its variations provide faster and more energy-efficient alternatives. The study also finds that Byzantine Fault Tolerance-based mechanisms, such as PBFT and DBFT, offer high-speed consensus suitable for enterprise applications. Furthermore, Layer 1 improvements, including sharding, enhance on-chain transaction processing, while Layer 2 solutions, such as optimistic rollups and zero-knowledge rollups, significantly increase throughput by offloading computations to secondary layers. The research highlights recent advancements, such as AI-assisted transaction validation and adaptive consensus algorithms, as promising directions for blockchain scalability and security. Conclusions. The study underscores the importance of optimizing blockchain scalability and consensus mechanisms to enable broader adoption across industries. While Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions provide significant improvements in throughput and efficiency, their integration remains a key challenge. The findings suggest that hybrid consensus models and AI-based optimizations could further enhance blockchain performance, reducing energy consumption while maintaining security and decentralization. Future research should focus on developing dynamic sharding techniques, parallel consensus mechanisms, and predictive analytics for transaction management to advance blockchain's applicability in large-scale real-world scenarios. The continued evolution of blockchain technology will play a critical role in shaping secure, efficient, and decentralized digital ecosystems. Keywords: blockchain, decentralization, consensus mechanisms, optimistic rollups, sharding, transaction validation.

Blockchain in Critical Care.

Intensive care units (ICUs) face growing challenges with cybersecurity, data interoperability, medication safety, and resource management in an increasingly digital healthcare environment. This review explores how blockchain technology can address these issues and improve critical care delivery. Relevant literature was sourced from peer-reviewed journals, healthcare cybersecurity reports, and studies on blockchain applications in medical settings. Included works focused on blockchain's role in enhancing data security, drug traceability, consent management, and integration with AI tools in ICU contexts. Blockchain offers tamper-proof health records, decentralized data sharing, and automated smart contracts, potentially transforming ICU operations. Benefits include improved patient safety, resource efficiency, and decision support. However, challenges such as scalability, regulatory concerns, and implementation costs remain. Blockchain holds strong potential to enhance ICU workflows and patient outcomes. Realizing its impact will require collaborative efforts and further research to overcome current limitations. Gondode P, Dass C, Kumar S, Malviya A, Ashwin M, Khanna P. Blockchain in Critical Care. Indian J Crit Care Med 2025;29(6):525-530.