Gravitational Field Of Black Hole Research Articles

Unraveling the Black Hole Information Paradox: An Interdisciplinary Approach with the McGinty Equation

In the captivating realm of theoretical physics, the Black Hole Information Paradox stands as a formidable challenge, challenging the boundaries of our understanding of quantum mechanics and general relativity. This paradox, which questions the fate of information entering a black hole, contradicts the foundational principles of quantum theory, which assert that information should be conserved. Current models and theories, while providing substantial insights, fall short in resolving this paradox, mainly due to the complex interplay between quantum mechanics and the intense gravitational fields of black holes. This paper introduces the McGinty Equation (MEQ) as an innovative tool to bridge these gaps and unravel the complexities surrounding black holes and information conservation.

Black holes, warp drives, and energy conditions

Following the work of H. Ellis, we study warp drives in the gravitational field of a Schwarzschild black hole. We find that as long as the warp drive crosses the black hole horizon at a subluminal speed, the horizon would be effectively absent inside the warp bubble. Moreover, we discover that the black hole's gravitational field can alleviate the violations of the weak energy condition (WEC) and the null energy condition (NEC) and therefore decrease the amount of negative energy required to sustain a warp drive, which may be instrumental for creating microscopic warp drives in lab experiments. We also consider the thermodynamics of a warp bubble interacting with a black hole and point out some paradoxes that may indicate a gap in our understanding of them from the thermodynamic point of view.

Shadow and quasinormal modes of the Kerr–Newman–Kiselev–Letelier black hole

We investigate the null geodesics and the shadow cast by the Kerr–Newman–Kiselev–Letelier (KNKL) black hole for the equation of state parameter omega _q=-2/3 and for different values of the spacetime parameters, including the quintessence parameter gamma , the cloud of string (CS) parameter b, the spin parameter a and the charge Q of the black hole. We notice that for the increasing values of the parameters gamma and b the size of the shadow of the KNKL black hole increases and consequently the strength of the gravitational field of the black hole increases. On the other hand with increase in the charge Q of the black hole the size of the shadow of the black hole decreases. Further with the increase in the values of the spin parameter a of the KNKL black hole, we see that the distortion of the shadow of the black hole becomes more prominent. Moreover we use the data released by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, to restrict the parameters b and gamma for the KNKL black hole, using the shadow cast by the KNKL black hole. To this end, we also explore the relation between the typical shadow radius and the equatorial and polar quasinormal mods (QNMs) for the KNKL black hole and extend this correspondence to non-asymptotically flat spacetimes. We also study the emission energy rate from the KNKL black hole for the various spacetime parameters, and observe that it increases for the increasing values of both the parameters gamma and b for fixed charge-to-mass and spin-to-mass ratios of the KNKL black hole. Finally, we investigate the effects of plasma on the photon motion, size and shape of the shadow cast by the KNKL black hole. While keeping the spacetime parameters fixed, we notice that with increase in the strength of the plasma medium the size of the shadow of the KNKL black hole decreases and therefore the intensity of the gravitational field of the KNKL black hole decreases in the presence of plasma.

Accretion environments of active galactic nuclei

Abstract We study accretion environments of active galactic nuclei when a supermassive black hole wanders in a circumnuclear region and passes through an interstellar medium there. It is expected that Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton-type accretion of the interstellar matter takes place and an accretion stream of matter trapped by the black hole gravitational field appears from a tail shock region. Since the trapped matter is likely to have a certain amount of specific angular momentum, the accretion stream eventually forms an accretion ring around the black hole. According to recent studies, the accretion ring consists of a thick envelope and a thin core, and angular momenta are transferred from the inner side facing the black hole to the opposite side in the envelope and the core respectively. As a result, a thick accretion flow and a thick excretion flow extend from the envelope, and a thin accretion disk and a thin excretion disk extend from the core. The thin excretion disk is predicted to terminate at some distance, forming an excretion ring, while the thick excretion flow is considered to become a supersonic wind flowing to infinity. The thick excretion flow from the accretion ring is expected to interact with the accretion stream toward the accretion ring and to be collimated to bipolar cones. These pictures provide a likely guideline to interpreting the overall accretion environments suggested from observations.

Testing the weak-equivalence principle near black holes

Today we have quite stringent constraints on possible violations of the Weak Equivalence Principle from the comparison of the acceleration of test-bodies of different composition in Earth's gravitational field. In the present paper, we propose a test of the Weak Equivalence Principle in the strong gravitational field of black holes. We construct a relativistic reflection model in which either the massive particles of the gas of the accretion disk or the photons emitted by the disk may not follow the geodesics of the spacetime. We employ our model to analyze the reflection features of a NuSTAR spectrum of the black hole binary EXO 1846-031 and we constrain two parameters that quantify a possible violation of the Weak Equivalence Principle by massive particles and X-ray photons, respectively.

