Blend Nanofibers Research Articles

Size-dependent soft epitaxial crystallization in the formation of blend nanofiber shish kebabs

Hierarchical structures called nanofiber shish-kebabs (NFSKs) have been studied as a means to decorate or functionalize electrospun nanofibers. Blending natural and synthetic polymers together into the electrospun fiber NFSK backbones offers the opportunity to design materials with finely tuned mechanical and biological properties. However, it is not known how homopolymer and copolymer kebab formation will be impacted by these blend compositions. NFSKs made from polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin blend fibers with PCL homopolymer and PCL-block-poly (acrylic acid) (PCL-b-PAA) block copolymer crystalline kebabs were successfully formed. The blend fibers templated crystal growth on the surface, but with a highly irregular kebab orientation and periodicity that was attributed to the large fiber diameter for the blend. Acetic acid was then incorporated into the fibers and shown to improve the phase mixing between PCL and gelatin, leading to smaller diameter electrospun fibers and more regular and periodic kebab NFSK morphology. The study further confirmed the size-dependent soft-epitaxy mechanism in the formation of crystalline shish kebab structures, with the electrospun nanofiber diameter leading to more oriented PCL chains within the fiber and subsequent orientation of the crystallizing kebab polymer. These NFSKs with multicomponent shish and kebabs have potential to be versatile scaffolds for biomineralization and cellular engineering purposes.

Chondro‐inductive nanofibrous scaffold based gelatin/polyvinyl alcohol/chondroitin sulfate for cartilage tissue engineering

Tissue engineering is a technique that can be used for repairing damaged cartilage. The aim of this study was chondro‐differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin/chondroitin sulfate (PVA/GT/CS) blend nanofibers. Nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning method with different concentrations of CS (10%, 15%, and 20%). MSCs were seeded on nanofibers for biocompatibility and cell viability test by MTT assay. Alcian blue staining assay was done to show that MSCs were differentiated to chondrocyte by staining the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that was produced by cells. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) assay were done to confirm type II collagen expression. Scaffolds with different concentrations of CS were tested for biocompatibility, and the nanofiber with 15% of GAG showed better results (P = 0.02) compared with other nanofibers; therefore, it was chosen as the main sample for chondrogenesis tests. On the basis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), hMSCs had a proper attachment to the nanofiber with 15% CS. Alcian blue staining showed the different rates of blue coloration, which means cells produced different types of GAGs from the GAG we used in the nanofiber. RT‐PCR and ICC showed that COL2A1 was expressed in mRNA and protein levels. This study indicates that the PVA/GT/CS nanofiber containing 15% CS can be a good candidate for cartilage tissue engineering.

Keratin/PEO/hydroxyapatite Nanofiber Membrane with Improved Mechanical Property for Potential Burn Dressing Application

Keratin, as a promising substitute for tissue engineering due to its excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity, is used to combine one or more other polymers together. However, compound nanofibers with high keratin content (normally >90 wt.%) may result in the poor elongation of nanofiber membranes such as wound dressing. In this work, different ratios of hydroxyapatites (HA) modified by sodium hexametaphosphate were blended with keratin/polyethylene oxide (PEO) spinning solution to produce reinforced keratin blend nanofiber nonwoven membranes as a potential candidate wound dressing. The tensile strength of keratin blend nanofiber membrane with 15 % modified HA addition was two times higher than that without HA. The morphologies and chemical structure of keratin/PEO/HA nanofiber membranes were investigated using SEM, FTIR, and TG. The biocompatibility and the burn repairing performance of keratin/PEO/HA nanofiber mat were also investigated by cell culture and animal burn model. The results showed that the Keratin/PEO/HA nanofiber membrane was beneficial to enhance the proliferation of L929 cell, exhibiting an advantages in reducing inflammatory response in the infective stage and enhancing skin repairing process in the following recover stages. Our data suggested that keratin/PEO/HA nanofiber membrane could serve as a promising burn dressing for treatment of the skin burn.

Preparation of a hordein-quercetin-chitosan antioxidant electrospun nanofibre film for food packaging and improvement of the film hydrophobic properties by heat treatment

Abstract Bio-based functional packaging materials are attracting increasing attention, but poor mechanical properties often hinder their application. This study aims to develop a novel degradable antioxidant nanomaterial with hordein, quercetin and chitosan via electrospinning. Heat treatment was applied to increase the water resistance of the blended nanofibre film. Our results showed that heat treatment significantly improved the water resistance of the blended nanofibre film without affecting its antioxidant activity. Further physiochemical analysis indicated that heat treatment might improve the water resistance of the nanomaterial by decreasing the crystallinity, reducing surface absorbed hydroxyl groups and increasing the structural stability of the blended nanofibres. Together, our results suggested that heat treatment could be an effective method to improve the water resistance of protein-based nanofibres, and the heat-treated hordein-quercetin-chitosan electrospun nanofibre film was a novel biodegradable material with excellent antioxidant activity and water resistance for food packaging.

