Black Ink Research Articles

:Race and Affect in Early Modern English Literature

:<i>Race and Affect in Early Modern English Literature</i>

Ink‐Stained Chalk: A Low‐Cost 3D Evaporator for Efficient and Stable Solar Desalination

Solar‐driven steam generation is considered one of the most promising techniques to obtain fresh water. Under the same projection area, a 3D evaporator has a larger evaporation area and can get more energy from the environment, resulting into better evaporation performance. 3D evaporators are often hindered by complex and dangerous fabrication processes, special and expensive equipment, and costly raw materials. Herein, a simple method to prepare a low‐cost and highly efficient 3D solar evaporator using chalk and ink that are common in classrooms is proposed. This method does not involve expensive raw materials and any equipment, and the manufacturing process is simple and fast, especially suitable for less developed regions. Thanks to the excellent hydrophilicity of chalk and the strong sunlight absorption of black ink, the ink‐stained chalk (ISC) shows up to 20.49 kg m−2 h−1 of the evaporation rate under one sun illumination. When treating a real seawater sample, ISC prepared from broken or used chalks show highly efficient (8.97–19.91 kg m−2 h−1) and stable (24 h) solar desalination. The ISC presented in this work offers a new avenue to develop 3D solar evaporator for low‐cost and high‐efficient seawater desalination, which is especially attractive for remote and less developed areas.

An Accessible Yarn-Based Sensor for In-Field Detection of Succinylcholine Poisoning

Succinylcholine (SUX) is a clinical anesthetic that induces temporary paralysis and is degraded by endogenous enzymes within the body. In high doses and without respiratory support, it results in rapid and untraceable death by asphyxiation. A potentiometric thread-based method was developed for the in-field and rapid detection of SUX for forensic use. We fabricated the first solid-contact SUX ion-selective electrodes from cotton yarn, a carbon black ink, and a polymeric ion-selective membrane. The electrodes could selectively measure SUX in a linear range of 1 mM to 4.3 μM in urine, with a Nernstian slope of 27.6 mV/decade. Our compact and portable yarn-based SUX sensors achieved 94.1% recovery at low concentrations, demonstrating feasibility in real-world applications. While other challenges remain, the development of a thread-based ion-selective electrode for SUX detection shows that it is possible to detect this poison in urine and paves the way for other low-cost, rapid forensic diagnostic devices.

Directivity of photoacoustically generated ultrasound from a thin tube embedded in the soft phantom

Our previous study has revealed that acoustic resonances have non-negligible effects on photoacoustic signals for a liquid sample confined in a thin tube. In this paper, we present numerical and experimental studies on the effects of tube hardness on the directivity of the generated photoacoustic signal. A thin glass capillary and silicone tube of 1 mm in diameter were tested using a pulsed light of 637 nm wavelength. Black ink was confined in the glass capillary and silicone tube as a photoacoustic sample material. In the glass capillary, acoustic resonance modes in the glass capillary were efficiently excited, and clear directivity was observed in the generated photoacoustic signals. On the other hand, little resonance was stimulated in the silicon tube because of the acoustic impedance matching between the sample and surrounding media, which resulted in the weak confinement of acoustic waves. The results suggest a possibility of characterization of the physical properties of thin tubes.

