Blank Map Research Articles

‘I hate when we learn off the mountains and rivers because I don’t need to know where they all are on a blank map?!’ Irish Pupils’ Attitudes Towards, and Preferred Methods of Learning, Primary Geography Education

ABSTRACT This study investigates 152 Irish primary pupils’ attitudes towards geography and their most preferred and least preferred methods of learning and experiencing geography at primary level. The findings indicate that Irish pupils have a neutral attitude towards geography with no significant difference between male and female pupils nor between class levels. Findings clearly show a direct link between teaching approaches and pupil attitudes with Irish pupils preferring hands-on, child-centred, experiential methods of teaching and learning and least preferring rote-learning and didactic and textbook-dominated approaches. Learning about physical features and distant places dominates with few references to the local area.

The Application of Semantic Mapping Techniques on Reading Comprehension for Junior High School Curriculum At SMP 22 Medan

Semantic mapping is an excellent strategy to help students engage in higher-order thinking. In learning reading, it is important for the students to make an effort and show their interest. The aims of this community dedication is to improve the student’s reading comprehension ability through semantic mapping technique. This training very beneficial to the students due to their low competence in the reading comprehension skills. In general, the use of semantic mapping in the classroom can be divided into five phases. These are “introducing the topic, brainstorming, categorization, personalizing the map, post-assesment synthesis : a) Introducing the topic: the teacher studies a unit in the syllabus and determines whether or not semantic mapping can be useful. The teacher announces the topic of the unit by drawing a large oval on the board. He states that some teachers display a picture relating to the topic to stimulate students’ thoughts and to get the brainstorming procedure.b) Brainstorming: the teacher draws a blank map which consists of some blank ovals on the board and provides the students with a reading passage. Furthermore, the teacher asks the students to find some information in the passage that are appropriate to be filled into the blank map.c.)Categorization: the teacher does his best to encourage students to see relationships among their ideas in order to form category cluster.d) Personalizing the map: each student makes a copy of the blank map and complete it by using information found in the passage. E) Post-assignment synthesis: The last part of the class period is used to record students’ suggestions from their personal maps to the board version of the map made by the teacher. The discussion will probably be the centre on the amount of information acquired from the reading. Based on the result of the pre-test and post test that given to the students, it was found that there was improvement of the average value between the pre-test and the post test on 59,52 %, where the average value of the pre-test was 44,40 and the post-test 74,60 so it can be concluded that smantic mind mapping technique training was able to increase reading comprehension of the students of SMP 22 Medan
 
 Key Words : Semantics Mapping Technique, Reading Comprehension

Emotional representations of space vary as a function of peoples\u2019 affect and interoceptive sensibility

Most research on people’s representation of space has focused on spatial appraisal and navigation. But there is more to space besides navigation and assessment: people have different emotional experiences at different places, which create emotionally tinged representations of space. Little is known about the emotional representation of space and the factors that shape it. The purpose of this study was to develop a graphic methodology to study the emotional representation of space and some of the environmental features (non-natural vs. natural) and personal features (affective state and interoceptive sensibility) that modulate it. We gave participants blank maps of the region where they lived and asked them to apply shade where they had happy/sad memories, and where they wanted to go after Covid-19 lockdown. Participants also completed self-reports on affective state and interoceptive sensibility. By adapting methods for analyzing neuroimaging data, we examined shaded pixels to quantify where and how strong emotions are represented in space. The results revealed that happy memories were consistently associated with similar spatial locations. Yet, this mapping response varied as a function of participants’ affective state and interoceptive sensibility. Certain regions were associated with happier memories in participants whose affective state was more positive and interoceptive sensibility was higher. The maps of happy memories, desired locations to visit after lockdown, and regions where participants recalled happier memories as a function of positive affect and interoceptive sensibility overlayed significantly with natural environments. These results suggest that people’s emotional representations of their environment are shaped by the naturalness of places, and by their affective state and interoceptive sensibility.

