Blatant Prejudice Scale Research Articles

The relationship between socio-cognitive skills and ethnic prejudice in preservice special education teachers

ABSTRACT The current cross-sectional study aimed to increase the knowledge about socio-cognitive skills of preservice special education teachers that may affect their ethnic prejudices. In particular, the purpose of the study was to analyze the mediating role of empathy dimensions in the relationship between affective theory of mind and blatant and subtle prejudices. Participants included 531 Italian preservice special education teachers (76.4% females and 22.4% males), with an average age of 34.79 (SD = 6.10). Data were collected during the 2020–2021 academic year and all participants were administered, via the Google Form, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, Interpersonal Reactivity Index, and Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. Path analysis showed that perspective taking and empathic concern play mediating roles in the relationship between the ability to infer people’s feelings and blatant and subtle prejudices. In addition, direct relations from affective theory of mind to ethnic prejudice and from empathic abilities to ethnic prejudice were found. These findings suggest that affective theory of mind and empathy are two cognitive-social skills involved in the expression of prejudice. The limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

How human are you? The humanness scale (¿Cuán humano eres tú? La escala de humanidad)

ABSTRACT The main goal of this research was to develop a new measure focused on a set of propositional beliefs linked to what people consider humanness to be, to evaluate global and overt expressions of dehumanization. Study 1 (N = 277) was aimed to build a scale that included 13 items (α = .94) and explore its dimensionality (EFA). Study 2 (N = 296) was aimed to confirm its unidimensional structure and to analyse the relationship between the humanness scale (HS) and relevant variables as an affective thermometer, a subtle and blatant prejudice scale and a perceived social status scale. Study 3 (N = 290) contrasted the HS with other measures of dehumanization on the prediction of social distance. Results showed that the ingroup was perceived as being the most human group, while the other groups were distributed across the humanness dimension. Moreover, HS scores were significantly but moderately related to the other measures and the best predictor of social distance. This research provides a new and easy way of measuring dehumanization in everyday social perception.

Perception of threat as a mediator of the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice towards Venezuelan migrants in Peru

Objectives: The present study aims to explore the relationship between stereotypes (morality, warmth, and competence) and prejudice (subtle and blatant) towards Venezuelan immigrants in Peru. In addition, the role of threat perception as a mediator in the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice towards this social group is analyzed. Method: A correlational research design was conducted, using the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, the National Stereotypes Scale, and the Out-Group Threat Perception Scale. The sample consisted of 115 participants of Peruvian nationality between 18 and 60 years old (M = 29.6; SD = 11.77). Results: The results confirm the inverse relationship between positive representation and ambivalent prejudice. In other words, when Venezuelans are represented as more competent, warm and moral, there are fewer expressions of subtle and blatant prejudice towards this social group. The regression coefficient of the relationships between stereotypes and prejudice tends to decrease when perceived threat is incorporated as a mediating variable in the partial mediation model. Conclusions: The relationships between the studied variables are confirmed. Furthermore, their importance for the implementation of interventions that promote intergroup contact, social inclusion, and questioning of social agents that reinforce a threatening representation of the Latin American immigrant is discussed.

Measuring implicit mental representations related to ethnic stereotypes with ERPs: An exploratory study

The present investigation used ERPs to detect the activation of implicit stereotypical representations associated to different ethnic groups, by means of an implicit paradigm.285 sentences were presented to 20 Italian Caucasian participants while EEG signals were recorded from 128 scalp sites. Sentences could either violate (Incongruent condition), non-violate (Congruent condition) or be neutral (Neutral condition) with regard to stereotypical concepts concerning non-Caucasian ethnic groups (e.g. Asians, Africans, Arabs). No awareness or judgment about stereotypes was required. Participants were engaged in a fictitious task, ignoring the overall study's purpose.The results showed that Incongruent terminal words elicited a greater anterior N400 response (300–500 ms) compared to Congruent and Neutral words, reflecting a difficulty in integrating the information incongruent with pre-existing stereotypical knowledge. The participant's individual amplitude values of the N400-Difference Wave (Incongruent – Congruent), showed a direct correlation with the individual racism scores obtained at the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, administered at the end of the experimental session.Intra-cortical sources explaining the N400 involved areas of the social cognition network such as the medial frontal cortex (BA10) and the inferior temporal gyrus (BA20) which are known to support processing of information about other people and impression formation. Moreover, Congruent terminal words evoked a greater P300 response (500–600 ms) compared to the other conditions, possibly reflecting the merging of incoming inputs with anticipated semantic information. A late post-N400 frontal positivity (650–800 ms) was found to be larger to sentences concerning other-race characters (ether congruent or incongruent) compared to sentences involving own-race characters (neutral).The study corroborated the effectiveness of neurophysiological measures to assess implicit complex semantic representations and circumventing social desirability-related problems.

