Black Rice Cultivars Research Articles

Evaluation of Glycemic Index of Selected Black Rice Cultivars in Bangladesh

The Glycemic Index (GI) helps consumers select foods with a low GI, which can reduce the risk of diabetes. An in vivo investigation was conducted to screen for optimal glycemic index (GI) content rice varieties suitable for regular diets, particularly for individuals managing diabetes mellitus. Ten healthy volunteers with no diabetes participated in the study, consuming glucose as a reference food and various rice cultivars after overnight fasting. The rice cultivars included black rice from Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam, along with ACI rice serving as the control. Proximate analysis assessed moisture, fat, fiber, protein, ash, and carbohydrate content in all rice samples. Amylose content (%) was determined using spectrophotometric analysis following alcoholic-alkaline gelatinization, acidification, and iodine mixing. The results indicated GI values of 67.23, 54.19, 52.64, and 53.50, and amylose content (%) of 19.42, 21.77, 28.50, and 27.52 for Indonesia line, Philippines line, Vietnam line, and ACI rice, respectively. An inverse relationship between GI levels and amylose content was observed, suggesting a potential mechanism for regulating postprandial blood glucose levels. Based on the findings, the Philippines line and Vietnam line were classified as low-GI rice varieties, indicating their suitability for regular consumption by individuals with diabetes mellitus or without the condition. These results underscore the importance of selecting appropriate rice varieties to manage glycemic response effectively in dietary management strategies for diabetes mellitus. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and to validate these findings in larger cohorts. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(2):249-256, 2024

Induction of Callus of Two Cultivars from Rice Seed Embryos by the Effect of Abiotic Factors for Drought Tolerance ex Vivo

The experiment was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the period 2021-2023, with the aim of inducing Callus from embryos of two rice cultivars: black rice and Amber 33, to enhance drought tolerance in vitro. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied for experimental arrangements. Different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg L-1) were used to stimulate Callus, along with UV radiation of type UV-C with a wavelength (<280 nanometers), It does not affect the environment because it is absorbed by the atmosphere’s oxygen and ozone, for various durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. A control treatment was also used for comparison. The experimental stress conditions were induced using different concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fresh and dry weights of Callus were measured for all treatments, in addition to assessing the drought tolerance index. The results showed significant differences for most of the studied traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of Callus was achieved at a concentration of 3 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, at 258.9 mg and 26.06 mg, respectively. The control treatment with UV-C radiation outperformed with the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus, reaching 356.8 mg and 37.81 mg, respectively, compared to other irradiation doses. The control treatment with other PEG concentrations yielded the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus for the cultivars treated with UV-C radiation, reaching 356.4 mg and 38.81 mg, respectively. The drought tolerance index in terms of dry weight, the treatment with 1.5% PEG yielded the highest rate at 0.73 mg, while the treatment with 6% PEG resulted in the lowest rate at 0.21 mg. additionally; the black rice cultivar treated with UV-C radiation outperformed the Amber 33 rice cultivar in terms of both fresh and dry weights of Callus.

Reinterpretation of anthocyanins biosynthesis in developing black rice seeds through gene expression analysis.

The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is still questionable in regulating the quantities of anthocyanins biosynthesized in rice seeds and the expression levels of transcription factors and the structural genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of anthocyanins. We herein investigated the relationship between the accumulated anthocyanin contents and the expression levels of genes related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in rice seeds. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry analysis of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) in rice seeds showed no accumulation of C3G in white and red rice cultivars, and the differential accumulation of C3G among black rice cultivars. RNA-seq analysis in rice seeds, including white, red, and black rice cultivars, at twenty days after heading (DAH) further exhibited that the genes involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins were differentially upregulated in developing seeds of black rice. We further verified these RNA-seq results through gene expression analysis by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in developing seeds of white, red, and black rice cultivars at 20 DAH. Of these genes related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanins, bHLHs, MYBs, and WD40, which are regulators, and the structural genes, including chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3´-hydroxylase (F3´H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), were differentially upregulated in black rice seeds. The correlation analysis revealed that the quantities of C3G biosynthesized in black rice seeds were positively correlated to the expression levels of bHLHs, MYBs and WD40, CHS, F3H, F3´H, DFR, and ANS. In addition, we present bHLH2 (LOC_Os04g47040) and MYBs (LOC_Os01g49160, LOC_Os01g74410, and LOC_Os03g29614) as new putative transcription factor genes for the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in black rice seeds. It is expected that this study will help to improve the understanding of the molecular levels involved in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in black rice seeds.

