Introduction Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) is commonly applied after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or bladder tumor (TURBT) to prevent clot formation and maintain catheter patency. Despite its widespread use, the monitoring of CBI remains largely manual and subjective, relying on intermittent visual inspection of outflow characteristics. This approach is labor-intensive, prone to inter-observer variability, and can delay recognition of complications such as active bleeding, catheter obstruction, or bladder overdistension. We developed VisIMon, a digital monitoring system that enables continuous, sensor-based surveillance of CBI parameters including hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, inflow/outflow volumes, and flow disturbances. Methods In this prospective feasibility study, 20 patients undergoing CBI after transurethral surgery were monitored with the VisIMon system for approximately four hours postoperatively. The system continuously recorded Hb concentration in the outflow via an optical sensor and tracked fluid dynamics using weight-based measurements. Manual reference data were collected every 20 min using a graduated measuring beaker and a digital scale. Blood gas analysis (BGA) was performed at the clinician's discretion in cases of suspected bleeding. All data were synchronized and visualized for graphical analysis. Results The system operated reliably in all patients without technical failure or adverse events. The mean deviation between VisIMon-based and manually measured outflow volumes was −16 ml (range: −84 to + 73 ml), indicating acceptable accuracy. Hb trends recorded by the sensor corresponded qualitatively with available BGA data. The system detected clinically relevant flow irregularities—such as drainage interruptions and air bubbles—which were confirmed during bedside assessments. Patients tolerated the system well, and staff reported high usability and value in the graphical displays of real-time irrigation dynamics. Conclusion The VisIMon system enabled continuous, objective monitoring of bladder irrigation in postoperative urological care. It demonstrated feasibility, accuracy, and user acceptance in a clinical setting and offers a promising tool for improving patient safety and workflow efficiency. Further validation in larger studies is warranted to assess its long-term impact and potential integration into closed-loop irrigation systems.

Hematuria is a common clinical finding, with an estimated prevalence ranging from 2.5% to 20% in adults and is of urological origin in most cases. Standard management includes hydration, bladder irrigation with saline, and clot evacuation; however, refractory cases require alternative therapies. Aluminum sulfate, owing to its astringent and hemostatic properties, has emerged as a promising therapeutic option. This study aimed to describe the clinical experience with continuous bladder irrigation using 1% aluminum sulfate in refractory hematuria. An observational, descriptive, and retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital in Barranquilla, Colombia, in 2024. Ten male patients hospitalized with spontaneous hematuria unresponsive to conventional management were included. The intervention consisted of continuous bladder irrigation with a 1% aluminum sulfate solution (30 g in 3000 mL of sterile water, infused at 200 mL/h). Clinical variables, comorbidities, cystoscopic findings, infectious parameters, and therapeutic outcomes were analyzed. The median age was 71 years. The most frequent comorbidities were prostatic disease (90%), arterial hypertension (60%), and chronic kidney disease (60%). During hospitalization, 60% of patients developed bacterial colonization, progressing to urinary tract infection in 30% and bacteremia in 10%. The most prevalent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%), followed by Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii (10% each). Urinalysis confirmed significant hematuria in all cases, with >3 red blood cells per field, predominance of fresh erythrocytes, and marked leukocyturia in 40%. Cystoscopic findings revealed prostatic abnormalities in 90%, bladder inflammation in 20%, and lithiasis in 10%, with retained clots in all cases. Following irrigation with aluminum sulfate, complete resolution of hematuria was achieved in 100% of patients within 48–72 hours, with no major adverse events attributable to aluminum. Continuous bladder irrigation with 1% aluminum sulfate proved to be a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in refractory hematuria. Its mechanism of action, based on protein precipitation and local vasoconstriction, reduces capillary permeability, edema, and blood extravasation, promoting hemostasis. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate its safety and establish standardized treatment protocols.