Recent developments in electrospun ZnO nanofibers: A short review

Especially for the potential use as sensors, but also in all other applications in which an interaction with the environment occurs, nanofibrous materials are advantageous due to their large specific surface area. An interesting material for electrospinning is the semiconductor zinc oxide (ZnO) which is often used in photoelectric or sensory applications. Nanofibers containing ZnO can be produced, for example, by electrospinning polyvinylpyrrolidone/zinc nitrate from a dimethylformamide/ethanol solution, followed by calcination to remove the organic phase. Alternatively, the polymer/semiconductor blended nanofibers can be used which are often less brittle, but on the other hand offer less contact between ZnO and the environment. Finally, decorating a nanofiber mat with ZnO offers another possibility to prepare nanofibers with ZnO surface. Possible applications of electrospun ZnO nanofibers or nanofiber mats include gas sensing, microwave absorption, photocatalytic degradation or enhancement of supercapacitor electrodes. This short review gives an overview of the most recent electrospinning and after-treatment techniques to create pure and blended ZnO nanofibers and presents the broad variety of possible applications of this well-known semiconductor with some still surprising properties.

Electrospun gelatin–polyethylenimine blend nanofibrous scaffold for biomedical applications

In this study, gelatin-polyethylenimine blend nanofibers (GEL/PEI) were fabricated via electrospinning with different ratios (9:1, 6:1, 3:1) to integrate the properties of both the polymers for evaluating its biomedical application. From scanning electron microscopy, the average diameter of blend nanofibers (265 ± 0.074 nm to 340 ± 0.088 nm) was observed to be less than GEL nanofibers (403 ± 0.08 nm). The incorporation of PEI with gelatin resulted in improved thermal stability of nanofibers whereas the Young's modulus was observed to be higher at 9:1 ratio when compared with other ratios. The in vitro studies showed that the GEL/PEI nanofibers with 9:1 ratio promoted better cell adhesion and viability. GEL/PEI nanofibers with 9:1 and 6:1 showed hemolysis within the permissible limits. From the results, it could be interpreted that GEL/PEI nanofibers with 9:1 ratio proved to be a better scaffold thereby making them a potential candidate for tissue engineering applications.

Preparation and Protein Separation Properties of the Porous Polystyrene/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blend Nanofibers Membranes.

To date, the preparation of a novel ultrafiltration membrane and the efficient separation and purification of protein solutions have gradually attracted widespread attention of many researchers. In this study, a hollow porous polystyrene/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer blend nanofibrous membrane (PS/EVA-BNM) was generated by electrospinning and chemical modification and then used to separate and purify proteins in solution. The BNM was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and specific surface area and pore size analyses. The membrane separation system was assembled using the BNM, which was overlaid to form the reaction layer. The optimal conditions for protein separation were determined by adjusting the operating pressure, filtration time, and pH. The results showed that the rejection rate of serum albumin and the membrane flux could reach 94.35% and 2.04 L/(m2 min), respectively, under the following conditions: the operating pressure was 0.10 MPa and the processing time was 1.5 h. By comparing the parameters of the polyethersulfone commercial ultrafiltration membrane with the PS/EVA-BNM system, it could be inferred that the rejection rate of the latter decreased slightly, whereas its transport flux improved several times. At the same time, the experimental results indicated that the PS/EVA-BNM possessed excellent reusability and mechanical properties. Additionally, the BNM could retain its nanofibrous morphological structure after the separation of serum albumin several times in an aqueous environment.

Cu (II) removal using electrospun dual-responsive polyethersulfone-poly (dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate (PES-PDMAEMA) blend nanofibers.