Features of GIS application in agriculture and logistics

GIS - geographic information systems is a product of modern technology, designed for visualization and analysis of everything around us, also for the storage and analysis of data. The agricultural sector, where the key link is land, has a connection with geographic visualization, namely, there is a need to compile maps to promote transport and analyze them. Before the introduction of GIS, tables, plans and schemes provided on paper were used. In this case, it was hard to reconcile all the data with each other, and in case of a change in an indicator, it was necessary to redo everything all over again. In maps created with the help of GIS along the land itself, there are such layers as rivers, roads, settlements and much more. It all depends on the quantity and characteristics of the data provided. Using just an ordinary electronic map of the area, with the help of data, you can create a blank map, topographic or thematic map. GIS is becoming an increasingly integral part of our lives and agriculture. For an ordinary farmer, for example, there are many advantages of GIS. One of these advantages is that, when buying or renting a land plot, he can look at the electronic map in the cadastral offices, which will take into account the location of the plot, the location of passing channels, soil structure and so on. The second advantage is that the map will show all the advantages and disadvantages of the site, such as soil quality, climatic conditions, this will lead to the correct selection and distribution of crop rotation, which will help reduce the cost of fertilizers, machinery and labor. All these aspects are described in more detail in the article.

An ALMA survey of the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey UKIDSS/UDS field: source catalogue and properties

We present the catalogue and properties of sources in AS2UDS, an 870-$\mu$m continuum survey with the Atacama Large Millimetre/sub-millimetre Array (ALMA) of 716 single-dish sub-millimetre sources detected in the UKIDSS/UDS field by the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey. In our sensitive ALMA follow-up observations we detect 708 sub-millimetre galaxies (SMGs) at $>$\,4.3$\sigma$ significance across the $\sim$\,1-degree diameter field. We combine our precise ALMA positions with the extensive multi-wavelength coverage in the UDS field to fit the spectral energy distributions of our SMGs to derive a median redshift of $z_{\rm phot}=$\,2.61$\pm$0.09. This large sample reveals a statistically significant trend of increasing sub-millimetre flux with redshift suggestive of galaxy downsizing. 101 ALMA maps do not show a $>$\,4.3$\sigma$ SMG, but we demonstrate from stacking {\it Herschel} SPIRE observations at these positions, that the vast majority of these blank maps correspond to real single-dish sub-millimetre sources. We further show that these blank maps contain an excess of galaxies at $z_{\rm phot}=$\,1.5--4 compared to random fields, similar to the redshift range of the ALMA-detected SMGs. In addition, we combine X-ray and mid-infrared active galaxy nuclei activity (AGN) indicators to yield a likely range for the AGN fraction of 8--28\,\% in our sample. Finally, we compare the redshifts of this population of high-redshift, strongly star-forming galaxies with the inferred formation redshifts of massive, passive galaxies being found out to $z\sim$\,2, finding reasonable agreement -- in support of an evolutionary connection between these two classes of massive galaxy.

Farklı Kavram Haritası Oluşturma Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması: Kimya Öğretmen Adayı Görüşleri

Kavram haritalarının yaygın bir değerlendirme aracı olarak kullanılmasını sağlayabilmek için hangi kavram haritası oluşturma yönteminin geçerli ve güvenilir şekilde öğrencinin bilgisini yansıttığının ortaya konması gerekir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Novak Tipi, Numaralandırma Tipi, Kavram Boşluk Doldurma ve İlişki Boşluk Doldurma olmak üzere dört farklı kavram haritası oluşturma yönteminin bir değerlendirme aracı olarak etkinliklerini nitel veriler bağlamında kıyaslamaktır. Bu amaçla, kimya öğretmen adaylarının farklı yöntemlerle kavram haritası oluşturmaları ve oluşturdukları bu haritaları puanlamaları sağlanarak, öğretmen adaylarının bu süreçle ilgili görüşleri belirlendi. Çalışmada kimya öğretmen adaylarının görüşleri, nitel yaklaşım esas alınarak durum çalışması deseni ile incelendi. Katılımcıların bu yöntemlerle ilgili görüşleri; Günlük 1, Günlük 2, “Kavram haritası yazılı görüş soruları” formu ve “Nitel yazılı görüş soruları” formu, öğretmen adaylarıyla yapılan bireysel yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelerden elde edildi. Çalışmada veri kaynakları çeşitlemesi yapılarak verilerin geçerliği sağlanmış oldu. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre Novak ve Numaralandırma yöntemleri hazırlanması ve puanlanması zaman alıcı kavram haritası yöntemler olarak bulunmuştur. Ancak her iki yöntem de öğrenci bilgisini yansıtma açısından iyi ve ölçüm aracı olarak oldukça ayırt edici olduğundan eğer zaman sorunu yoksa ve değerlendirenin uzmanlığı yeterli düzeyde ise değerlendirme aşamasında boşluk doldurma yöntemlerine göre daha etkili bir şekilde kullanılabilir. Kavram ve ilişki boşluk doldurma yöntemleri hem oluşturma kısa zaman aldığından hem de puanlanması daha kolay ve nesnel olduğundan sonuç değerlendirme için oldukça uygundur. Ancak özellikle kavram boşluk doldurma tipi haritalarda puanları etkileyebilecek şans başarısı göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır.

