This study analyses the role of local wisdom-based environmental communication in the preservation of the Marena Customary Forest in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected from non-participant observation, in-depth interviews with 10 traditional leaders (Batu Ariri), community leaders, and conservationists, as well as analysis of traditional documents (Eda wa'ding). The results reveal three key communication patterns: (1) Ritual (offering manuk-lappa lappa to ask for ancestral permission before agricultural activities); (2) Normative (customary prohibitions such as logging/forest burning); and (3) Layered sanctions (gerek tedong pujak—slaughtering a black buffalo for serious violations). Participatory mechanisms such as Si Ottoman Upa (egalitarian decision-making with knees touching) and traditional "forest police" surveillance reinforce the system's effectiveness. This local wisdom successfully combines spiritual, ecological, and social aspects, as evidenced by sustainable practices (wood replacement: planting two seedlings per tree used). The challenges of modernisation are overcome through adaptive collaboration with the government (e.g., coffee seedling project). It is concluded that the Marena communication model offers a framework for preservation that is resistant to changing times, with recommendations for the digital codification of customary rules and their integration into national conservation policies.

Using low-coverage whole genome sequencing (genome skimming) to delineate three introgressed species of buffalofish (Ictiobus)

Background In the United States, buffalofish (Ictiobus spp.) are sporadically associated with sudden onset muscle pain and weakness due to rhabdomyolysis within 24 h of fish consumption (Haff disease). Previous genetic analyses of case-associated samples were unable to distinguish the three species of buffalofish that occur in the US, Ictiobus cyprinellus (bigmouth buffalo), Ictiobus bubalus (smallmouth buffalo), and Ictiobus niger (black buffalo). Methods Ten events were investigated between 2010 and 2020 and demographic and clinical information was collected for 24 individuals. Meal remnants were collected from 5 of 10 events with additional associated samples (n = 24) collected from another five of 10 events. Low-coverage whole-genome sequencing (genome skimming) was used to identify meal remnants. Results Patients (26–75 years of age) ranged from 1–4 per event, with 90% involving ≥2 individuals. Reported symptoms included muscle tenderness and weakness, nausea/vomiting, and brown/tea-colored urine. Median incubation period was 8 h. Ninety-six percent of cases were hospitalized with a median duration of four days. The most commonly reported laboratory finding was elevated creatine phosphokinase and liver transaminases. Treatment was supportive including intravenous fluids to prevent renal failure. Events occurred in California (1), Illinois (2), Louisiana (1), New York (1), Mississippi (1), Missouri (2), New Jersey (1), and Texas (1) with location of harvest, when known, being Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Texas, and Wisconsin. Meal remnants were identified as I. bubalus (n = 4) and I. niger (n = 1). Associated samples were identified as I. bubalus (n = 16), I. cyprinellus (n = 5), and I. niger (n = 3). Discussion Time course, presentation of illness, and clinical findings were all consistent with previous domestic cases of buffalofish-associated Haff disease. In contrast to previous reports that I. cyprinellus is the causative species in US cases, data indicate that all three buffalofish species are harvested but I. bubalus is most often associated with illness.

The caryophyllidean genus Archigetes Leuckart, 1878 is unique among all tapeworms in that its species can mature in invertebrate hosts (Oligochaeta), i.e., have a monoxenic (direct) life cycle. All five species were described as progenetic plerocercoids in oligochaetes and two of them also as adults from cypriniform fishes. Two species, A. sieboldi Leuckart, 1878 and A. iowensis Calentine, 1962, were found in North America in non-native common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A molecular study of caryophyllideans from the southern United States has revealed the occurrence of three new species in native freshwater fishes (Catostomidae, Ictiobinae): Archigetes loculotruncatus n. sp. from Ictiobus bubalus, I. niger and Carpiodes cyprinus is the largest representative of the genus and differs by a loculotruncate scolex. Archigetes megacephalus n. sp. from Ictiobus niger, I. bubalus and I. cyprinellus is characterised by a prominent, bothrioloculodiscate scolex. Archigetes vadosus n. sp. from I. bubalus is typified by a globular scolex with very shallow loculi; it differs from the closely related A. sieboldi in the shape of the body, with a distinct neck region and a scolex wider than the remaining body. Archigetes iowensis Calentine, 1962 becomes a junior synonym of Paraglaridacris limnodrili (Yamaguti, 1934). The generic diagnosis of Archigetes is amended and a key to identification of North American taxa is provided. Species of Archigetes and Paraglaridacris differ from each other most conspicuously in the structure of the ovary, which is follicular in Archigetes versus compact in Paraglaridacris.