A novel electrospun dual-responsive polyethersulfone-poly(dimethyl amino) ethyl methacrylate nanofibrous adsorbent was fabricated via electrospinning for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution. Morphological, chemical, and dual-responsiveness of the composite nanofibrous adsorbent were characterized using scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive x-ray, Fourier transform infrared, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer, respectively. The obtained uniform and bead-free nanofibers were then used for the removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution. Results showed that the temperature-responsiveness of the nanofibers is dependent on the pH of the solution, as indicated by the decreasing lower critical solution temperature with increasing pH level. Temperature and pH offer a synergistic effect on the adsorption of Cu (II), with maximum adsorption observed at pH 6.5 at 55 °C. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm studies indicate that the adsorption of copper ions follows chemisorption and is thermodynamically favored at increasing temperature. From the Langmuir isotherm model, the obtained maximum adsorption capacity, qm, was 161.30 mg g-1 at 55 °C. From the desorption studies, results showed that the maximum desorption was observed at pH 3 at 25 °C. In conclusion, PES-PDMAEMA has the capability to adsorb and desorb Cu (II) by adjusting both pH and temperature, hence it can be considered as an efficient and economical adsorbent for heavy metals such Cu (II).

Super‐hydrophilic electrospun PVDF/PVA‐blended nanofiber membrane for microfiltration with ultrahigh water flux

ABSTRACTThis work provides a novel approach to improve not only water flux but also fouling resistance of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. PVDF/Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)‐blended nanofiber membranes were prepared via electrospinning method. The structure and performance of blended nanofiber membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), attenuated total reflection‐Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, tensile mechanical measurement, and filtration experiments. These results indicate that PVA was uniformly blend in the PVDF matrix. This blended nanofiber membranes with the ridge‐and‐valley structure and bicontinuous phase exhibited the hydrophilic performance and super‐wettability, which is reflected in a drop of water fully spread within 1.44 s. Filtration experiments showed that the blended nanofiber membranes have ultrahigh flux and low irreversible fouling ratio. In general, this work enhances the possibility of hydrophilic modification of hydrophobic PVDF membranes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48416.

Fabrication, characterization, and drug release study of vitamin C–loaded alginate/polyethylene oxide nanofibers for the treatment of a skin disorder

Pigmented purpuric dermatosis (PPD) is a skin disorder mainly seen in the lower limbs. The nanofibrous web has been shown to be an appropriate alternative for the treatment of skin diseases as a drug delivery vehicle. In this study, sodium alginate (SA)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers containing vitamin C (VC) were fabricated using both blended electrospinning and core/shell electrospinning. The resultant nanofibers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Enhancing the VC content resulted in increasing the nanofibers diameter. Also, the degradation rate and drug release were investigated. Drug release was evaluated using the in vitro dissolution and permeation method. The degradation rate and the drug release of the core/shell nanofibers were found to be lower than those of the blended nanofibers. The drug release of the extended nanofibers followed a different pattern, indicating that the extension of the nanofibers could be a promising way to control the drug release.

Local hydration in ionomer composite membranes determined with confocal Raman microscopy

Water management in electrochemical energy applications like fuel cells has a crucial impact on performance, in particular on the ionic conduction of ionomer membranes. To strengthen the understanding of water management in such devices, we report a novel method for non-destructive measurements of the hydration of composite membranes based on confocal Raman microscopy. Composite membranes were produced by spray-coating of Nafion into a mesh of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVDF-HFP/PVP) blend nanofibers. Hydration levels of several pure nanofiber meshes and nanofiber/Nafion composites were evaluated by linear least squares fitting of reference Raman spectra to hyperspectral images. We found that spectral contribution of water to nanofiber spectra depends on the PVDF-HFP/PVP ratio and is independent from fiber diameter. Further, we were able to reliably determine nanofiber polymer composition of single fibers based on Raman spectroscopy. Raman imaging of composite membranes was performed at ambient air and fully hydrated conditions to study the local hydration in PVDF-HFP/PVP/Nafion composites as well as in a Nafion XL membrane. 2D through-plane mappings revealed that the nanofiber hydration positively correlated with PVP content. In the Nafion XL membrane, the polytetrafluoroethylene-based reinforcement was verified as a hydrophobic layer sandwiched between Nafion ionomer, which showed a more than 10% reduced hydration compared to the outer Nafion layers. These results motivate the use of confocal Raman microscopy as a novel method to investigate the local water distribution in ionomer composite membranes that are widely used in electrochemical energy conversion.

Uranium adsorption by polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan blended nanofibers

PVP/chitosan blended nanofibers have been prepared and investigated as adsorbent material for the removal of hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) from aqueous solutions. The nanofibers have been characterized prior and after U(VI) adsorption by SEM and FTIR measurements, and the effect of various parameters such as metal-ion concentration temperature and contact time on the adsorption efficiency has been investigated by batch-type experiments. The material presents increased sorption capacity (qmax= (167 ± 25) g kg−1 at pH 6.0) and increased chemical affinity for U(VI), which is attributed to the fibrous structure of the material and the presence of polar groups (e.g. carbonyl groups) on the blended nanofibers. FTIR spectroscopic measurements indicate the formation of inner sphere complexes between U(VI) and the surface moieties, and thermodynamic and kinetic data reveal a relatively fast (k1 = 0.01 min−1), entropy-driven process (ΔHo = 56.3 kJ mol−1 and ΔSo = 293.7 J K−1 mol−1). Recycling experiments have shown that the material can be used up to four times with less than 10% efficiency loss.