Tattoo Pigments Are Localized Intracellularly in the Epidermis and Dermis of Fresh and Old Tattoos: In vivo Study Using Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Background: The knowledge about the location and kinetics of tattoo pigments in human skin after application and during the recovery is restricted due to the limitation of in vivo methods for visualizing pigments. Here, the localization and distribution of tattoo ink pigments in freshly and old tattooed human skin during the regeneration of the epidermis and dermis were investigated in vivo. Methods: Two-photon excited fluorescence lifetime imaging (TPE-FLIM) was used to identify tattoo ink pigments in human skin in vivo down to the reticular dermis. One subject with a freshly applied tattoo and 10 subjects with tattoos applied over 3 years ago were investigated in the epidermal and dermal layers in vivo. One histological slide of tattooed skin was used to localize skin-resident tattoo pigment using light microscopy. Results: The carbon black particles deposited around the incision have still been visible 84 days after tattoo application, showing delayed recovery of the epidermis. The TPE-FLIM parameters of carbon black tattoo ink pigments were found to be different to all skin components except for melanin. Distinction from melanin in the skin was based on higher fluorescence intensity and agglomerate size. Using TPE-FLIM in vivo tattoo pigment was found in 75% of tattoos applied up to 9 years ago in the epidermis within keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and basal cells and in the dermis within the macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts. Loading of highly fluorescent carbon black particles enables in vivo imaging of dendritic cells in the epidermis and fibroblasts in the dermis, which cannot be visualized in native conditions. The collagen I structures showed a higher directionality similar to scar tissue resulting in a greater firmness and decreased elasticity of the tattooed skin. Conclusions: Here, we show the kinetics and location of carbon black tattoo ink pigment immediately after application for the first time in vivo in human skin. Carbon black particles are located exclusively intracellularly in the skin of fresh and old tattoos. They are found within macrophages, mast cells, and fibroblasts in the dermis and within keratinocytes, dendritic cells, and basal cells in the continuously renewed epidermis even in 9-year-old tattoos in skin showing no inflammation.

English translation of Chinese calligraphic aesthetics

Abstract Chinese calligraphy, which distinctively represents traditional Chinese culture, contains many culture-specific aesthetic terms that pose a translation challenge requiring creative cross-cultural strategies. This study presents several English translations for four key Chinese aesthetic terms on calligraphy, namely shi 勢 (roughly translated as “vital force” or “energy”), yun 韻 (once translated as “rhythmic life” or “life movement”), fei bai 飛白 (“flying white” or “hollow strokes”) and jibai-danghei 計白當黑 (literally: treating white areas like black ink). It examines their effectiveness in facilitating cross-cultural understanding and maximizing cultural authenticity. This article points out that most of these terms have been adequately contextualized in English over the past century, even though some are rendered in English using terms borrowed from Western art history. This shows how cultural translation, the theoretical basis of this study, comes into play when dealing with Chinese aesthetic terms in calligraphy.

Scalable production of bioinspired MXene/black phosphorene nanocoatings for hydrophobic and fire-safe textiles with tunable electromagnetic interference and exceeding thermal management

Multifunctional fire-safe textiles are urgently needed to meet the application requirements under harsh environments, e.g., high-frequency environments. However, it is rather tough to realize scalable production of multifunctional fire-safe textiles by constructing coatings. To tackle the hurdles above, multifunctional fire-safe cotton fabric was prepared though a blade-coating strategy (using black phosphorus and Ti3C2Tx nano-dispersion ink), followed by hydrophobic treatment with poly (dimethylsiloxane) coating. The resultant textiles with the coating of micra-like structure exhibit excellent water resistance with a water contact angle of up to 93° and excellent heat response within 10 s to the original temperature. Furthermore, the as-designed textiles demonstrate high flame retardancy and superior shielding effectiveness (SE) of 58 dB, which is much better than the reported treated fabric. The final treated fabric with high electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness is suitable for most commercial applications. This work provides a promising strategy to produce functional textiles with superior electromagnetic interference and exceeding thermal management at a large scale, showing potential applications in electronic, electrical, and military fields.

Words of Weather: A Glossary

Words of Weather: A Glossary

The making of black inks in an Arabic treatise by al-Qalalūsī dated from the 13th c.: reproduction and characterisation of iron-gall ink recipes

For the first time, this paper systematises the medieval preparation of black writing inks found in the important thirteenth century Andalusian technical treatise written by Muhammad ibn Idrīs ibn al-Qalalūsī (1210–1308). We present the Arabic version of this extraordinary text (‘The gifts of the wise men on the curiosities of the substances’), and its first English translation, as well as discuss key aspects of the processes that remain missing or are unclear indications. In this work, we studied the iron gall inks based on galls, where no other phenolic source is present. In this pedagogical treatise, the recipes for these black iron-gall inks are organised and classified by the gallnuts extraction method used: boiling (decoction), squeezing and infusion, with water being the only solvent used. The inks selected were reproduced and characterised through a multi-analytical approach. Quantification was performed by HPLC–DAD (high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detectors in the UV–VIS), showing that gallic acid is a minor compound in the gall extracts prepared following al-Qalalūsī instructions. In all the recipes, the higher concentration compounds in the gall extracts are the gallotannins pentagalloylglucose and hexagalloylglucose, ranging from 79 to 50% of the phenolic compounds. This supports the results of Raman and infrared spectroscopies. A comparison with medieval Iberian recipes was also done, which served to reinforce our previous results that show water as the sole solvent extracts with much lower yields than mixed solvents (water plus white wine or vinegar).