The River Niger is blessed with diverse fish species and aquatic life. The study of the fish fauna and biodiversity along the River Niger was conducted from October 2016 to December 2018. A total of 35 species belonging to 18 families were obtained from this study. New to this River as regards literature are the family Solidae and Catostomidae. The sole fish (Solea solea) (0.16%) with only 1 representation while the Catastomids were represented by 3 species; Ictiobus niger (1.73%), Ictiobus cyprinellus (2.20%), Ictiobus bubalus (2.52%). Other species obtained were the Mormyrus rume 3.93%, Polyterus bichir (2.99%) and Protopterus annectens (7.08%). The most abundant of species observed was Gymnarchus niloticus (8.49%) of the family Gymnarchidae while the least was Solea solea (0.16%). The biodiversity indices revealed that Station 2 had the most evenly distributed species and the most of diverse species though Station 1 had the most number of species. Station 3 however had the least of species obtained. It is concluded the River Niger is still productive and in good condition, capable of maintaining and managing fish species according to condition factor.

Research conducted for observe phylogenetic relationship swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Ogan Ilir regency, South Sumatera based on morphological characteristic. The Sampling done by using a survey method and inventory in the field (on-farm) to obtain data of the characterization and swamp buffalo morphological. The result indicate that there are six variant, namely are BlackBuffalo, Lampung Buffalo, Red Buffalo, Dungkul Buffalo, Straight Buffalo, and Tunjang Langit Buffalo. Black Buffalo has black body colour and horns bent backwards. Lampung has black body colour and horns bent upwards. Red Buffalo has red body colour and horns bent upwards. Dungkul has black body colour and horns bent downwards. Straight has black body colour and horns bent straight to the side. Tunjang Langit Buffalo has black body colour and horns bent upwards and downwards.

The city of Hyderabad plays a significant role in urban transition processes at play in India. Cyberabad, a section of the city of Hyderabad, developed through the rapid urbanisation of rural villages and land, becoming a high-tech, state of the art, globally connected enclave. On weekday mornings in the neighbourhood of Madhapur, smartly dressed HITEC City workers, with ID tags, emerge from hostel accommodation and walk alongside large, black buffalo being herded into rundown dairies. This paradoxical use of space is replicated in the urban fabric of Cyberabad and surrounding Madhapur. Cheek-by-jowl urbanisation has created two very different types of urban locale: Cyberabad – air-conditioned, gardened, watered – a space of hydration and flourishing; and Madhapur – hot, dusty and desiccated – a space of dryness and water struggles. This paper explores whether aspects of urban flourishing and resilience are possible in the newly formed Telangana state and its capital, Hyderabad, through an examination of the past, present and future of the city’s water.

Abstract Populations of the Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger, a catostomid species, are in decline. Recovery plans for catostomids frequently include artificial propagation and rearing in ponds until fish grow beyond sizes that are considered vulnerable to predation. Managing ponds for specific zooplankton taxa should increase survival and growth of larval fish; however, zooplankton selectivity experiments conducted for catostomids in aquaculture are rare. We conducted two experiments to evaluate zooplankton selectivity by larval and juvenile Black Buffalo in aquaculture ponds. Fry were stocked into tanks or ponds and were allowed to forage on natural zooplankton populations. Fish and zooplankton were sampled after 3 h in tanks and weekly for 4 weeks in ponds. Proportions of zooplankton taxa consumed were compared to the proportions of taxa available in tanks or ponds. Results indicate that Black Buffalo fry do not readily consume zooplankton at first feeding. However, Black Buffalo at 11 d posthatch (1 week poststocking) selected for cladocerans, and they continued selecting for cladocerans through the first 32 d posthatch (4 weeks poststocking). Therefore, rearing ponds for larval and juvenile Black Buffalo should be managed to promote cladoceran populations where possible.