On-demand drug release from tailored blended electrospun nanofibers

Aiming at the simplification of protocols as well as the improvement of currently available thermo-responsive nanocarrier formulations, we propose an innovative heat-triggered membrane made of electrospun nanofibers to control the release of active molecules at physiological temperature. In order to control the drug release, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of Eudragit® RS100 was varied by blending different ratios of the polymer with poly(methyl methacrylate), leading to a decrease from 80% to 12% of the total amount of Rhodamine B released within 24 h at 37 °C when a Eudragit® RS100/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers with ratio of 7:3 was considered. Furthermore, the on-demand drug release profiles confirm the absence of premature release at temperatures below the Tg due to restricted mobility of the macromolecular chains. On the contrary, chains mobility was enhanced at temperature above the Tg, promoting a controlled release of drug over time. Eventually, the high viability and proliferation rate of fibroblasts seeded on nanofibers shown by Presto Blue® metabolic assay and confocal images suggested membrane cytocompatibility.

Preparation of Electrolytic Quasi-Solid-State Nanofibers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Nanofibers were prepared from a poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) [P(AN-co-VAC)]/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend and used as a quasi-solid (QS) electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The effects of preparation parameters such as the flow rate and the weight percentage of PVDF on the fiber diameter, crystallinity, and ionic conductivity were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the prepared blend nanofibers. Current–voltage and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out on the fabricated DSSCs. It was found that the optimum weight ratio of P(AN-co-VAC) to PVDF in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to produce uniform fibers with average diameter of 180 nm was 7:3 with ionic conductivity (σi) of 2.9 × 10−3 S/cm. Moreover, the efficiency of DSSCs based on P(AN-co-VAC) as QS electrolyte was enhanced by 8.5 times by addition of PVDF. Finally, a model is proposed based on the EIS analysis.

Effect of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan blend ratios on morphological, optical, andthermal properties of electrospun nanofibers

In this study, the electrospinning method was used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/chitosan (CS) blend nanofibers from their solutions. The effect of blend ratios (PVA/CS: 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% (w/w)), applied voltage, and flow rate on the morphological, optical, and thermal properties of electrospun nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopies, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the existence of related functional groups of both PVA and CS in the electrospun fibers. During the electrospinning process, the maximum possible ratio of CS was 7% (w/w). SEM images indicated that more flat nanofibers were synthesized at lower flow rates, but the shape of the fibers was more circular at higher flow rates. On the other hand, an increase in CS ratio, flow rate, and applied voltage caused a decrease in the transmittance values of the fibers while samples including higher concentrations of CS showed lower emission intensities. Furthermore, the thermal properties of the electrospun fibers were developed by incorporation of a high amount of CS.

Settled/unsettled blend nanofibers electrospun from photoactive polymeric/nonpolymeric constituents in PBDT‐DTNT:PCBM solar cells

ABSTRACTTo increase internal donor–acceptor interfaces and highlight the influence of ordering of donor–acceptor components inside fibers, novel blend fibrous structures comprising unsettled poly[benzodithiophene‐bis(decyltetradecyl‐thien) naphthothiadiazole] (PBDT‐DTNT):grafted‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanofibers, settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers including PBDT‐DTNT, and settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers excluding PBDT‐DTNT were prepared and embedded in photovoltaics. Hence, three‐dimensional nonwoven network morphologies of triple electrospun fibers were acquired using electrospinning. Average diameter and conductivity of PBDT‐DTNT:grafted‐rGO, PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO:PBDT‐DTNT, and PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO fibers ranged in 200–250 and 1.1–1.6 × 10−9 S cm−1, 150–190 and 9.2–9.5 × 10−7 S cm−1, and 60–80 nm and 3.3–3.7 × 10−10 S cm−1, respectively. Photoluminescence quenching and thus donating–accepting characteristic of settled PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO nanofibers including PBDT‐DTNT were more intensified, resulting from greater internal interfaces. Through blending PBDT‐DTNT/grafted‐rGO supramolecules with PBDT‐DTNT chains and embedding them in PBDT‐DTNT:phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) thin films, the best results were obtained. Short‐circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were 12.18 mA cm−2, 0.66 V, 65%, and 5.22%, respectively. Nanofiber template not only acted as guide path for charge transport but also increased interfacial area between donor and acceptor to induce more exciton dissociation. Inclusion of PBDT‐DTNT donor chains into blend nanofibers increased donor–acceptor interface in organic filaments. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47591.