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Growth and Increase Concentrations of Anthocyanin, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Black rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains high concentrations of bioactive compounds that are associated with human-health benefits. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase plant performance and concentrations of these bioactive compounds. In a pot experiment, the effects of four different species of AMF (Claroideoglomus etunicatum; Rhizophagus variabilis; Rhizophagus nov. spec.; Acaulospora longula) were assessed on growth performance, grain yield, concentrations of phenolic compounds and anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity of two black-rice cultivars. The experiment was a completely randomized factorial design with two factors, viz. cultivar (Niew Dam Hmong and Maled Phai) and treatment (four different species of AMF and two non-inoculated treatments, without and with mineral fertilizer). Results showed that cultivar, treatment, and their interaction were almost always significant sources of variation for both plant performance parameters and concentrations of bioactive compounds. Maled Phai showed higher performance and higher concentrations of phenolics and anthocyanins but lower antioxidant activity than Niew Dam Hmong. The non-inoculated treatment without mineral fertilizer showed the lowest performance. The non-inoculated treatment with mineral fertilizer resulted in larger root and shoot biomass than the mycorrhizal treatments, but grain yield was higher in the mycorrhizal treatments. Inoculation with R. variabilis resulted in the highest concentration of phenolics and anthocyanins. We conclude that R. variabilis was the best inoculum for increasing grain yield and bioactive compounds, especially in Maled Phai.

Bioactive compound profile and their biological activities of endogenous black rice from Java and East Nusa Tenggara

ABSTRACT Indonesia has an abundance of pigmented rice cultivars with high nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the phytochemical profiles, anthocyanin properties, and biological activities of endogenous Indonesian black rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from Java and East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) Islands. Thirteen black rice cultivars from eastern Nusa Tenggara and West, Central, and East Java were examined. The secondary metabolites of the black rice samples included flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, quinones, glycosides, anthraquinones, leucoanthocyanidins, alkaloids, and proteins. According to the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, various levels of antioxidant activity were present. The results of an alpha amylase inhibition assay indicated that the black rice samples might have antidiabetic properties. We conclude that the Java and NTT endogenous black rice cultivars have rich phytochemical compounds with high nutritional value, and that their antioxidant and antidiabetic biological activities can promote a healthy life.

Comparative analysis of the efficiency of seed protein profiles in assessing genetic variation and population structure among indigenous Manipur black rice cultivars.

The state of Manipur, North East India has distinct topology of hill and valley regions with vast agroclimatic variability, being considered as one of the centers of rice diversity. The indigenous Manipur black rice cultivars exhibit wide range of diversity in morphology, pericarp color, shape and size of grain, aroma, glutinous or non-glutinous features but remain less characterised. Many of these cultivars, such as those named Chakhao, are endowed with multiple health benefits due to high anthocyanins, and hold special importance for the local people. It is important to analyse the genetic diversity and population structure for this germplasm with unique allelic combinations to utilize in rice breeding programme. We characterized total soluble seed protein fractions to not only fingerprint the 45 indigenous black rice cultivars but assess their genetic relatedness. Cluster analyses generated mainly two groups, complemented by PCoA scatter plot ascertaining geographical distinction. The hill black rice were more diverse. The population structure analysis revealed seven subpopulations indicating high genetic variability. The 24 polymorphic bands were scored in the range of 127.8 to 10.3kDa comprised of four protein fractions. Three polypeptide bands each were ascribed to known fractions of glutelins and prolamins, while one band each could be described for albumin and globulin fractions, besides other diagnostic bands. Some diverse cultivars were Amubi, Chedo Anal, Chipi Buh, Athebu, Poireton, BuPu Mui, Kotha Chahao II. These cultivars can be used in future black rice breeding programmes. This can further prevent genetic erosion and protect intellectual property rights.