Orbital and epicyclic motion of charged test particles around non-rotating Einstein-Æther black holes

The study of charged test particle dynamics in the combined black hole gravitational field and magnetic field around it could provide important theoretical insight into astrophysical processes around such compact object. We have explored the orbital and epicyclic motion of charged test particles in the background of non-rotating Einstein-Æther black holes in the presence of external uniform magnetic field. We numerically integrate the equations of motion and analyze the trajectories of the charged test particles. We examined the stability of circular orbits using effective potential technique and study the characteristics of innermost stable circular orbits. We analyze the key features of quasi-harmonic oscillations of charged test particles nearby the stable circular orbits in an equatorial plane of the black hole, and investigate the radial profiles of the frequencies of latitudinal as well as radial harmonic oscillations in dependence on the strength of magnetic field, mass of the black hole and dimensionless coupling constants of the theory. We demonstrate that the magnetic field and dimensionless parameters of the theory have strong influence on charged particle motion around Einstein-Æther black holes.

Effects of adiabatic index on the sonic surface and time variability of low angular momentum accretion flows

We study the role of adiabatic index in determining the critical points in the transonic low angular momentum accretion flow onto a black hole. We present the general relativistic 2D hydrodynamic simulations of axisymmetric, inviscid accretion flows in a fixed Kerr black hole gravitational field. A relativistic fluid where its bulk velocity is comparable to the speed of light, flowing in the accretion disk very close to the horizon can be described by an adiabatic index of 4/3 < {\gamma} < 5/3. The time dependent evolution of the shock position and respective effects on mass accretion rate and oscillation frequency with varying adiabatic index is discussed in the context of the observed microquasars.

Qubit transport model for unitary black hole evaporation without firewalls

We give an explicit toy qubit transport model for transferring information from the gravitational field of a black hole to the Hawking radiation by a continuous unitary transformation of the outgoing radiation and the black hole gravitational field. The model has no firewalls or other drama at the event horizon, and it avoids a counterargument that has been raised for subsystem transfer models as resolutions of the firewall paradox. Furthermore, it fits the set of six physical constraints that Giddings has proposed for models of black hole evaporation. It does utilize nonlocal qubits for the gravitational field but assumes that the radiation interacts locally with these nonlocal qubits, so in some sense the nonlocality is confined to the gravitational sector. Although the qubit model is too crude to be quantitatively correct for the detailed spectrum of Hawking radiation, it fits qualitatively with what is expected.

Bose–Einstein graviton condensate in a Schwarzschild black hole

We analyze in detail a previous proposal by Dvali and Gómez that black holes could be treated as consisting of a Bose–Einstein condensate of gravitons. In order to do so we extend the Einstein–Hilbert action with a chemical potential-like term, thus placing ourselves in a grand-canonical ensemble. The form and characteristics of this chemical potential-like piece are discussed in some detail. We argue that the resulting equations of motion derived from the action could be interpreted as the Gross–Pitaevskii equation describing a graviton Bose–Einstein condensate trapped by the black hole gravitational field. After this, we proceed to expand the ensuring equations of motion up to second order around the classical Schwarzschild metric so that some non-linear terms in the metric fluctuation are kept. Next we search for solutions and, modulo some very plausible assumptions, we find out that the condensate vanishes outside the horizon but is non-zero in its interior. Inspired by a linearized approximation around the horizon we are able to find an exact solution for the mean-field wave function describing the graviton Bose–Einstein condensate in the black hole interior. After this, we can rederive some of the relations involving the number of gravitons N and the black hole characteristics along the lines suggested by Dvali and Gómez.

Quasinormal modes of BTZ black hole and Hawking‐like radiation in graphene

The Bañados‐Teitelboim‐Zanelli (BTZ) black hole model corresponds to a solution of (2+1)‐dimensional Einstein gravity with negative cosmological constant, and by a conformal rescaling its metric can be mapped onto the hyperbolic pseudosphere surface (Beltrami trumpet) with negative curvature. Beltrami trumpet shaped graphene sheets have been predicted to emit Hawking radiation that is experimentally detectable by a scanning tunnelling microscope. Here, for the first time we present an analytical algorithm that allows variational solutions to the Dirac Hamiltonian of graphene pseudoparticles in BTZ black hole gravitational field by using an approach based on the formalism of pseudo‐Hermitian Hamiltonians within a discrete‐basis‐set method. We show that our model not only reproduces the exact results for the real part of quasinormal mode frequencies of (2+1)‐dimensional spinless BTZ black hole, but also provides analytical results for the real part of quasinormal modes of spinning BTZ black hole, and also offers some predictions for the observable effects with a view to gravity‐like phenomena in a curved graphene sheet. image