The Relation of Child’s Empathy and Parents’ Prejudice: The Mediating Role of Parenting Style

This research presented the relationship between a child’s empathy and parents’ prejudice, which was mediated by parenting style. The purpose of this research was to determine whether parenting style could be a mediator between parents’ prejudice and child’s empathy and also what type of parenting style would be appropriate to increase empathy in children. The research respondents consisted of 233 parents who had children aged 6-8 years old and were measured using the Basic Empathy Scale-Parent Report (BES-PR), the Blatant Prejudice Scale, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire-Revised (PAQ-R). The data obtained were processed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression (Hayes process). The results show that parenting style can be a mediator between child’s empathy and parents’ prejudice. The parenting style that can increase empathy in children is authoritative parenting. It means that when parents have a low prejudice, they tend to apply authoritative parenting, and this has an effect on increasing empathy in children.

Analysis of nursing student prejudices towards the migrant population

To determine whether nursing students have subtle or blatant prejudices towards migrants. A descriptive ex post facto study was conducted. The sample consisted of 282 students and the study variables were sex, cultural origin, age, year, and contact with migrants. The Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale was used. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. There were significant differences in the culture variable, with students of Berber origin and of Muslim faith showing less prejudice than those of European origin and of Christian faith. Fourth-year students had the most blatant prejudices. According to the variable contact with migrants, it is the students who have not had contact with this group who have the greatest blatant prejudices. Nursing students have more subtle prejudices rather than blatant prejudices towards the migrant population.

Validation of the subtle and blatant prejudice scale towards indigenous people in Argentina

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the subtle and blatant prejudice scale toward indigenous people in Argentina and its relationship with right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, tolerance for disagreement, ideological-political self-positioning, sex and age. A sample of 304 participants from Buenos Aires was selected using a non-probabilistic incidental method. Participants were aged from 18 to 41 years and they were asked to fill a self-report questionnaire including an Argentinean version of the subtle and blatant prejudice toward indigenous people scale together with right wing authoritarianism scale, social dominance orientation scale, tolerance for disagreement scale, ideological-political self-positioning scale. We found adequate psychometrics properties for the subtle and blatant prejudice scale, as well as significant and positive correlations with right wing authoritarianism, tolerance for disagreement, social dominance orientation and political self-placement. These findings may indicate that prejudice towards indigenous people in Argentina is a complex problem that cannot be explained only by considering intergroup relations, because different socio-psychological variables are related with its consolidation and maintenance.

Racial Identity and Disability: The Perception of the “Other” in a Group of Italian School Teachers

Racial identity and disability are separate issues, but both contribute to the multiple social identities. This study compares attitudes towards an ethnic group and a non ethnic group with physical psychic disabilities. The research involves 167 support teachers, completing: Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale an ad Hoc questionnaire to investigate knowledge and prejudice towards disability. Results show that individuals with an high ethnocentrism and reaction out-groups express refusal for disability. In school in which social adaptation is considered a priority, it is possible to compare the racial difficulties to those of disabled people.

Are Value Priorities Predictors of Prejudice? A Study With Italian Adolescents

This study explored value priorities, prejudice toward the Africans, and the relationships between these dimensions in 233 Italian adolescents. Measures: Portrait Values Questionnaire (Capanna et al., 2005), to assess value priorities, and Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale (Manganelli Rattazzi & Volpato, 2001) to distinguish subjects in: Equalitarians, Bigots, and Subtles. Results1) adolescents scored higher in self-transcendence and openness to change than conservation and self-enhancement; 2) the 51,5% of adolescents were classified as Equalitarians, the 41,6% as Subtles, and the 6,9% as Bigots; 3) Equalitarians scored higher than the others in self-transcendence, while Bigots and Subtles scored higher in self-enhancement than Equalitarians; 4) self-transcendence negatively affected prejudice, conservation and self-enhancement were predictors of prejudice. Differences for sex and age emerged.

The Role of Identity Development on Latent and Manifest Prejudice: The Perception of Immigrants in Italian University Context

Each identity is a particular story, developed through perceptions, feelings, thoughts and symbolic interactions. The study examines the predictor variables to the latent and manifest prejudice, and relationship between identity development and prejudice. The research involves 187 Italian college students. They completed: Ego Identity Process Questionnaire, Latent Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale. As hypothesized, there is a different identity development due to the age variable, and a variant level of prejudge related to the gender; the results show, confirming the hypothesis, the presence of a correlation between ideological domains such as religion and politics and the level of manifest prejudice.