Abstract The Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger is a deep-bodied, riverine species that has experienced population declines similar to many other catostomids. Captive propagation is an important component of conservation for declining species, although there is little known about induced spawning techniques for catostomids. Developing culture techniques for Black Buffalo, including tank acclimation and induced spawning, are potentially beneficial for conserving other catostomids as well. Therefore, we examined tank acclimation and induced-spawning methods in three separate spawns over 2 years. Acclimation was aided by cool temperatures (~15°C), low salinity (3.0‰), and light-reducing covers for 2.5 weeks after which temperature was increased from 15°C to 23°C by 1°C/d over 8 d. Females (n = 23; TL = 641 ± 12 mm [mean ± SE], weight = 4,773 ± 299 g) were injected with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa), and 7 of 23 ovulated (30.4%) with a mean fertilization percentage of 41.5% (SE, 7.1%). Large fish and fungal growth on incubating embryos provided logistical challenges, further indicating the importance of minimizing stress during tank-holding procedures. This study outlines effective tank acclimation procedures and demonstrates that Black Buffalo can be induced to spawn with GnRHa.

Effects of dietary protein levels on growth and body composition of juvenile (age-1) Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger

Abstract Bolbophorous damnificus is a digenetic trematode that causes economic loss for commercial catfish producers by decreasing adult growth rates and increasing mortality in juvenile catfish Ictalurus spp. Efforts to control B. damnificus mainly center around control of an intermediate host, the Ram's Horn Snail Planorbella trivolvis. Black Buffalo Ictiobus niger is a catostomid fish species documented to consume mollusks and, therefore, is a potential control option; however, gastropod consumption by this species has not been documented. Thus, experiments were conducted to (1) evaluate Ram's Horn Snail consumption by Black Buffalo at juvenile and adult life stages and (2) determine whether juvenile Black Buffalo are able to consume sizes of snails typically found in catfish ponds. Nine wild‐caught adult Black Buffalo and 56 captively reared juveniles (age 1) were used in this study. No snails were consumed in adult or juvenile experiments, thus suggesting Black Buffalo do not have the capacity to reduce incidence of B. damnificus through direct consumption of Ram's Horn Snails.

“This is a Black Paper,” declared BUILD’s statement criticizing the Buffalo Public School system for providing inferior education to black children in Buffalo, New York. Written in 1967 by the community organization, BUILD (which stood for Build Unity, Independence, Liberty, and Dignity), “BUILD Black Paper Number One” was a call for change. Like other black communities in late 1960s America, black Buffalo was caught up in the fervor of the Civil Rights and Black Power Movements. A “Rust Belt” city, Buffalo was hit hard by deindustrialization, which, coupled with unemployment, segregated housing and unequal education, adversely affected its black community. In 1967, a riot exploded in Buffalo’s predominantly black East Side. This article analyzes statements made by black Buffalonians and argues that Black Power thrived in Buffalo in the late 1960s, through community organizations which attempted to address urban issues that negatively affected African Americans in a postindustrial city.

Monozoic cestodes of the recently amended genus Promonobothrium Mackiewicz, 1968 (Cestoda: Caryophyllidea), parasites of suckers (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) in North America, are reviewed, with information on their host specificity, distribution and data on the scolex morphology of seven species studied for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Evaluation of type and voucher specimens from museum collections and newly collected material of most species indicated the following valid nominal species: Promonobothrium minytremi Mackiewicz, 1968 (type species); P. ingens (Hunter, 1927); P. hunteri (Mackiewicz, 1963); P. ulmeri (Calentine et Mackiewicz, 1966); P. fossae (Williams, 1974) and P. mackiewiczi (Williams, 1974). Rogersus Williams, 1980 with its only species R. rogersi is transferred to Promonobothrium based on morphological and molecular data. Promonobothrium currani sp. n. and P. papiliovarium sp. n. are described from Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) and Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque), and Erimyzon oblongus (Mitchill), respectively. The newly described species can be distinguished from the other congeners by the morphology of the scolex, the position of the anteriormost vitelline follicles and testes, the presence of postovarian vitelline follicles and the shape of the ovary. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of six species based on sequences of the small and large subunits of the nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (ssrDNA, lsrDNA) confirmed the monophyletic status of the genus and supported the validity of the species analysed. A key to identification of all species of Promonobothrium based on morphological characteristics is provided.

The aim of research to study the character and analyze the phenotypic diversity among variants swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Pampangan at Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatera. Quantitative data are determined by the circumference of the chest (Li Da), body length (Pa Ba), tail length (Pa Ek), the length of the head (Pa Ke), head width (Le Ke) and hip height (Ti Pi). Qualitative data is determined based on the character of each variant shown through the hair color, the shape and direction of growth of the horn. Characteristics that indicate of genetic relationship between the variant of swamp buffalo. Methods of observations carried out directly on the morphology and methods NTSYS Ver. 2.1 to the analysis of kinship and then presented in the form of a dendrogram. Results showed that there are four variants of buffalo Pampangan namely red buffalo, black buffalo, buffalo striped and Lampung buffalo. Morphology of buffalo such as body size, hair color, shape and direction of growth of the horns is different. Genetic relationship shown with value of correlation coefficient 0.57 was found in group A (OTU-1) and group B (OTU-2, OTU-3 and OTU-4), and value of correlation coefficient 0.612 found in group A (OTU-2 and OTU-4) and group B (OTU-3). The correlation coefficient of more than 0.57 indicates a kinship between the variance of the swamp buffalo Pampangan relatively close. It is suspected inbreeding between variants tends to be high. The analysis also showed that the closest genetic relationships found in OTU-2 (black buffalo) and OTU-4 (buffalo Lampung) with a correlation coefficient 0.85. This condition is believed that the OTU-2 and OTU-4 derived from the same lineage.

Fish and habitat were sampled by state agencies at 48 stations throughout the Cache River watershed, Illinois between 1992 and 2009. Two distinct fish assemblages were identified, one primarily found in the lower mainstem Cache River and a second found throughout tributaries and the upper mainstem Cache River. Using a canonical correspondence analysis, the distribution of fish species was largely explained by substrate, land use, drainage area and local habitat features. Creek chub, central stoneroller, fringed darter and fantail darter are species found to be positively associated with gravel substrate and forest. In contrast, black buffalo, gizzard shad, smallmouth buffalo, freshwater drum and bigmouth buffalo were positively associated with drainage area, silt, channel width and row crops. Cobble appears to be rare habitat associated with fringed darter, freckled madtom and fantail darter. Results suggest that substrate, land use and local habitat features influence fish assemblages within the Cache River watershed. This information contributes to both understanding aquatic community structure in a highly altered yet diverse watershed as well as management activities within the Cache River watershed.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of all species. In cows and buffalos cause abortion and haemolytic anaemia with an interstitial nephritis. On april 2003 a 6 years old female buffalo (azarbijan black buffalo) was observed in large animal clinic of tabriz azad university. In this case the clinical findings were: fever (39.1), depression, anorexia, decrease of milk production, anaemia , jaundice, haemoglobinuria, heart rate 82 per minute and respiratory rate 18 per minute. Kidnay, in rectal examination detected neutrophilia and leukocytosis. Total plasma protein and fibrinogen were 6.8 g/dl and 600 mg/dl respectivly. In urine examination was observed haemoglobinuria and proteinuria with increase of leukocytes. The leptospira was seen in urine by darkfeild microscope and microscopic agglotination test (MAT) detected serovar of leptospira grippotyphosa with titre of 400. Treatment was recommended with 20000 Iu/kg penicillin G procaine , 20 mg/ kg dihydrostreptomycin and vitamin B12 every day and vitamin AD3E ingected single dose. In period of treatment this case monitored every day. The care was taken gradually, so that, haemoglobinuria was eliminated in four days and heamatologic station was returned to normal in eight days. Treatment was continued three days after care. The MAT titre was 100 after five mouths.

Hepatic hemosiderosis in buffalo fish ( Ictiobus spp.)

from That Fire of Great Dramas * Edgar Cairo (bio) Translated by Scott Rollins (bio) You there! Hear! With your deepest inner ear, with your hearing house, ear mother, or whatever it’s called, hear the sound of the forest spirit, the song of the nightbird sung wistfully from the heart. Oh wilderness of pain! Oh sorrow of the enslaved family! A choir of echoes haunts the land! Undying scream from the chains! Aay, Nanabru-Nanabro! Bomba mi yaya, bomba Oh slave driver, Bomba mi yaya, bomba! hear this song! A Biribisi wi d’o! The song of Berbice. A Kristankondre wi d’o! The song of Kristenland. senkete ba! senkete ba! The slave demands you listen! Bomba mi yaya, bomba! Oh driver, hear the slave: Bomba mi yaya, senekete ba, he cannot escape you: Bomba mi yaya, bomba! you die with his song! Old Esthello was an old-old African who had traveled throughout the entire colony, actually throughout all four colonies—Berbice and Demerary, Essequibo and Pomeroon. That was because of his former work in the service of a traveling master. Suspected of attempting to run away (his own spirit told him he was lost), they had whipped him and cut off one ear. That was his left human-ear. They had also worked on his Achilles tendon with a knife—the reason he dragged his foot. He worked as a cook in Pilgerhuth, a remote missionary settlement on the Upper-Berbice. He could often be found in that boathouse, a small lean-to with palm leaves where a few pirogues lay. The brethren trusted he would not run away. Besides, where was he supposed to go? If he so much as took a little trip without a letter of permission, he would be arrested at the first plantation he came to in the area—Mattare for instance—and be shot to death, or at the very least severely mistreated. He at his ripe old age! What was he supposed to be looking for? Freedom? Not with those runaway Maroons, who would consider this old slow-goat a burden on their perpetual flight! Or he would end up in the hands of Indians, who swarmed all around with their treacherous camps, not to mention their poisonous arrows. There was hardly a single African who could get along with these Indians. He was sure they had been trained by the white master (their gods and spirits bribed) to see the African as a forest beast that must be caught—an ingenious method of that whiteman to keep the Indians from his door—and the Indian could then pocket his rewards. Esthello considered those first few Arawaks, who let themselves be christened, stupid, almost pathetic. That they were prepared [End Page 689] to cultivate subsistance plots with cassava! And corn! And pineapple! And other vegetables, fruits like papaya! And, of course, especially potatoes! That they stuck their paws out for the white masters to breed fish in ponds in remote swamp areas! That they hunted forest swine and apes, yes, and in lean times even snakes and tigers! Just how old Esthello was, no one knew. No doubt he was one of the oldest in the colony and for sure in the settlement known as Pilgerhuth. Look at him sitting there, picking the sand fleas out of his toes with the needle from an awara tree! His tattered coat draped over his body. His straw hat, perched on his head, ripped completely open at the top. For such an old man he had a lot of hair, coarse and thick, bristling and bulging through the hole in the hat. No amulets on his arms. He was not allowed to wear them. For that was idolatrous, said the brethren. On his chest, above his black-buttoned belly—a navel as a kind of dry prune—there were many marks, scars. He was an old Yoruba, born in the land of the black buffalo. By that he meant Africa. According to his beliefs, just before the creation of a human being, three days before the mother’s womb is fertilized, an animal is impregnated. Esthello himself had originated in the horned head of...

Status of the Black Buffalo, Ictiobus niger, in Canada

In this era of fiscal conservatism scholars, practitioners, and government officials debate the efficacy of Federal Government policies regarding Afro-Americans. Some contend that the policies of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society resulted in billions of dollars being spent on entitlement programs with limited societal benefits. These critics argue that expenditures on such programs have not eliminated nor substantially reduced the high rates of black unemployment, adolescent pregnancy, or the number of high school graduates who are poorly prepared to succeed in an advanced technological society. 1 Whether blacks are entitled to such federal assistance, considering the high percentage of their incomes paid in taxes or uncollected social security benefits, is not at issue here.2 What is at issue is what the black community has done or can do in self-help efforts to advance the race, with or without governmental benefits. An examination of community educational activities in Buffalo, New York, around the turn of the century shows us ways in which we can draw upon the past experiences of blacks to improve educational opportunities and simultaneously highlights the limitations that are inherent in such programs. Acquiring an education has been a crucial component in the