The Public's Knowledge of Anatomy as a Primer for Medical Education

Undergraduate anatomical content of medical curricula is vast and must be learnt over multiple years before students can apply this knowledge in clinical practice. On graduation medical students, and allied health professionals are deemed competent in their anatomical knowledge and communication of this. We have previously shown the level of anatomical knowledge in the public is varied (Taylor, 2017). There is an assumed uniform level of knowledge of patients by medical professionals, and this may have an impact on the success of communication between patients and medical professionals, particularly those who have a reduced knowledge of anatomy. We have undertaken a further survey of the anatomical knowledge of the general public to emphasise the existence of the varied level of knowledge. We utilized public engagement events to offer the opportunity for members of the public to complete a questionnaire. Participants were asked to place 20 structures onto a blank map of the body, they then recorded their age, gender, highest academic qualification, whether they worked in healthcare and if they had visited a healthcare professional in the last 7 days. Questionnaires were scored independently by 2 anatomists and responses categorized to examine statistical differences between groups for age, gender, working healthcare, highest academic qualification and whether they had undertaken a visit to a healthcare professional in the last 7 days. Statistical significance between groups were determined by ANOVA using Graphpad Prism 5. This study was approved by Lancaster University's FHM Research Ethics Committee. Our respondents (n=109) were aged between 6–90 years, with a mean age of 36 years. Our results demonstrated 100% of participants correctly identified the anatomical location of the brain, with 89% and 88% correctly identifying the location of the biceps and cornea. Interestingly, triceps was only answered correctly by 66% of the participants and both hamstrings and quadriceps being correctly answered by 57% of respondents. The triceps were often labelled in the forearm and the hamstrings and quadriceps were often confused. The abdominal organs were consistently poorly answered, with adrenals, spleen, gallbladder and pancreas, scoring only 14%, 17%, 24% and 27% correct respectively. The only abdominal organ that was correctly placed by over 50% of respondents was the kidneys; 59%, all other abdominal structures scored under 50%. There was no statistical significance in the number of correct answers when comparing between males and females (p=0.086), across age groups (p=0.052), highest academic qualification (p=0.080) and whether an individual had visited a healthcare professional in the last week (p=0.097). Individuals who worked in healthcare scored significantly better than those who did not (p=0.007).Our results add further evidence to the varied knowledge of the general public. A basic level of anatomical knowledge of the public may help them correctly seek medical advice for urgent and non‐urgent issues relating to their body, specifically abdominal issues where respondents scored weakest. The findings of this study emphasize the possible mismatch in anatomical knowledge between clinicians and patients. Students should be aware of this in order to ensure effective communication.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

“Thou Map of Woe”: Mapping the Feminine in Titus Andronicus and King Lear

ABSTRACTIn this article, I claim that Shakespeare moves beyond the archetypal early modern definitions of land, and the maps that represent it, as benefitting from masculine intervention and argue that he envisions unnecessary masculine interventions regarding the performativity of the feminine in terms of landscape and cartography to be harmful to both the perpetrator and object of the intervention. He acknowledges that there is a connection between how his male characters—specifically, fathers—define their nations and their daughters, but warns that demonstrating a lack of trust or understanding in the agency of women and attempting to overwrite them the way boundaries are changed on a map results in tragedy for all involved. I use Judith Butler’s concept of the performativity of gender to demonstrate that such masculine interventions often cannot differentiate between normative and subversive acts, which compounds the dangers of such interferences. Using both his early and later plays, specifically Titus Andronicus and The Tragedy of King Lear, I show that Shakespeare portrays the desire to treat women as territories or blank maps and to deny his female characters the ability to make their own choices as problematic and dangerous.

Towards a Deeper Understanding of Cartographic Text Visualisation: Assessment of User Preferences and Colour Influence

The main goal of this research is to investigate the influence of a map’s background colour on user preferences regarding labels’ typography, including their size, shape, orientation and texture. Four sets of backgrounds were tested: blank maps, grey scale, hot colours and cold colours. The foreground of these maps is populated with name labels, which are associated with point objects or areal objects. Bertin’s visual variables were applied to this set of name labels, both separately and in combination. User preferences of different typographic variations were registered and compared on the basis of different background colours using a one-way ANOVA. The results indicated that the typographic design of the map labels should not be adapted according to the map’s background colour.