Analisis desain formulir registrasi pasien untuk meningkatkan optimasasi dokumentasi rekam medis di BPM Siti Asnah Bantul

Improving the quality of services is currently a demand for all health facilities, including health services carried out by Siti Asnah Independent Practice Midwife (BPM) located in Bantul Regency. Improving the quality of services can be started with efforts to improve the documentation of medical record files, one of which is by using patient registration forms. The patient registration form contains data and information about the patient's identity which can be used as a basis for providing actions / services so that the actions provided to patients at BPM Siti Asnah Bantul Regency can be carried out appropriately, effectively and efficiently. However, currently BPM Siti Asnah Bantul Regency does not have a patient registration form so that patient data cannot be documented properly. The purpose of this study was to design a patient registration form at BPM Siti Asnah Bantul Regency. This research is a qualitative research with action research method. This research starts from the primary data collection stage with the interview method conducted to patients and health workers at BPM Siti Asnah Bantul and observation, then proceeds with the patient registration form design stage. The next stage is the implementation stage and trial and evaluation to then improve the form design. The results of this study indicate that there is no registration form at BPM Siti Asnah Bantul. The registration process is only done by recording the patient's identity on a piece of paper every time the patient comes to visit. The design of the patient registration form at BPM Siti Asnah Bantul uses HVS A4 paper a paper weight of 70 grams with black ink. The design of the registration form carried out in this study has been based on the minimum standards contained in Permenkes No.289 of 2008 in the physical, anatomical and content aspects.

Black inks under examination. Part 2: a case study of Carolingian manuscripts

With this paper, we would like to contribute to the study of black writing materials by investigating the black inks used in the manuscripts from monastic production in the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom, especially in the region of Lake Constance and in Bavaria, and dated to the period between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The corpus under study contains manuscripts with formulae, i.e. model letters and charters, besides numerous other types of texts with no clear separation between them (for example by titles).Sixty-three manuscripts have been studied with the aim of reconstructing the history of both their copying and their use. To this aim, we adopted a non-invasive approach that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements, supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results obtained in this project are compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts with the general aim of understanding the use of black ink in medieval manuscripts.

Black Carolingian inks under examination. Part 1: recipes and literature survey

Black writing materials of different types and compositions have varied in use over time and different geographical regions. With this paper, we would like to contribute to their study by listing and reviewing recipes for black writing inks that were in circulation in the Carolingian Empire as well as by referencing the archaeometric analyses of the black inks used in the manuscripts. The studies presented here that involved the humanities and natural sciences provide new insights into how the scholars of the early Medieval Ages organized manuscripts.

AUTOMATIC COLORIZATION OF CHINESE INK PAINTING COMBINING MULTI-LEVEL FEATURES AND GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORKS

Advanced Chinese ink painting also includes work-brush flower and bird paintings with brilliant colors, in contrast to traditional ink paintings that often only use water, ink, and black and white. This serves as the foundation for our investigation into a generalized transfer problem involving ink and wash, or an ink painting coloring problem. Our goal is to automatically colorize black and white ink paintings using deep neural networks. This study can serve as a guide for coloring ink paintings and broaden the range of applications for ink painting style transfer. The high-level semantic information and low-level local features of ink paintings cannot be successfully extracted using the current generalized style transfer approach (colorization algorithm). The resulting images have muddy borders and low color saturation. In order to improve the accuracy and coherence of the coloring of ink paintings, we build training by combining the global and local features of ink paintings with the achievements of generative adversarial networks already made in the field of colorization. Comparative and objective evaluations of the experimental portion are made using metrics like peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), colorfulness, and user studies. Additionally, our approach beats the previous comparison approaches in terms of creative expression, color richness, and color overflow management.