Mid-Late Maturing High-Yielding Black Rice Cultivar “JJ603Black” with Multiple-Disease Resistance

Mid-Late Maturing High-Yielding Black Rice Cultivar “JJ603Black” with Multiple-Disease Resistance

Paclobutrazol And Cytokinin Regulation On Culm Growht Of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L. “Cempo Ireng”)

Rice is a staple food for the majority of Asians; nevertheless, black rice has not been commonly consumed among them. The components of the yield will be determined by the allocation of photosynthate on rice and the tall phenotype of black rice, which is a significant contributing factor to lodging. The growth inhibitor paclobutrazol prevents the manufacture of gibberellin, which results in the tall phenotype of black rice. The endogenous cytokinin content is high at the beginning of the grain filling and then rapidly decreases after that. The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of paclobutrazol and cytokinin on culm height, internode length, culm diameter, lodging resistance, culm parenchyma cell arrangement, and flag leaf structure. Throughout the inquiry, Cempo Ireng black rice cultivar seeds were employed. The seeds were planted in plastic containers that held 10 kg of soil for growth medium and organic fertilizer, and a random block pattern was used for the experiment's design. At 10 weeks following sowing, paclobutrazol was sprayed as a foliar application at concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 ppm. By injecting the kinetin diluted in 0.8 percent agar gel at a rate of 10-5 M in the flag leaf internode lacuna twice, separated by two days, two weeks after anthesis. Eight replications and six combinations were made. DMRT and the significant different were used in the statistical analysis of the mean comparisons (P=0.05). Plant height and internode length were decreased by paclobutrazol (100 ppm), although internode diameter was raised and lodging resistance was induced. The organization of the parenchyma cells in the culm (100 ppm packlobutrazol) changed, and the cells were small and lacked intercellular gaps.

New insight into the pigmented rice of northeast India revealed high antioxidant and mineral compositions for better human health

Northeast (NE) India possesses a rich diversity of rice cultivars including pigmented and non pigmented varieties. The pigmented rice is reported to possess a considerable amount of antioxidant compounds, free radical scavengers etc. In this study, eleven (black, red and white) rice cultivars of NE India were analyzed for antioxidant potentials, mineral and protein contents. Total phenolic content ranged from 94.8 (Idaw) to 900.90 mg GAE/100 g (Lumre). Total flavonoid content varied from 3.46 (Idaw) to 286.76 mg QE/100 g (Menil mibabaret). Total anthocyanin content varied from 0.23 (Farel) to 93.52 mg/100 g (Chakhao poireiton). The pigmented rice is also good sources of Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) that can significantly reduce stress oxidative reactions. Chakhao poireiton possessed the highest Ni and Mn content, Tsulu tsuk had the highest Zn content, while Fazu and Tasung contained the highest Fe and Ca. The highest total protein was found in Chakhao poireiton (11.06%). And all the cultivars were found to be aromatic. Fourier Transformed Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) identified various signature peaks and could discriminate the cultivars into pigmented and non pigmented. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) revealed the grouping of the cultivars based on the functional groups present. The present study could provide a better understanding of choosable rice lines for human consumption and also as germplasm resources for future rice improvement programs.