Abstract Introduction/Objective Cytologists are currently permitted to independently sign out negative Pap smear cases due to their specialized training and demonstrated accuracy. Expanding this role to include negative urine cytology cases could enhance workflow efficiency and reduce pathologists’ workloads. This study investigates the diagnostic concurrence between cytologists and pathologists for urine cytology cases to evaluate this potential role expansion. Methods/Case Report A retrospective review of urine cytology cases from January 2023 to May 2024 was conducted in our institution. Cytopathologist’s final diagnosis was compared with the initial cytologist screening diagnosis. Specimens analyzed included voided urine, catheterized urine, and bladder irrigations, all categorized according to the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. We defined the classification of concurrence into three levels: Concur, Minor (one-level difference), and Major (more than two levels difference) disagreements in order to help us understand the extent of diagnostic variation and the reliability of cytologists’ independent assessments. Data was organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results Out of the 3,716 cases reviewed, 3,671 were included in the final analysis after excluding 45 cases due to unsatisfactory samples. There were 3116 cases with a diagnosis of negative for high grade urothelial carcinoma (NGHUC), 415 atypical urothelial carcinoma (AUC), and 140 suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). There were 367 minor and 3 major discrepancies. The overall concurrence rate between cytologists and pathologists was 89.92% (3,301 cases in agreement). Discrepant cases totaled 10.07% (n = 370), comprising 9.9% (n = 367) minor disagreements and 0.08% (n = 3) major disagreements. For the 3,116 cases signed out as NGHUC, the concurrence rate between cytologists and pathologists was 95.32%, demonstrating high diagnostic agreement. Only 1 out of 3116 negative urine diagnosis had a major discrepancy. Conclusion A high agreement rate for negative urine cytology cases suggests cytologists can independently diagnose these cases using the Paris system, with proper quality control. This is consistent with existing literature. Such a shift could streamline the diagnostic process, reduce workload for pathologists, and maintain high levels of diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice. Further research is needed to compare these rates and consider logistical and legal factors.

Abstract Introduction/Objective Cytologists are currently permitted to independently sign out negative Pap smear cases due to their specialized training and demonstrated accuracy. Expanding this role to include negative urine cytology cases could enhance workflow efficiency and reduce pathologists’ workloads. This study investigates the diagnostic concurrence between cytologists and pathologists for urine cytology cases to evaluate this potential role expansion. Methods/Case Report A retrospective review of urine cytology cases from January 2023 to May 2024 was conducted in our institution. Cytopathologist’s final diagnosis was compared with the initial cytologist screening diagnosis. Specimens analyzed included voided urine, catheterized urine, and bladder irrigations, all categorized according to the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. We defined the classification of concurrence into three levels: Concur, Minor (one-level difference), and Major (more than two levels difference) disagreements in order to help us understand the extent of diagnostic variation and the reliability of cytologists’ independent assessments. Data was organized and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results Out of the 3,716 cases reviewed, 3,671 were included in the final analysis after excluding 45 cases due to unsatisfactory samples. There were 3116 cases with a diagnosis of negative for high grade urothelial carcinoma (NGHUC), 415 atypical urothelial carcinoma (AUC), and 140 suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). There were 367 minor and 3 major discrepancies. The overall concurrence rate between cytologists and pathologists was 89.92% (3,301 cases in agreement). Discrepant cases totaled 10.07% (n = 370), comprising 9.9% (n = 367) minor disagreements and 0.08% (n = 3) major disagreements. For the 3,116 cases signed out as NGHUC, the concurrence rate between cytologists and pathologists was 95.32%, demonstrating high diagnostic agreement. Only 1 out of 3116 negative urine diagnosis had a major discrepancy. Conclusion A high agreement rate for negative urine cytology cases suggests cytologists can independently diagnose these cases using the Paris system, with proper quality control. This is consistent with existing literature. Such a shift could streamline the diagnostic process, reduce workload for pathologists, and maintain high levels of diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice. Further research is needed to compare these rates and consider logistical and legal factors.