The Relationship Between Stereotypes and Prejudice Toward The Africans in Italian University Students

This research explored ethnic stereotypes, levels of blatant/subtle prejudice toward Africans and the relationships between these two dimensions in Italian university students with and without friends belonging to other ethnic groups. The ethnic traits and jobs choice (De Caroli & Sagone, 2007) and the Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995) were used. Results showed that most of the students attributed positive traits to the Africans and negative traits to the Italians, and assigned prestigious-intellectual jobs to the Italians and practical-manual jobs to the Africans. University students with both low levels of blatant prejudice and high levels of subtle prejudice (Subtles) assigned more prestigious-intellectual jobs to the Italians and practical-manual jobs to the Africans than the others (Equalitarians). Friendship affected prejudice and, partially, stereotypes.

Subtle and Blatant Prejudice toward Africans in Italian Adolescents

This research explored effects of sex, age, interethnic contact, and outgroup representation on subtle and blatant prejudice toward Africans in Italian adolescents attending ethnic heterogeneous/homogeneous Secondary Schools. Measures: Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995) referred to the Africans and Semantic Differentials (Falanga et al., 2010) to analyze representation of Self, the Italians, and the Africans. Results showed that girls and the youngest adolescents expressed lower levels on some components of subtle prejudice and on blatant prejudice than boys and the oldest ones. Adolescents with friends from other ethnic groups and those attending ethnically heterogeneous schools displayed positive attitudes toward the Africans. Representation of the Africans had an impact on levels of subtle and blatant prejudice.Selection and peer review under the responsibility of Prof. Dr. Servet Bayram

Are Parental and Filial Ethnic Attitudes toward Africans Related?

This study examined the relationship between parental ethnic subtle and blatant prejudice and filial attitudes toward the Africans in 21 pupil/parents pairs. Measures: for pupils, the short version of Doll Clark's Paradigm (Clark & Clark, 1947) and the Italian version of Multi-response Racial Attitudes (Doyle & Aboud, 1995); for parents, the Italian version of Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995) referred to the Africans. Results showed positive relationships between maternal levels of prejudice and sons’ preferences toward black dolls; between maternal levels of the anti-intimacy and daughters’ refusals toward black dolls, and between paternal levels of the denial of positive emotions and daughters’ refusals toward black dolls.

Managers’ selection preferences: The role of prejudice and multicultural personality traits in the assessment of native and immigrant job candidates

PresentationStatistics across European countries show that immigrants have a disproportionate lower employment probability than persons born in the host country (SOPEMI, 2010). Explanations to this phenomenon are complex. ObjectivesAn experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between multicultural personality traits and managers’ selection preferences in the hiring of native vs. foreign-born job candidates. We proposed that this relationship was mediated by prejudice. MethodsNorwegian managers (n=222) were presented with one Turkish immigrant job candidate and two Norwegian-born, less qualified job candidates. The managers completed the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Blatant Prejudice Scale (SBPS). ResultsWe found that the threat and rejection blatant prejudice subscale and Emotional stability predicted the managers’ hiring preferences. Specifically, the higher threat and rejection subscale scores and the lower emotional stability scores, the more likely it is that the managers preferred to hire a native, less qualified candidate over the Turkish immigrant candidate. The effect of emotional stability on candidate preference was not mediated by prejudice. ConclusionsThe results suggest that managers’ feelings of threat due to foreign-born immigrants’ participation in the host society (political conservatism), and threat due to intercultural interactions, are significantly related to foreign-born immigrant job candidates’ chances of being hired.

Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Toward Chinese People in Italian Adolescents and Young Adults: The Role of “Friendship” and “Outgroup Representation”

This study analyzed subtle and blatant prejudice toward Chinese people expressed by 276 Italian adolescents and young adults, with and without friends from other ethnic groups. Italian version of Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale referred to Chinese people (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995; Manganelli Rattazzi & Volpato, 2001) and three Semantic Differentials (Falanga et al., 2010) to analyze the representation of Self, the Italians (ingroup), and the Chinese (outgroup) were used. Young adults showed lower levels of subtle and blatant prejudice than adolescents; subjects with friends from other ethnic groups expressed lower levels in some components of subtle and blatant prejudice than the others; Chinese representation affected levels of ethnic prejudice.

Territorial sense of community, ethnic prejudice and political orientation

AbstractThis research focused on territorial sense of community and ethnic prejudice. In particular, we related these two constructs and investigated their relationship to individual characteristics (personal political orientation, contact with immigrants, etc.) and community‐level ones (such as ethnic composition and the political orientation of the local government). Two studies were conducted in four small towns in central and southern Italy. For each study, 160 people were contacted. The instruments used were a questionnaire, the Italian Sense of Community Scale and the Blatant Prejudice Scale. The results showed that territorial sense of community is not related to ethnic prejudice or to the ethnic heterogeneity of the territory. It was also found that people with right‐wing political sympathies revealed higher levels of prejudice than people with left‐wing sympathies. Finally, in a town with a stable and consolidated left‐wing orientation of the local government we found, when the influence of personal political orientation was controlled for, lower levels of prejudice than in a town with a right‐wing orientation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.