“Rede hit sofft”: John Audelay's Practice of Care

“Rede hit sofft”: John Audelay's Practice of Care

친군영(親軍營)과 청나라 양식의 군복

This study is on military clothing influenced by the Qing dynasty during the transition period when the traditional military uniforms of Joseon were changed to Western-style. During the enlightenment period, Japan, China, Russia, the United States, Europe, and other countries introduced military training methods and reorganized their military systems, and each country also influenced clothing. Chingunyeong(親軍營) was operated as a three-way system in which the military systems of the Qing dynasty, Japan, and Joseon coexisted. Among them, the two units formed in the Qing dynasty system were called ShingeonChingunyeong(新建親軍營). A military uniform jacket of the ShingeonChingunjwayeong(新建親軍左營) was measured and investigated. It is a jacket with a round neckline and long sleeves. The blue jacket has a red edging, and an ocher-colored round insignia is attached to the chest and back. The front insignia is the original, but the back insignia is a photo-printed replica. The insignia was marked with the military camp, rank, and name of the soldier wearing the military uniform. The letters were divided into three types: a red stamp, a black stamp, and black ink. This relic is very similar to the military clothing of the Qing dynasty. It is a daegeum(大襟) magwae(馬褂) that is fastened with an oblique line, and has four slits on the front, back, left, and right sides. Moreover, according to the system of the Qing dynasty, a round insignia was attached to the chest and back. The Yeoui(如意) pattern decoration is also characteristic of Qing dynasty clothing. As a result, the military uniform of a soldier belonging to Chingunyeong who had been trained by Yuan Shikai(袁世凱) and the characteristics of Qing dynasty clothing was clearly shown. Therefore, it was possible to confirm the adoption and wearing of the Qing dynasty military uniform.

Analisis Penetapan COGM (Cost Of Goods Manufactured) Dengan ABC (Activity Based Costing) Sebagai Metode Pengukuran Harga Jual

The determination of COGM or the cost of production in a company is very important for making decisions on the selling price of a product. Therefore, the determination of methods that produce appropriate and accurate sources of data and information becomes a consideration in business continuity in the future. The ABC (Activity Based Costing) method is one method that is well known for its accuracy compared to traditional/conventional methods. The object of this research is the ITS Back To Nature Business, which is a business engaged in manufacturing by producing marker ink with three color variants, namely black, blue, and red. This business still applies the traditional system in determining COGM or the cost of production. This study aims to determine the accuracy of the two methods of determining COGM by comparing the traditional/conventional method and the ABC (Activity Based Costing) method in measuring the selling price later. This research is classified as a part of qualitative research that adheres to a descriptive approach by providing a systematic description of COGM (Cost Of Goods Manufactured) or the cost of production through the ABC method. Observations, interviews, and documentation are techniques or methods of collecting data in this study. In the findings of this study, the results obtained where the ABC method applied showed a lower cost of goods compared to the traditional/conventional method with a difference of IDR 726 for black ink products, IDR 646 for blue ink, and IDR 1,035 for red ink. This, of course, greatly affects the company's price competitiveness in the market.

Fiqh Scripts of Bukit Gombak: Codicology and Contenst Analysis

Abstract: Minangkabau has local cultural heritage, one of whichis ini the form of scripts such as those found in villagae Bukit Gombak on Padang Laweh. With the physical condition of the manuscript without a title, not intact, has neat scripts, is in Arabic but some of the pages are still radable. So that the formulation in this study is how describe and transliterate the Bukit Gombak fiqh text, what is the background of its emergence and whats is the contents of the Bukit Gombak fiqh manuscripts. The research method used is a philological approach with field research conducted in Jorong Bukit Gombak with data collection methods for document studies, inventory, codicology and interviews and the primary data source is Bukit Gombak fiqh manuscript while the secondary data sources are books, articles related to philology using qualitative analysis techniques with the stages of reduction, data study, further analysis, drawing conclusions. The results in this study are the Bukit Gombak fiqh text physically using Arabic writing in red and black ink with paper color brown, withour a titile and witho an author that found in one of the residents houses in village Bukit Gombak. The Bukit Gombak fiqh manuscripts containts fiqh ini general such as the book of marriage, the book of muamalah, the book of pilgrimage, the book of fasting. The history of writing the Bukit Gombak fiqh manuscript is estimated in the 18th century of fiqh manuscripts into Indonesia, which on average belonged to the shafi’i madhhab.