This survey reports on the current practice and management of hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) among the EBMT centers. The survey response rate was 27%. The diagnostic search of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) was available in 93% of centers and performed in urine (100%), blood/plasma (51%), and serum (12%). Patient screening for BKPyV infection was performed in 14% of centers before hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In comparison, surveillance for BKPyV infection was performed after HCT in 39% of centers, mainly with a frequency of 1-2 times/week. Preventative measures are based mainly on hyperhydration and sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulphonate (Mesna), while the use of bladder catheter is limited; moreover, 23% of centers used quinolones prophylaxis.The primary therapeutic interventions are hyperhydration, Mesna, analgesics, and sustained platelet transfusions; bladder irrigation by urinary catheter is adopted by 47-50% of centers. In the case of BKPyV infection, 85% of centers use intravenous or intrabladder administration of cidofovir at a dosage ranging from 1 to 5 mg/kg. Centers report a miscellaneous range of alternative therapeutic measures (adoptive immunotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, fibrin glue/platelet-rich plasma, leflunomide, sodium hyaluronate) and the need for invasive procedures. This survey confirms that the management of HC needs further education, clinical research, and innovation.

Initial treatment for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) has remained mostly unchanged in recent decades. Cryotherapy with CO2 has been commonly used in medicine for many years. In this study, we present the results of a pre-clinical study aimed at developing a novel cryoablation device to treat superficial low-grade bladder lesions. Following initial technical and developmental studies, a rigid cryotherapy device was developed. A technical and efficacy assessment was conducted utilizing the porcine model. Overall, twenty-six ablation areas (up to four per animal) were evaluated. Following an initial routine cystoscopy, the bladder irrigation medium was replaced with CO2 insufflation, and each area was treated with 2 cycles (15 s each) of direct liquid CO2 spraying. After five days, the bladder epithelium was harvested for pathological evaluation. No bladder perforation was noted on pathology. The initial efficacy and usability of the device were demonstrated. Pathological evaluation of treated tissue morphology revealed focal mucosal edema and necrosis with associated surrounding reactive fibrosis, with penetration depths ranging from 0.5 to 4 mm, without profound muscularis propria damage. Initial results suggest the safety and feasibility of cryotherapy utilizing CO2 spraying. Pathological analysis confirms its potential in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Ongoing clinical studies aim to validate these results in human subjects, offering a potential paradigm shift in non-muscle invasive bladder treatment.

Development and Validation of an Automated Intermittent Bladder Irrigation System for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: A Preclinical Study Using a Porcine Model.

Abstract IntroductionTreatment with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs can provoke gross haematuria. In some cases, this may demask urologic malignancies. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs on the diagnosis and therapy of patients with gross haematuria who presented in the emergency department.MethodsThis retrospective study analysed patients presenting with gross haematuria between January 1st, 2021 and December 31st, 2021 in a single centre university hospital. Information on pre‐existing conditions, anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication, and the further diagnostic and treatment course was gathered with a follow‐up time until December 31st, 2022.ResultsNearly half of the 541 patients (49.5%) presenting with gross haematuria were taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Patients receiving these medications were more likely to need bladder irrigation (p < 0.001). They were also more likely to be hospitalized (p < 0.001) and receive operative intervention (p = 0.011). The most common cause for haematuria was malignant tumours. A malignant urologic disease was diagnosed in 27% of the patients. Among those who were diagnosed with a malignant disease, the number of patients taking anticoagulant medication was higher (p = 0.005). In a follow‐up of 3 months, no thromboembolic events were observed after stopping or pausing anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatment.ConclusionClinically significant gross haematuria is often associated with the intake of anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication and can unmask underlying malignant diseases. The intake of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy should not be a reason to postpone diagnostic and therapeutic measures.

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The aim of our study was to evaluate the frequency of intervention requirements in inpatient urology consultations and the clinical and demographic factors influencing these decisions. We retrospectively analyzed urology consultations over a one-year period at a large tertiary regional hospital. The timing and location of consultations, indications, procedures performed, and the need for intervention were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of intervention. A total of 1,977 consultations were identified. The most common reasons for consultation were hematuria (18.9%), male lower urinary tract symptoms (18.3%), and obstructive uropathy (14.3%). The majority of consultations originated from the emergency department (59.5%). Urologic interventions were performed in 52.5% of the patients, with the most frequent procedures being urethral catheterization (18.2%), bladder irrigation (7.9%), and suprapubic catheterization (3%). According to the univariate analysis, refugee patients had a significantly higher intervention rate (p = 0.046). In the multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with the need for intervention included consultations initiated from the emergency department, the level of seniority of the evaluating physician, and symptom-based consultation requests (p < 0.001). Inpatient urology consultations constitute a significant clinical workload, and a considerable proportion of those requiring intervention involve simple procedures that can be performed by nonurologist healthcare personnel. The high rate of noninterventional consultations reduces service efficiency. Improving triage systems and providing targeted training to healthcare staff may help alleviate this burden.

To investigate the effect of preoperative administration of finasteride on intraoperative bleeding during transurethral laser resection of the prostate.We retrospectively analyzed 120 patients who underwent transurethral laser resection of the prostate. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether finasteride was used (n = 60) or not (n = 60). The following parameters were collected: age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), quality of life (QoL) score, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, operation time, hospital stay, continuous bladder irrigation (CBI); catheterization duration, re-catheterization, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin concentrations, preoperative and postoperative serum sodium concentrations, postoperative urinary tract infection (UTI) rate, hospitalization costs. We compared the two groups using Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test and χ2 test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. A linear regression model was employed to identify predictive factors of transurethral laser resection of the prostate.Compared with the non-finasteride group, the finasteride group had a lower bleeding level (Δ Hemoglobin 2.5g/L vs. 7g/L, p = 0.025), and lower hospitalization costs (21.62 thousand Yuan vs. 23.11 thousand Yuan, p = 0.001). In multivariate analyses, the regular use of finasteride (r=-0.304, p = 0.001) was the independent predictive factor of intraoperative bleeding during transurethral laser resection of the prostate.The regular use of finasteride before transurethral laser resection of the prostate helps to reduce intraoperative bleeding level.

To evaluate different protocols to increase the efficacy and reliability of single, immediate intravesical postoperative chemotherapy (IPOC) after transurethral bladder tumour resection (TURBT). A retrospective evaluation was made of 104 patients, who underwent TURBT between October 2020 and October 2022, and were subsequently administered IPOC. The patients were examined in two groups as infusion IPOC (n:50) and bolus IPOC (n:54). In the infusion IPOC group, 50mg epirubicin in 100mL saline was administered intravesically in 30min as an infusion with gravity. In the bolus IPOC group, 50mg epirubicin in 50mL saline was administered intravesically as a bolus with a catheter-type syringe. Preoperative information was recorded, including age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ASA score, smoking status, primary tumour, and previous IPOC, and postoperative information, including number, size, stage, and grade of tumour, the presence of detrusor muscle in the specimen, prognostic risk group, and second TURB. The two groups were compared with respect to dysuria, urgency, pain (VAS score), IPOC discontinuation, tumour recurrence rate, and recurrence-free survival (RFS). No statistically significant difference was determined between the groups with respect to age, gender, BMI, ASA score, smoking status, presence of primary tumour, number and size of tumours, the presence of detrusor muscle in the specimen, stage and grade of tumour, prognostic risk group, second TURB, and previous IPOC (p > 0.05 for all). The VAS score for pain/bladder irritation was determined to be statistically significantly lower at 2.3 ± 1.8 in the infusion IPOC group compared to 3.1 ± 2.2 in the bolus IPOC group (p = 0.01). The discontinuation rate of 10.0% was statistically significantly lower in the infusion IPOC group compared to the 25.9% rate determined in the bolus group (p = 0.04). Although the RFS rate was higher in the infusion IPOC group in all the NMIBC patients (p = 0.4) and in the low-risk NMIBC subgroup (p = 0.1), no significant difference was found. In the low-risk NMIBC, the 3-month recurrence rate was 3.3% in the infusion IPOC group and 20.5% in the bolus group, and thus the infusion protocol was observed to have significantly reduced early recurrence (p = 0.04). The results of this study showed that an infusion IPOC protocol demonstrated reliability, efficacy, and applicability, which decreased bladder irrigation and treatment discontinuation rates while also reducing early recurrence.

Postprocedural Urethral Strictures After Aquablation.

Prophylactic heparin does not increase clinically significant bleeding following transurethral resection of a bladder tumor.

This study compares the clinical effectiveness and safety of transurethral vaporization prostatectomy (TUVP) and traditional transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), providing reference for clinical surgical selection. A total of 220 patients with BPH who were treated in our hospital from January 2022 to December 2024 were divided into an observation group (TUVP) and a control group (TURP), with 110 cases in each group. The surgical-related indicators (operative time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative bladder irrigation time, and postoperative catheter indwelling time), urinary function indicators (maximum urinary flow rate Qmax, postvoid residual urine volume PVR, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and quality of life score (QoL), and postoperative complications were compared between the 2 groups. The observation group had significantly shorter operative time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative bladder irrigation time, and postoperative catheter indwelling time than the control group (P < .05), and significantly less intraoperative blood loss (P < .001). Both groups showed significant improvements in Qmax, PVR, IPSS, and QoL at each postoperative time point compared to preoperatively (P < .001), but there were no significant differences between the 2 groups at each postoperative time point (P > .05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P = .033). TUVP has advantages in treating BPH, including shorter operative time, less intraoperative bleeding, faster postoperative recovery, and fewer complications, especially suitable for elderly and high-risk patients. Both surgical methods show similar effectiveness in improving urinary function, but TUVP has a better advantage in controlling postoperative complications. The appropriate surgical method should be chosen based on the specific conditions of the patient in clinical practice.

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are commonly acquired in hospitals, within an estimated prevalence of 1% -10% representing 30%-40% of all nosocomial infections. The most important risk factor for the development of nosocomial UTI, especially in the ICU is the presence of urinary catheter. Catheter related urinary tract infection occurs because urethral catheters inoculate organisms into the bladder and promote colonization by providing surface for bacterial adhesion and causing mucosal irritation. This study was performed to determine the effectiveness of 1% povidone-iodine bladder wash in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) in ICU patients. Methodology: This experimental study was carried out during a period of two years. A total of 80 admitted patients who need Foley's catheter in ICU during this study period at the study place were included in the study. Patients were enrolled in two groups by purposive sampling. Group-A; received 1% povidone-iodine bladder wash, Group-B: received standard catheter care. Tri-channel Foley's catheter was introduced with standard aseptic protocol and patient who received Bi-channel Foley's catheter at operation theater on same ICU admission day, the catheter was replaced by a Tri-channel Foley's catheter in ICU setup. For both groups, 1st sample of urine were collected just after insertion of catheter and was analyzed in the microbiology laboratory to see any growth of microorganisms (Culture) and their sensitivity pattern of antibiotics (C/S). After getting 1st sample report the subsequent urine sample for C/S was collected on day 3 , 7 , and then weekly till removal of catheter or up to 28th post catheter insertion day, which one come first. CAUTI was diagnosed when the urine culture shows growth of microorganism &gt; 105 CFU/ml of urine. Data was collected according to preformed data collection sheet. The whole data were computed, and statistical analyses were carried out by using the SPSS. The mean values were calculated for continuous variables. The qualitative observations were expressed by frequencies and percentages. Chi-Square test was used to analyze the categorical variables. Unpaired t-test was used for continuous variables. P value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Result: Growth of microorganism was significantly higher (42.5%) in Group-B in comparison to Group-A (17.5 %). E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas was frequently isolated organism in both groups. Patients without 1% povidone-iodine bladder wash had 2.42 times the risk of CAUTI compared to patients who received 1% povidone-iodine bladder wash with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1.13 to 5.21 Conclusion: Patients who had the 1% Povidone-Iodine bladder wash were at low risk of catheter associated urinary tract infection. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2025; 43: 212-220

This study analyzes and compares the clinical efficacy and safety of transurethral blue laser vaporization of the prostate (BL-PVP) and transurethral green laser vaporization of the prostate (GL-PVP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 97 patients with BPH who were treated at the Urology and Nephrology Department of Xi'an People's Hospital (Fourth Hospital of Xi'an) from June 2022 to June 2024. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the surgical technique: the BL-PVP group (n = 46), which underwent transurethral BL-PVP, and the GL-PVP group (n = 51), which underwent transurethral GL-PVP. Additionally, patients were further categorized based on prostate volume into group A (medium volume, 30-80 mL) and group B (large volume, >80 mL). Perioperative indices and postoperative follow-up data were compared between the 2 groups. Both the BL-PVP and GL-PVP groups demonstrated significant improvements in International Prostate Symptom Score, maximum flow rate, and postvoid residual at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively, with overall comparable efficacy between the 2 procedures (P < .05). The BL-PVP group showed a significant advantage in bladder irrigation time, catheter indwelling time, and length of hospital stay, particularly in patients with medium prostate volume (P < .05). Furthermore, the BL-PVP group exhibited faster recovery of urinary control in the early postoperative period, with lower residual urine volume and symptom scores at 1 and 3 months compared with the GL-PVP group. BL-PVP demonstrates an advantage in preserving sexual function in patients with medium-sized prostates (P < .05). BL-PVP is a safe and effective surgical approach for the treatment of BPH, offering comparable therapeutic outcomes to GL-PVP, with notable advantages in postoperative recovery speed and early improvement in urinary control. Due to its precise vaporization effect and minimal thermal injury, BL-PVP demonstrates certain functional advantages, particularly for patients with a high demand for fast recovery and sexual function preservation. This study indicates that BL-PVP is a promising innovative treatment with significant clinical application potential, providing important guidance for selecting surgical options for BPH patients.

We aimed to compare intraoperative and one-year postoperative outcomes of patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate using MOSESTM technology (M-HoLEP) and thulium fiber laser enucleation of the prostate (ThuFLEP). We included 104 patients who underwent M-HoLEP or ThuFLEP between June 2022 and January 2024 in this randomized controlled trial. Patients' preoperative and prostate data were evaluated. Intraoperative data and perioperative outcomes were analyzed over the 12-month follow-up period. Fifty-two patients underwent M-HoLEP, and 52 were managed with ThuFLEP. There were no statistically significant differences in the preoperative characteristics between the groups. M-HoLEP had a shorter median enucleation time (50 vs. 57.5 minutes, p < 0.001) and demonstrated significantly higher enucleation efficiency than ThuFLEP (1.97 vs. 1.49 g/min, p < 0.001). Significant differences were observed favoring M-HoLEP regarding continuous bladder irrigation time, hematuria scale, duration of postoperative hematuria, catheterization time, and hospital stay. Approximately 30.8% of ThuFLEP patients were admitted with immediate postoperative hematuria versus 7.7% in the M-HoLEP group, p = 0.003). The postoperative outcomes were comparable between the cohorts up to 12 months. Thulium fiber laser (TFL) and MOSESTM technology achieved satisfactory intraoperative and postoperative functional outcomes inendoscopic enucleation of the prostate. However, MOSESTM technology demonstrated superior results in terms of enucleation time and efficiency, catheterization time, and hospital stay. M-HoLEP facilitates same-day trial-of-void and reduces postoperative hospital admissions.

Validation of a Quantitative Hematuria Scale.

Editorial Comment on "Development and Validation of an Automated Intermittent Bladder Irrigation System for the Prevention of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: A Preclinical Study Using a Porcine Model".