Sol-gel synthesis and electrical characterization of doped-carbon decorated mixed conductor ceramics

New mixed composite conductors of compositions: Li3V2−x [Cu]x (PO4)3/C and Li3V2−x [Nb]x(PO4)3/C (x = 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3) have been synthesized by the sol-gel method using Citric and Oxalic acids as a primary carbon source and Carbon Black or Carbon Nano-Fibers as secondary carbon sources. The combination of these carbon forms with the Nb doped-polyanion material boosts their electrical behavior up to 10−3 S.m−1 that is two orders of magnitude higher than the Li3V2(PO4)3/C at a room temperature. SEM, TEM and Micro-Raman Spectroscopy evidence that Carbon Nano-Fiber blend is better conductor than Carbon Black blend, which is also revealed by complex conductivity spectra. The conductivity behavior of Nb-doped ceramic is better than the Cu-doped one. The obtained niobium composites have a much more stable structure compared to the copper ones because the niobium atoms fit well in the vanadium position, whereas copper atoms are expelled from the structured.

Computer Simulation of PAN/PVP Blends Compatibility and Preparation of Aligned PAN Porous Nanofibers via Magnetic-Field-Assisted Electrospinning PAN/PVP Blends

Binary blend compatibility of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was computationally simulated at both molecular and mesoscopic levels in order to provide theoretical support for preparing PAN porous nanofibers from PAN/PVP blends. In molecular simulation, Flory-Huggins interaction parameters were calculated to estimate the blend compatibility, in which PAN and PVP were found to be immiscible. This had been further validated by the mesoscopic simulation in terms of the free energy density，the order parameters, and the mesoscopic morphology. Aligned PAN porous nanofibers were prepared by selectively removing PVP from the PAN/PVP blend nanofibers which was prepared by Magnetic-field-assisted electrospinning (MFAES).

Preparation and characterisation of surface roughened PMMA electrospun nanofibers from PEO - PMMA polymer blend nanofibers

Poly(ethylene oxide) - poly(methyl methacrylate) (PEO – PMMA) polymer blend nanofibers, which is a rare combination in electrospinning field, prepared successfully with solvent mixture of chloroform and acetone. Majority of the produced fibers have diameter of 110 nm which is much finer than the existing results of 320 nm. The ultrafine PEO – PMMA nanofibers without phase separation is elucidated through structural and molecular analyses. TG-DTA analysis proved the thermal stability of sample. PEO is removed from the blend by selective dissolution to roughen the surface of PMMA nanofibers which is evidenced through SEM, FESEM, AFM and TEM analyses. The surface roughened PMMA nanofibers act as better host matrix for different nanoparticles, water pollutants etc. compared to pristine PMMA nanofibers. The selective dissolution method applied, instead of using ligands - the most common method-for importing surface roughness of PMMA nanofibers is economically more favourable and is also time saving.

Efficient osteogenic differentiation of the dental pulp stem cells on β-glycerophosphate loaded polycaprolactone/polyethylene oxide blend nanofibers.

Hard tissue lesion treatment in oral and maxillofacial has been challenging because of tissue complexities. This study aimed to investigate novel biopolymeric construct effects on the osteogenic differentiation potential of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) for introducing a cell copolymer bioimplant. A blended polycaprolactone (PCL)-polyethylene oxide (PEO) was fabricated using electrospinning, simultaneously filled by β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). After that biocompatibility and release kinetics of the PCL-PEO+β-GP was evaluated and compared with PCL-PEO and then the osteogenic differentiation potential of the DPSCs was examined while being cultured on the scaffolds and compared with those cultured on the culture plate. The results demonstrated that scaffolds have not any cytotoxicity and β-GP can release in a long-term manner. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content were significantly increased in DPSCs while being cultured on the PCL-PEO+β-GP compared with the other groups. Runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type-I, osteonectin, and osteocalcin (OSC) genes expression was upregulated in DPSCs cultured on the PCL-PEO+β-GPand was significantly higher than those cultured on the PCL-PEO. Immunocytochemistry result also confirmed the positive effects of PCL-PEO+β-GP on the osteogenic differentiation of the DPSCs by presenting a higher OSC protein expression. According to the results, incorporation of the β-GP in PCL-PEO makes a better construct for osteogenic induction into the stem cells and it could be also considered as a great promising candidate for bone, oral, and maxillofacial tissue engineering applications.