形成最小单位电荷的一种可能的物理机制

黑洞引力场微扰方面的研究是一个相当有意义且活跃的领域。这篇文章涉及处理了普朗克尺度下的最小Kerr黑洞。让人惊喜的是，我们发现对最小Kerr黑洞的微扰给出了一个对应于e/3电荷的准模。我们并给出了对这一结论的说明与解释。 Study on the perturbation of the gravitational field of black holes is quite an interesting and active research field. This paper deals with the minimum Kerr black hole in the Planck scale. Surprisingly, we find that the perturbation gives a quasi normal mode corresponding to a charge unit of e/3. Works are done to make things self-consistent too.

Nature of Black Holes and Space-Time around Them

Based on the Mach’s principle, black holes warp the space time in a way that geodesic for every object which is moving toward black hole starts to bend and object starts to rotate around the black hole. Even light cannot be able to escape from the strong gravitational field of black hole and all the light like paths will warp so as to fall farther to the hole. Before arriving to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, object faces with length extension because of the difference between amount of tidal forces on the nearest and furthest points of object that take the object apart and after passing the Schwarzschild’s sphere, based on the Special relativity of Einstein, the parts of object face with length contraction. In comparison between strange stars and black holes we conclude that core of strange stars has a temperature and pressure not sufficient for up and down quarks and they turn into strange ones. However, in core of black holes, because of massive stars and hot gases falling into it, they are always in a high temperature and pressure. So they can be made up of up and down quarks. At the Ergo sphere Region of black hole, a particle that gets into it will divide into 2 pieces, one of them falls into the black hole and another gets out of the Schwarzschild sphere very fast and it’s called the black hole radiation. According to the Diagram drawn by R. Rafini and J. Weeler, an object gets out of white hole in past space-time, it can be able to send signals to us and we can receive it but black hole which is located in future space-time, after object enters to the Schwarzschild’s Sphere, the signals it sends won’t be received. In order to reach the third space-time which is like a mirror to our universe, our speed needs to exceed the speed of light to pass the Einstein-Rosen Bridge. As a conclusion, structure of black holes can be made up of up and down quarks and everything falls into the black hole, collapses and turns into a bunch of quarks. Space-time around black holes, based on Rafini-Weeler diagram, is like a frontier between our space-time and other space-times. So it can be possible to reach past space-time and other space-times.

An exploration of the black hole entropy via the Weyl tensor

The Weyl tensor is the trace-free part of the Riemann tensor. Therefore, it is independent of the energy-momentum tensor and is thus not linked to the dynamics of gravitational fields. In this paper, we explore its possible thermodynamical property (i.e. its relationship with the black hole entropy). For a Schwarzschild black hole, the Weyl scalar invariant, $C_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}C^{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}$, is proportional to its Bekenstein--Hawking entropy. This observation inspires us to interpret $C_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}C^{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}$ as the entropy density of the gravitational fields of black holes. A dimensional analysis indicates that this interpretation is only valid in 5-dimensional space-time. We calculate the volume integrals of $C_{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}C^{\mu\nu\lambda\rho}$ for the 5-dimensional Schwarzschild and Schwarzschild--anti-de Sitter black holes, and find that these integrals indeed lead to the correct entropy formulae, only up to some coefficients.

Acceleration of the charged particles due to chaotic scattering in the combined black hole gravitational field and asymptotically uniform magnetic field

To test the role of large-scale magnetic fields in accretion processes, we study dynamics of charged test particles in vicinity of a black hole immersed into an asymptotically uniform magnetic field. Using the Hamiltonian formalism of charged particle dynamics, we examine chaotic scattering in the effective potential related to the black hole gravitational field combined with the uniform magnetic field. Energy interchange between the translational and oscillatory modes od the charged particle dynamics provides mechanism for charged particle acceleration along the magnetic field lines. This energy transmutation is an attribute of the chaotic charged particle dynamics in the combined gravitational and magnetic fields only, the black hole rotation is not necessary for such charged particle acceleration. The chaotic scatter can cause transition to the motion along the magnetic field lines with small radius of the Larmor motion or vanishing Larmor radius, when the speed of the particle translational motion is largest and can be ultra-relativistic. We discuss consequences of the model of ionization of test particles forming a neutral accretion disc, or heavy ions following off-equatorial circular orbits, and we explore the fate of heavy charged test particles after ionization where no kick of heavy ions is assumed and only switch-on effect of the magnetic field is relevant. We demonstrate that acceleration and escape of the ionized particles can be efficient along the Kerr black hole symmetry axis parallel to the magnetic field lines. We show that strong acceleration of ionized particles to ultra-relativistic velocities is preferred in the direction close to the magnetic field lines. Therefore, the process of ionization of Keplerian discs around Kerr black holes can serve as a model of relativistic jets.

Spin and mass of the nearest supermassive black hole

Quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) of the hot plasma spots or clumps orbiting an accreting black hole contain information on the black hole mass and spin. The promising observational signatures for the measurement of black hole mass and spin are the latitudinal oscillation frequency of the bright spots in the accretion flow and the frequency of black hole event horizon rotation. Both of these frequencies are independent of the accretion model and defined completely by the properties of the black hole gravitational field. Interpretation of the known QPO data by dint of a signal modulation from the hot spots in the accreting plasma reveals the Kerr metric rotation parameter, $$a=0.65\pm 0.05$$ , and mass, $$M=(4.2\pm 0.2)10^6M_\odot $$ , of the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center. At the same time, the observed 11.5 min QPO period is identified with a period of the black hole event horizon rotation, and, respectively, the 19 min period is identified with a latitudinal oscillation period of hot spots in the accretion flow. The described approach is applicable to black holes with a low accretion rate, when accreting plasma is transparent up to the event horizon region.

Highly relativistic spin-gravity coupling for fermions

Descriptions of highly relativistic fermions in a gravitational field in the classical (nonquantum) and quantum approaches are discussed. The results following from the Mathisson-Papapetrou equations for a fast spinning particle in Schwarzschild's and Kerr's background are considered. Numerical estimates for electron, proton and neutrino in the gravitational field of black holes are presented.The general relativistic Dirac equation is analyzed from the point of view it is using for the adequate description of highly relativistic fermions in a gravitational field, in the linear and nonlinear spin approximation. It is necessary to have some corrected Dirac equation for a highly relativistic fermion with strong spin-gravity coupling.

Spin and mass of the nearest supermassive black hole

Quasi-Periodic Oscillations (QPOs) of the hot plasma spots or clumps orbiting an accreting black hole contain information on the black hole mass and spin. The promising observational signatures for the measurement of black hole mass and spin are the latitudinal oscillation frequency of the bright spots in the accretion flow and the frequency of black hole event horizon rotation. Both of these frequencies are independent of the accretion model and defined completely by the properties of the black hole gravitational field. Interpretation of the known QPO data by dint of a signal modulation from the hot spots in the accreting plasma reveals the Kerr metric rotation parameter, $a=0.65\pm0.05$, and mass, $M=(4.2\pm0.2)10^6M_\odot$, of the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center. At the same time, the observed 11.5 min QPO period is identified with a period of the black hole event horizon rotation, and, respectively, the 19 min period is identified with a latitudinal oscillation period of hot spots in the accretion flow. The described approach is applicable to black holes with a low accretion rate, when accreting plasma is transparent up to the event horizon region.

Spinning Particle in Gravitational Field of Black Hole Involving Global Monopole

In this paper we study the dynamics of trajectory of a spinning particle in a Schwarzschild spacetime involving a global monopole. We set up the equations of motion and find three types of trajectories. We study the conditions that a spinning particle, originally moving in the innermost stable circular orbit around the black hole involving a global monopole, will escape to infinity after it is kicked by another particle or photon. Three types of trajectories of a spinning particle in a Schwarzschild spacetime involving a global monopole are simulated in detail and the escaping energy and velocity of the spinning particle is also obtained in the present paper.

Highly relativistic circular orbits of spinning particle in the Kerr field

The Mathisson-Papapetrou equations in Kerr's background are considered. The region of existence of highly relativistic planar circular orbits of a spinning particle in this background and dependence of the particle's Lorentz $\gamma$-factor on its spin and radial coordinate are investigated. It is shown that in contrast to the highly relativistic circular orbits of a spinless particle the corresponding orbits of a spinning particle are allowed in much wider space region. Some of these orbits show the significant attractive action of the spin-gravity coupling on a particle and others are caused by the significant repulsive action. Numerical estimates for electrons, protons and neutrinos in the gravitational field of black holes are presented.

Self-energy of a scalar charge near higher-dimensional black holes

We study the problem of self-energy of charges in higher-dimensional static spacetimes. Application of regularization methods of quantum field theory to calculation of the classical self-energy of charges leads to model-independent results. The correction to the self-energy of a scalar charge due to the gravitational field of black holes of the higher-dimensional Majumdar-Papapetrou spacetime is calculated exactly. It proves to be zero in even dimensions, but it acquires nonzero value in odd-dimensional spacetimes. The origin of the self-energy correction in odd dimensions is similar to the origin of the conformal anomalies in quantum field theory in even-dimensional spacetimes.