Flaying the Image: The Body of the Anatomicatomical Theatre in Purview of Walter Benjamin's Work on Allegory and the Baroque

The Baroque coincides with the development of a new art, a technique that learned how to read the confessions of the body, one that knew with precision how to bring the body out of its deadly silence and make it confess. This was not the tribunal of the Inquisition; this was the Anatomy theatre whose imprint bore the character of the scalpel. By laying out the canvas of the corpse, the amphitheatres showed a figure appearing upon the very same folds under which it disappeared. In the anatomy lesson, the act of reading coincided with an act of writing: the knife wrote as it read. The anatomist conceived a carte blanche, a blank map whose contours were traced on the selfsame edges of the parchment. For the first time—it seemed—the portent of veils gave straight answers. The magistri vulnerum—the masters of wounds—sought to undo the body in order to gaze at the nakedness of Eden; their most prized text being the silence written on Adam’s coat of skin. Such was the dream of the anatomist: to hold the image of man in one piece. Piece by piece

Reviews in Medical Ethics

Through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States expanded its size by over 800,000 square miles. But neither President Thomas Jefferson nor Congress knew exactly what they had bought until 1806, when Meriwether Lewis and William Clark returned from their famous expedition. One of the most significant contributions of the Expedition was a better perception of the geography of the Northwest. Lewis and Clark prepared approximately 140 maps and filled in the main outlines of the previously blank map of the northwestern United States. Robert I. Field has done much the same for the vast territory of U.S. health care regulation.On the front cover of Fields new book, Health Care Regulation in America: Complexity, Confrontation, and Compromise, is a picture of a giant three-dimensional labyrinth. Rarely is cover art so perfectly appropriate.

Endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with Onyx embollzation

Objective To evaluate the value of cerebral arteriovenous malformation(AVM)with Onyx.Methods Onyx-18 was used to treat 17 csses of cerebral arteriovenous malformation.The diameter of AVM was all beyond 3 cm.over 6 cm in 11 cases.The diseased region of all cases were of muhiarterial supply.Results In 17 cages of AVM,9 cases were embolizedmore than 100%,6 caBes 80%,and 2 cases less than 50%.17 cases had no compilcations.Conclusion Onyx is an optimal embolization material in the treatment of AVM.but it's necessary to master the correct embolization technique to avoid complications. Key words: Onyx; Cerebral arteriovenousmalformation; Blank road map

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Revised Instructions and Format, Updated Lists of Accounts Published and in Preparation

Three years ago, we published a revised format for the series on the Biology of Canadian Weeds, as well as instructions for the preparation of Updates of Previous Accounts (Cavers and Warwick 2000). This led to renewed interest in the series with 15 new accounts and two updates being published from April 2000 to October 2003. In addition, four new accounts and two updates have been accepted for publication, pending revision. There have also been many changes in the list of manuscripts in preparation. Since there are also a number of changes that need to be made in the Format and the Instructions to Authors, we are reprinting all of this information here. The term “weed”, as used in this series, refers to any vascular plant that perpetuates itself in habitats where it is not wanted. Individual contributions should contain accounts of a single weed species or a group of related species. Prospective authors should note that a new series, the Biology of Invasive Alien Plants in Canada, is being launched in this journal issue (Warwick et al. 2003). Before submitting an offer of contribution, authors should consider carefully the status and history of their species in Canada and then select the appropriate series. The Biology of Canadian Weeds series addresses undeniable problematic weeds in Canada, whereas the new series is designed to cover aliens in Canada that have demonstratable potential risk. In cases where the assignment to a particular series is not clear, the editors of both series may be called upon to make a judgment call. Please consult the new series (Warwick et al. 2003) for further information. If you wish to write an account on a weed species, you must first check to ensure that the species has not been assigned to someone else. This involves sending an “offer of contribution” to Dr P. Cavers. After approval of your offer, you may proceed with writing the paper. The completed paper is to be submitted directly to the Canadian Journal of Plant Science (see below). Offers of contributions by individuals or groups should be made to Dr. Paul B. Cavers, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, e-mail pcavers@uwo.ca. These offers of contributions will be subject to approval by a committee of the Canadian Weed Science Society (CWSS). Approved offers will be subject to re-approval after three years if the article has not been completed during that period. Any inquiries about the format to be used or advice on preliminary drafts should be directed to Dr. Cavers. He can also supply blank maps of Canada and will suggest specialists or institutions that will provide various types of services for authors. The Canadian Weed Science Society has a web site [http://cwss-scm.ca/] with on-line references to common English and French names, links to provincial and federal legislation and current lists of species published and in preparation for this series. The finished manuscript should be submitted to: Canadian Journal of Plant Science; Mr. T. Fenton, Head, Journals Section, Agricultural Institute of Canada, 141 Laurier Ave. W., Suite 1112, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1P 5J3. All contributions must comply with the format of this journal. Accounts on a single species, including all maps, drawings, diagrams and photographs, should not exceed 50 pages [12 point font, double-spaced with numbered lines]. Of course, accounts on more than one species can be longer. The authors should also provide the names and addresses [including phone numbers and e-mails if available] of three potential referees.

FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

The work presented in the present article was carried out for the purpose of evaluating the effects of the limitations imposed on children's autonomy on their acquisition of environmental knowledge. The representation of the home-school intinerary was investigated in 8–11 year old children who travelled along the itinerary in different ways (on their own, accompanied by an adult, on foot or by car). The tasks included a sketch map of the route and drawing the route on a blank map of the neighbourhood. In order to investigate the role of autonomy in the development of a full understanding of the environment in which they live, the children were asked to use landmarks to find their way around a blank map of the quarter and to mark on it the position of significant components of their environment. The children's freedom of movement in the quarter was investigated by indirect observation.The data were analysed and discussed as a function of the children's method of mobility, their age and gender. The results confirm the importance of the type of individual—environment interaction, in particular of freedom of movement, in acquiring, processing and structuring environmental knowledge. Children going to school on their own achieved the best performances in both making a sketch map of the itinerary and in drawing their movements on a blank map of the quarter. Even when the representation of the environment in which they live is taken into account, the key role played by autonomy is confirmed.

Infections with hepatitis B and C viruses in patients on maintenance dialysis in Romania and in former communist countries: yellow spots on a blank map?

We studied prospectively, between 1993 and 1998, the prevalence and incidence of markers against hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV), in 180 patients with chronic renal failure, dialysed in the Nephrological Clinic, Cluj. HBV and HCV markers were common in the patients who were already on haemodialysis in 1993 (antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen [HBcAb]: 57.9-88%; hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]: 8.7-25%; antibodies to HCV [anti-HCV]: 73.7-100%; simultaneous occurrence of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies: 4.4-21%). These patients had the longest mean duration of haemodialysis therapy (6.79 +/- 4.82 years). The lowest prevalence was found in 1996, in the groups of patients included in the haemodialysis programme between 1993 and 1996 (HBcAb: 2.2-3.3%; HBsAg: 0-2.2%; anti-HCV antibodies: 0-2.2%; HBsAg and anti-HCV antibodies: 0-2.2%). The patients included since 1996 had, again, a high prevalence of markers (HBsAg: 21.6%; anti-HCV antibodies: 28.6%), despite the short duration of dialysis therapy (1.65 +/- 1.18 years). The incidence of infection was high before 1993, fell markedly between 1993 and 1996 (zero for the HBsAg and 6. 67% year-1 for the anti-HCV antibodies) and rose sharply between 1996 and 1998 (10.2%, respectively 29% year-1). The prevalence of HBV and HCV infections did not correlate with the age of the patients and depended, but only up to 1993, on the quantity of transfused blood. The link between the duration of the haemodialysis and the prevalence of the HBV and/or HCV infection proved nosocomial transmission. The very high prevalence and incidence of HBV and HCV infections, surpassing not only Western countries, but even those of 'developing' countries that are endemic for these infections, is characteristic of some former communist countries. A radical reform of the medical system in these countries is required.

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. Revised format and instructions for preparation of updated accounts