Calligraphy and Kirigami/Origami-Inspired All-Paper Touch-Temperature Sensor with Stimulus Discriminability.

The use of cost-effective renewable raw materials to develop electronic devices has been strongly demanded for sustainable and biodegradable green electronics. Here, by taking inspiration from the traditional calligraphy and kirigami/origami arts, we show a novel cuttable and foldable all-paper touch-temperature sensors fabricated by simply brushing the carbon black ink onto the cellulose paper followed by a layer-layer lamination strategy. The use of environmentally friendly common commodities in daily life including carbon black ink and cellulose paper as the main component materials of sensors effectively lowers the cost and has positive impacts on the environment and health. The sensors can be freely cut or folded into the targeted shapes and can even reversibly morph between 2D and 3D configurations without affecting device function. Additionally, the sensors show a discrimination capability toward pressure and temperature. Our fabrication strategy provides a promising approach for creating the low-cost eco-friendly sensors with a versatile pattern design and a morphing shape without sacrificing the global structural integrity and device functionality.

Association between selected characteristics of the farmers and their newspaper reading behaviour

A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers as a mass media influence public by disseminating news on local, national and international events. Further, they play an important role in the fields of agricultural development by providing knowledge to the farmers about new techniques. In Gujarat, Sandesh is leading daily newspaper and it was found in 1923. It could also be effective media in changing perception, attitude and actions of people when they are literates. So, a study was conducted to know the reading behaviour of agro sandesh in daily newspaper by farmers. The study would also help to know whether the agriculture information is really reaching to its actual beneficiaries and up to what extent. Ex- post facto research design was used for this study. The study was conducted in three talukas of Banaskantha district and reveal that independent variables studied viz. occupation, annual income, extension participation, source of information and extension contact had positive and significant correlation, while education and social participation had positive and highly significant correlation with overall reading behaviour.

Study of Fingerprint Pattern in Relation to Gender and Blood Grouping amongst the Medical Students of GMC Srinagar

A study was conducted on MBBS students in GMC Srinagar. A total of 100 students was included in the study ofboth genders. A proper informed consent was taken from participants. For collection of fingerprint, a tabulatedproforma was be used. Black printers ink was used for creating an imprint by rolling the finger on ink and thenon paper (rolling method) A cello tape was used to seal the print and a magnifying lens was used for aiding inobservation. Imprints from all ten fingers were collected. Information about blood groups was collected fromstudent identity card. In a few cases where the information was not known, blood grouping and Rh typing wasconfirmed by slide agglutination method using antiserum A, antiserum B and anti serum D. The aim of the studywas to find out the correlation between gender, fingerprint and blood grouping in students of GMC. Results: Wenoted that majority of the subjects belonged to blood group O (37.2%), followed by B+ve(24.5%) and A+ve(23.5.Maximum subjects (97%) were Rh positive. The rest were Rh negative. Females had highest percentage of loops(44%) followed by whorls (41%). Males had the highest percentage of whorls (55.5%) closely followed by loops(39.4%).Blood group O-ve is correlated to fingerprint whorl followed by AB+ve with whorls and B+ve with loops.A+ve is correlated to whorls and O+ve with whorls and B-ve with whorls. Blood group A showed highest whorls(45.4%) followed by loops (41.25%) and arches (10.42%). Also males had predominantly whorls (44.2%) followedby loops (39.4%) and females had predominantly loops(44.29%) followed by whorls (41.7%). the purpose of thisstudy is to correlate the relationship between various patterns of fingerprints, gender and “ABO” blood groupsand “Rh” blood types in students of GMC Srinagar. Conclusion: blood group, fingerprint and gender can only beassessed independently to secure identity if an individual.