Comparative evaluation of physicochemical, functional and texture properties and sensory acceptance of different instant rice varieties coated with Spirulina and edible polymers

SummaryThis study aimed to determine the influence of Spirulina platensis and edible polymer coating on the physicochemical and texture properties, and sensory acceptance of coated instant rice: glutinous white rice (GWR), glutinous black rice (GBR), non‐glutinous white rice (NWR) and non‐glutinous black rice (NBR). Instant rice was cooked and dried, and then coated by a pan‐coating process. Black rice varieties (GBR and NBR) showed higher amounts of protein, fibre, ash and bioactive compounds than white rice varieties (GWR and NWR). The Spirulina‐coated rice had significantly improved texture properties, especially black rice cultivars. The hedonic rating of the coated instant rice ranged from 5 (neither like nor dislike) to 6 (slightly liked), and GBR obtained a higher acceptability score (6.93). Principal component analysis models allowed sample classification. Therefore, fortification with Spirulina as a coating on instant rice could be an alternative way to produce functional instant rice with extra health benefits.

Studies on proximate composition and antioxidant activity of some specialty rice cultivars of Odisha

People are now becoming more concerned about their health, that is why they are moving to diets that have health claims and beneficial nutrients. Therefore, the present study was conducted to shed light on a few specialty rice cultivars from Odisha. These traditionally cultivated cultivars were rich in nutritional and health-promoting components. The objective of the present investigation was to carry out the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of these specialty rice cultivars from Odisha. A total of ten specialty rice (eight were aromatic and two were pigmented) and one as a check variety were taken in the study. The results showed that the selected specialty rice cultivars (pigmented and scented) were found to be superior to check variety in different nutritional parameters in the grain such as carbohydrates (71.31- 84.33 g%), crude protein (6.66- 10.384 g%), crude fibre (0.19- 0.984 g%), crude fat (1.08- 2.35 g%), total phenolic content (0.27- 0.83 g GAE/100gm), total anthocyanin (0.31- 5.02 Cya-3-gluE mg/100g FW), and antioxidant activity (10.21- 55.32%). From the results, it could be concluded that the black rice cultivar appeared to be a promising cultivar with a superior nutritional composition and antioxidant activity and thus has importance in health and great market potentiality.

Nutrient analysis and sensory qualities of black, red, and white rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown under different nutrient management in strongly alkaline soil

Nutrient analysis and sensory qualities of black, red, and white rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown under different nutrient management in strongly alkaline soil

Response of Yield Components of Some Black Rice Cultivars to Spraying With The Amino Acid Phenylalanin

Three rice varieties (Goura, Chakhao and Local) were grown during two seasons 2019-2020, aimed to assessment of different levels of spraying of phenylalanine on performance of the grain yield components in different rice varieties. The selected three varieties (sub plots) were grown under the influence of four levels of phenylalanine spraying (main plots), included amino acid treatments occupied the main plates 50, 100 and 150 mg.L-1 as well as the control treatment (spraying distilled water only), the experiment applied in split plots arrangements in RCBD with three replications. The results showed a significant superiority of the Goura genotype selected by giving the highest averages in plant height, total grains number per panicles, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, Biological yield, percentage of harvest index and tillers number plant, that reached to 118.47 cm, 144.25 grains.panicl-1, 23.44 g, 6.70 tons.hectare-1, 12.06 tons.hectare-1,54.82% and 18.40 tillers.plant-1 respectively, while the genotype significantly superior to Local Selected by giving the highest averages in the leaves content of total chlorophyll pigments SPAD, which amounted to 39.13 SPAD. The spraying of the amino acid phenylalanine at a concentration of 50 mg.l-1 was significantly superior by giving the highest averages in the indicators of vegetative growth, yield and its components.

Effects of soaking and sprouting on bioactive compounds of black and red pigmented rice cultivars

SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of steeping and sprouting on bioactive compounds of five pigmented rice, including two black and three red rice cultivars, and one ordinary rice. Dehulled rice samples were soaked in distilled water at 25 °C for different durations (0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and allowed to germinate under the dark condition at 25 °C and 95% humidity for 3 days. As the steeping time progressed up to 24 h, the germination rate and sprout growth of pigmented rice increased, and decreased at 48 h. During the soaking process, a gradual decrease in L* value (lightness) of soaking water was observed, with the highest reduction observed in Bosukheugchal (waxy black rice cultivar), indicating a considerable loss of anthocyanin during soaking. Black rice cultivars had the highest level of anthocyanin content, which was significantly reduced after germination. γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) content (6.68–74.58 µg g−1) of pigmented rice cultivars increased significantly (226.36–339.91 µg g−1) (P ≤ 0.05) after germination. Germinated rice had 3.55 to 33.88 ‐times higher GABA content than non‐germinated rice. Total phenolic and flavonoid content in pigmented rice cultivars also increased after germination.

Application of Cyanidin-3-Glucosides as a functional food ingredient in rice-based bakery products.

BackgroundBlack pericarp rice has recently become popular among rice consumers for its diverse health benefits specially anti-cancer effect. Cyanidin-3-Glucosides (C3G), an prominant bioactive component of anthocyanins which is abundantly present in black pericarp rice.ObjectivesWe investigated, how effectively it can be used to fortify Cyanidin-3-Glucosides (C3G) content in red and white pericarp polished rice or rice based bakery products for more nutritional value.MethodIn the present study, we have characterized several black pericarp rice cultivars along with some red pericarp and white pericarp rice cultivars by physicochemical including mineral profiling, and quantified the C3G by UFLC and LCMS.ResultsC3G content was significantly reduced from raw rice to cooked rice condition. All the black pericarp rice cultivars synthesized C3G, while this content was not detected in red and white pericarp rice cultivars. However, when 25% of black pericarp rice were mixed with 75% red or white pericarp polished rice, C3G content was significantly retained in cooked rice conditions. Formulation of rice-based bakery food product using black pericarp rice powder was also remarkably retained the C3G content as compared to that of cooking. Black rice is harder in texture, difficult to digest and needs higher energy for cooking. Therefore, we tried to circumvent these challenges by fortifying 25% of black pericarp rice with white or red pericarp rice.ConclusionFortification of C3G enriched black rice (25%) with red or white pericarp rice (75%) might bring a better nutritional quality in both cooking and baking condition. This may lead a way to the effective management of the non-communicable disease such as cancer for common rice consuming population.

Genetic and phytochemical analysis of Indonesian black rice cultivars

Genetic and phytochemical analysis of Indonesian black rice cultivars

Metabolite Profiling Reveals Distinct Modulation of Complex Metabolic Networks in Non-Pigmented, Black, and Red Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars.

Comprehensive profiling of primary and secondary metabolites was performed to understand metabolic differences associated with color formation in pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.). Overall, 110 metabolites from non-pigmented, black, and red rice cultivars were identified. Black and red rice contained high levels of flavonoids associated with plant color. Black rice also contained high levels of terpenoids (carotenoids, tocopherols, phytosterols, and monoterpenes). The non-pigmented rice contained relatively low levels of secondary metabolites. Multivariate and pathway analyses were performed to data-mine the metabolite profiles. Hierarchical clustering analysis of correlation coefficients revealed metabolite clusters based on nitrogen and carbon sources. These clusters suggested a negative correlation between nitrogen and carbon. Pathway analysis revealed that black rice was rich in carbon-based secondary metabolites, with relatively low levels of primary metabolites compared with other rice cultivars. These data highlight the complex interactions between nitrogen and carbon metabolism of primary and secondary metabolites in rice. For the first time, the relationships and metabolic differences in terpenoid content (monoterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes) of non-pigmented and pigmented rice cultivars were analyzed. These findings should greatly contribute to the understanding of pigmented rice metabolome and inform breeding programs for new rice cultivars.

Effect of different processing technologies on phenolic acids, flavonoids and other antioxidants content in pigmented rice

Rice is consumed in the form of different products. The present study reported the extractable and free form of phenolic acids and flavonoid profile from different processed products (popped, beaten, puffed and boiled rice) of four black rice cultivars (Chakhao, Kalobhat, Mamihunger. Manipuri Black) along with a white rice variety (Swarna sub-1) as reference. In addition, vitamin-E, γ-oryzanol, anthocyanin, phytic acids and antioxidant activity were also examined. The HPLC-PDA analysis of phenol extracts detected 14 phenolic compounds comprising of 4 hydroxybenzoic acid, 5 hydroxycinnamic acid and 5 flavonoids in most of the products with their higher content in black rice based products than that of reference cultivar. Among the different products, popped rice ranked first in terms of mean phenolic compounds (467.74 μg/g) of which 54% occurring in free form, vitamin-E, γ-oryzanol and antioxidant activity. Boiled rice had the least amount of all these components. Based on PCA, popped rice of MN was identified as a promising product that could contribute to potential health benefits.

Effect of rainfall and altitude on the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline and volatile compounds profile of black glutinous rice (Thai upland rice).

The aroma intensity of rice is mixed of more than 100 volatile compounds. Fragrant rice is famous in Thailand due to specific aroma. One important volatile compound that contributes to aromatic intensity and represents a characteristic compound for fragrant rice is 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP). The production of volatile compounds and 2AP in rice is affected by various environmental factors, such as cultivation area, water content and temperature. Our research employed 29 samples of fragrant colored rice (Luempua black glutinous rice cultivar) from Phetchabun province, Thailand from three harvested rice seasons (2015-2017). The cultivation areas of rice samples exhibited differences in rainfall (976.6-1260.5 mm y r-1 ) and altitude (26.26-1033.41 m). All volatile compounds and 2AP were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In 29 rice samples, 2AP levels decreased with increasing of rainfall. The increase in altitude seems to increase 2AP levels, but some high-altitude cultivation areas resulted in low 2AP content. A variety of volatile compounds was observed in 29 rice samples from different cultivation areas. The results showed that differences in altitude and rainfall affected the production of volatile compounds in fragrant colored rice. Moreover, our results indicated that different environmental conditions in cultivation areas potentially affect volatile compound production during rice growth. The increase in 2AP levels under low rainfall conditions and the assortment of volatile compound varieties produced in colored rice grown in different cultivation areas may be useful information for rice cultivation management striving to produce rice with high aromatic intensities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Black rice cultivar from Java Island of Indonesia revealed genomic, proteomic, and anthocyanin nutritional value.

Black rice is considered to be functional food containing anthocyanins as bioactive compounds. This study examined the genomic and proteomic patterns in local black rice from Java Island, Indonesia, with attention to the mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis. Three kinds of black rice from Java Island, including black rice from East Java (BREJ), black rice from Central Java (BRCJ), and black rice from West Java (BRWJ), were studied in comparison to white rice (WREJ) and red rice (RREJ). Genomic profiling was done by simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis, and sequencing of red coleoptile (Rc) and glycosyltransferase (GT) genes, followed by in silico analysis. Total anthocyanin was investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography- diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). The proteomic profiles were determined by liquid-chromatography and mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. The SSR profiles showed a specific band in each black rice variant. The Rc gene exon-2 sequences were similar in the three black rice cultivars. The GT gene sequence was identified as a new variant that correlates with the purple stem, leaf, bran, and whole grain morphology seen exclusively in the BRWJ cultivar. The anthocyanin composition in Java black rice is diverse. The highest cyanidin level was seen in BRWJ and the highest level of peonidin-3-O-glucoside in BREJ. Proteomic profiling of the black rice cultivars demonstrated that the expression of proteins that might be related to the levels of anthocyanin synthesis varied. These studies conclude that the genomic, proteomic and anthocyanins composition of Java black rice cultivars may be used the improvement of their functional nutrition values.