Over the past 27 years the Canadian Journal of Plant Science has been publishing accounts on the biology of plants that are weedy in Canada. The series resulted from a recommendation by the Canada Weed Committee, now known as the Expert Committee on Weeds. The purpose was to bring together published and unpublished information on the biology of Canadian weeds, which could be utilized as a basis for effective economical and safe weed control methods and meet the needs of regulatory agencies in Canada. It was also intended that the series would result in research that would fill important gaps in our knowledge of the biology of these weeds. An article by Cavers and Mulligan entitled “A New Series – The Biology of Canadian Weeds” appeared in the Canadian Journal of Plant Science in July 1972 and it provided a detailed format for the series. Over 110 accounts have been published to date. With the passage of time, there has been a recognized need for an updated format for the series especially to allow for access to other information media that have become available. In addition, much new information has been published since the first accounts in this series appeared; hence there is a need for updated accounts on certain species. The term “weed,” as used in this series, refers to any vascular plant that perpetuates itself in habitats where it is not wanted. Contributions should contain accounts of a single weed species or a group of related species. Offers of contributions by individuals or groups should be made to Dr. P. B. Cavers, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, e-mail pcavers@julian.uwo.ca. These offers of contributions will be subject to approval by a committee set up by the Expert Committee on Weeds, Canada. Approved offers will be subject to re-approval after 3 years. Any inquiries about the format to be used or advice on preliminary drafts should be directed to Dr. Cavers. He will also supply blank maps of Canada and will suggest specialists or institutions that will provide various types of services. The Expert Committee on Weeds (ECW) has initiated a new web site and in the near future authors should find on-line references to common English and French names, links to provincial and federal legislation and current lists of species published and in preparation for this series. The finished manuscript should be submitted to: Canadian Journal of Plant Science, Agricultural Institute of Canada, 141 Laurier Ave. W., Suite 1112, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIP 5J3. All contributions must comply with the format of this journal. Accounts on a single species, including all maps, drawings, diagrams and photographs, should not exceed 15 printed journal pages. Of course, accounts on more than one species can be longer.

A New Paradigm: The African Early Iron Age without Bantu Migrations

Between 1000 BC and AD 1000, or so the story goes, sub-Saharan Africa was the setting for one of the all-time great population movements of antiquity—the Bantu migrations. Sweeping to and fro across the continent in a kind of grand migrationary gavotte, absorbing or brushing aside the autochthonous hunter-gatherers, the ancestral Bantu speakers carried with them on their march the seeds of a settled life fueled by food production and iron technology. Their movements are represented by large arrows scything across big blank maps of the African interior. How good is the evidence that any of it ever happened?In this paper we shall examine some of the serious methodological and practical problems that bedevil the migrationary model. We shall also present an alternative model for the prehistory of sub-Saharan Africa: in brief, that the development of the Early Iron Age in Africa was a process rather than an event; that autochthonous populations gradually adopted the suite of traits that define the Early Iron Age, without any large-scale movement of peoples; and that increasing sedentarization actually led to a population decline which was only overcome after AD 500.The model constitutes a new paradigm that emphasizes continuity and takes into account a few observations that are awkward for the migrationary paradigm: that sub-Saharan Africa has a difficult topography that may put certain constraints on population movements, and that the continent was slowly filling up on its own when events starting in the sixteenth century turned the autochthonous peoples' lives upside down.

Cued vs. free recall in long-term memory of the fifty united states

Subjects were asked to recall the names of the fifty United States under varied conditions. These conditions included free recall and cued recall. The recall of the fifty United States was poorer than expected for college students. The average recall was approximately 41 out of 50 states. When subjects were asked to fill in the names of the states on a blank map, recall dropped to approximately 32 out of 50 states. It appears that subjects can recall some states better than others. For example, recall is better for states in close proximity to a subject’s current residence. Perhaps subjects have a geographic bubble when it comes to recalling the names of the states.

Strategies for geographic memory: Oh, what a state we're in!

This study used protocol analysis to find differences in strategy use and reasoning among five groups of subjects who were given a blank map of the United States and asked to locate states. The subjects were both children (in 5th and 11th grades) and adults (3 levels of education). For all subjects, boundaries influenced the recall, with land‐water boundaries most salient and states located along a national boundary more memorable than states bounded only by other states. Three phases of geographic information use were found. In Phase 1, subjects rapidly accessed directly stored and generally correct information. In Phase 2, subjects reasoned about state names and locations using three categories of information: visual‐perceptual, experiential, or content‐based. In Phase 3, subjects used processes of elimination to finish the task.

Exploring the Meaning of Rural Through Cognitive Maps1

Rural often is viewed as a setting for study rather than an object of study. Often a priori definitions of rural are used; these definitions may bear little resemblance to residents' understanding of the concept. A cognitive mapping experiment to explore the meaning of rural is undertaken in this paper. Results indicate that urban residents could readily identify rural areas on a blank map of Pennsylvania. Their responses to the question varied, however, with some respondents indicating urban areas or writing images on the map. A discussion of these thought processes and implications from these varying responses are presented. Then, the cognitive maps are compared to three commonly accepted definitions of rural. Population density was found to best approximate the areas that urban residents perceived as rural. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings.