Bite Distance Research Articles

Investigating trade-offs made by American football linebackers using tracking data

Abstract In recent years, the game of football has made a shift towards being more quantitative. With the advent of charting and tracking data, player evaluation is able to be studied from several different angles. In this paper, we build and refine two novel metrics: Bite Distance Under Expected (BDUE) and Ground Covered Over Expected (GCOE) for the evaluation of linebackers in the National Football League (NFL). Here, we show that these metrics are heavily correlated with each other, which demonstrates the trade-off linebackers have to make between being aggressive against the run and being effective when the opposing offense is using play-action. We also show that these metrics are more stable than those in the public space. Finally, we show how these metrics measure deception by opposing offenses.

Stimuli-Induced Reversible Transformation between Decanuclear and Pentanuclear Gold(I) Sulfido Complexes.

Decanuclear and pentanuclear gold(I) sulfido complexes of phenanthrene- and dibenzothiophene-based diphosphine ligands were synthesized and characterized. Unprecedented stimuli-induced reversible transformation between decanuclear and pentanuclear gold(I) sulfido complexes was observed, which could be readily monitored by NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy in solution. Remarkably, the decanuclear gold(I) sulfido complex (Au10-LPh) was found to show a highly reversible transformation process, which is stable for over 10 successive cycles in solution. The stimuli-induced reversible transformation behavior of the gold(I) sulfido complexes was found to depend on the P-P bite distance of the bidentate phosphine ligands.

Substituent-Mediated Transformation of Polynuclear Gold(I)-Sulfido Complexes—From Pentanuclear to Octadecanuclear Cluster-to-Cluster Transformation

Substituent-Mediated Transformation of Polynuclear Gold(I)-Sulfido Complexes—From Pentanuclear to Octadecanuclear Cluster-to-Cluster Transformation

Structural, electronic and magnetic properties of copper(I) cubic clusters

We report the molecular and electronic structure, and the calculated electronic excitation energies, using the time dependent density functional methodologies (TD-DFT), and the induced magnetic field (Bi) of a series of Cu(I) dithiolato and diselenolato species of formula [Cu8(L)6]. They are composed by eight copper atoms forming a Cu8 cube and six bidentate ligands (L), where twelve chalcogen atoms (Q) bridging the edges of the copper cube, in such a way that chalcogen atoms describe an icosahedron, enclosing a cubic [Cu8(μ-Q12)]4− core of Th symmetry. The Q…Q bite distance is similar in all clusters, without being influenced by the Cu-Cu distance, suggesting the existence of metallophilic interactions that stabilize the cluster structure. Despite of the structural similarities, the electronic structure of these clusters present some differences which are magnified on their optical properties. Excitation energies and their composition depend on the nature of each different ligand in these clusters, according to CTλ(M) index to determine the ligand to metal (LM) or metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character of each calculated electronic transition. The magnetic properties calculations show the importance to separate the magnetic response into their individual components (Bi with i = x, y, z, iso), and diamagnetic and paramagnetic contributions to understand the differences according to the type of ligand on the cluster structure.

Enhancement of Giant Rashba Splitting in BiTeI under Asymmetric Interlayer Interaction

We carry out density functional theory calculation to enhance the Rashba spin splitting (RSS) of BiTeI by modifying the interlayer interaction. It is shown that RSS increases as the Te layer approaches to adjacent Bi layer or the I layer recedes from the Bi layer. Our results indicate that the RSS can be sensitively increased by introducing a vacancy on the Te site to make effective Bi-Te distance shorter. It is also found that the difference of Te p orbital character between two spin-split bands increases when the RSS is developed along crystal momentum, which supports asymmetric interlayer interaction in the spin-split bands. Our work suggests that the modification of interlayer interaction is an effective approach in the modeling of the RSS in BiTeI and other layered materials.

Effect of bite distance of an epitendinous suture from the repair site on the tensile strength of canine tendon constructs.

To evaluate effects of bite distance of an interlocking horizontal mattress epitendinous suture (IHMES) from the repair site on tensile strength of canine tendon repairs. 72 canine cadaveric superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs). Transverse tenotomy was performed, and SDFTs were repaired with a locking-loop construct (LL construct) or 3 LL constructs with IHMES suture bites placed 5 (LL + 5ES construct), 10 (LL + 10ES construct), or 15 (LL + 15ES construct) mm from the transection site (18 SDFTs/group). Constructs were loaded to failure. Load at 1- and 3-mm gapping, yield force, failure load, and failure mode were evaluated. Mean ± SD yield force and failure load for LL constructs were significantly lower than for IHMES constructs. Load at 1- and 3-mm gapping was significantly higher for IHMES constructs. Increasing the bite distance significantly increased construct strength (134.4 ± 26.1 N, 151.0 ± 16.8 N, and 182.1 ± 23.6 N for LL + 5ES, LL + 10ES, and LL + 15ES constructs, respectively), compared with strength for the LL construct. Failure mode differed significantly among constructs when an IHMES was used. Addition of an IHMES to an LL construct led to increased ultimate tensile strength by 2.5 times and significantly reduced gap formation. Increasing the IHMES bite distance increased yield force by 2.1, 2.3, and 2.7 times for bites placed 5, 10, and 15 mm from the tenotomy, respectively. Positioning an IHMES at a greater distance from the repair site provided superior biomechanical strength for tendon repairs in dogs.

A Gold Quartet Framework with Reversible Anisotropic Structural Transformation Accompanied by Luminescence Response

Summary Hierarchy and chirality are the fundamental characteristics of biomolecules. Chemistry on hierarchical self-assembly and spontaneous symmetry breaking helps to uncover the mechanism of living activities and the origin of chirality in nature. Herein, we describe a chiral gold quartet framework (GQF) with C4-symmetric structure hierarchically aggregated from an achiral anionic [Au10(dpptrz)4S4]2− (dpptrz-Au10), which was acquired via click-reaction-induced and Au(I)⋅⋅⋅Au(I)-interaction-directed cluster-to-cluster transformation (CCT) from the rationally designed [(dppa)6Au18S8]2+ (dppa-Au18). Inter-cluster hydrogen bonding and alkali ion coordination were observed to assist the hierarchical self-assembly and chiral self-organization of the GQF. Upon exposing the crystal to vacuum, the bottom-up constructed GQF showed an anisotropic structural transformation accompanied by a visual luminescence change in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) manner that became reversible upon removal of vacuum. This research largely advances the potential of polynuclear gold(I)-sulfido clusters in hierarchical self-assembly and luminescent materials.

The primary factor for suture configuration at rotator cuff repair: Width of mattress or distance from tear edge

ObjectivesThe aims of this study was first to investigate whether the bite size or the bite distance from the tear edge is of primary importance in mattress suture configuration for rotator cuff repair. Secondly, whether the use of a 450 left side bent Arthro-Pierce™ (Smith & Nephew, Andover, USA) during suture passage can be more effective on the strength of the configuration compared to a straight Arthro-Pierce™. Materials and methodsTwenty-eight bovine infraspinatus muscle tendons were randomized into four groups. Group 1; 5 mm wide ‘bite size’ × 15 mm length ‘distance from the tear edge's mattress’; Group 2: 7.5 mm × 10 mm; Group 3: 15 mm × 5 mm ‘using straight Arthro-Pierce™’ and Group 4: 5 mm × 15 mm using left sided 450 bent Arthro-Pierce™. The repair specimens underwent cyclic loading prior to loading the failure testing. Cyclic elongation (mm), peak-to-peak displacement (mm), ultimate load (N), stiffness (N/mm) and failure mode were recorded for each specimen. ResultsThe mean ultimate load in Group 1 was higher compared to group 3. The peak to peak displacement was higher in Group 4 compared to Group 1 (p < 0.05). The predominant failure mode in Groups 1, 2 and 4 was suture rupture. The Group 3 most specimens failed due to suture cut through the tendon. ConclusionBite size from the edge of the tendon seems to be more important than the width of the mattress. The curve of the suture passing device may also have an effect on the strength of the suture tendon interface.

Optical Glass Substrates Forming Processes Using Pulsed UltravioletLaser Micromilling Technology

Glass exhibits excellent optical transmittance in the visible spectrum (400–700 nm). Therefore, it is widely used in optical systems such as laser projection and light delivering. In this study, an ultraviolet laser system was combined with a high-speed galvanometric scanner unit to mill optical glass materials. First, a numerical simulation approach was used to evaluate the effect of the bite distance of milling. After the laser milling of optical glass materials (sodalime and B270 glass), the surface morphology, surface roughness, and cross-section quality were analyzed using a three-dimensional confocal laser scanning microscope to evaluate the effects of milling parameters on optical glass materials.

Determination of the local structure of CsBi4-xPbxTe6 (x = 0, 0.5) by X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

We have studied the local structure and valence electronic unoccupied states of thermoelectric CsBi4Te6 and superconducting CsBi3.5Pb0.5Te6 (Tc ∼ 3 K) by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements. The Bi-L3 edge EXAFS reveals wide Bi-Te distance distribution for both compounds indicating complex atomic arrangements in the studied system. The mean square relative displacements (MSRDs) of the Bi-Te bond distances appear largely increased in Pb substituted system due to larger overall local disorder, however, one of the Bi-Te bonds shows a reduced disorder. On the other hand, the Bi-L3 edge XANES is hardly affected by Pb substitution while the Te-L1 edge XANES reveals increased density of unoccupied Te 5p states. This suggests that the carriers introduced by the Pb substitution in CsBi4-xPbxTe6 preferentially goes on Te sites. Similarly, the Cs-L3 edge XANES also shows small changes due to Pb-substitution and reduced local disorder indicated by the reduced width of the Cs-L3 edge white line. We have also shown that the X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on various electronic core levels are in a qualitative agreement with the XANES results. These findings are consistent with carrier doping and a reduced disorder in one direction to be likely factors to drive the thermoelectric CsBi4Te6 into a bulk superconductor by Pb-substitution in CsBi4-xPbxTe6.

Synthesis and structures of ruthenium di- and tricarbonyl complexes derived from 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one.

Carbon monoxide (CO) has recently been shown to impart beneficial effects in mammalian physiology and considerable research attention is now being directed toward metal-carbonyl complexes as a means of delivering CO to biological targets. Two ruthenium carbonyl complexes, namely trans-dicarbonyldichlorido(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-κ(2)N,N')ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(C11H6N2O)(CO)2], (1), and fac-tricarbonyldichlorido(4,5-diazafluoren-9-one-κN)ruthenium(II), [RuCl2(C11H6N2O)(CO)3], (2), have been isolated and structurally characterized. In the case of complex (1), the trans-directing effect of the CO ligands allows bidentate coordination of the 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo) ligand despite a larger bite distance between the N-donor atoms. In complex (2), the cis disposition of two chloride ligands restricts the ability of the dafo molecule to bind ruthenium in a bidentate fashion. Both complexes exhibit well defined (1)H NMR spectra confirming the diamagnetic ground state of Ru(II) and display a strong absorption band around 300 nm in the UV.

Formation of R44(8)$R_4^4(8)$ ring in chloride salts of 8-hydroxyquinolinium derivatives: synthesis, structural, and theoretical studies

Abstract The molecular structures of chloride salts of 2- and 5-substituted derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline, Me–H2Q+·Cl– ([C10H10NO]Cl) and Cl–H2Q+·Cl– ([C9H7ClNO]+·Cl–), were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods; the latter is a new polymorph. In the crystal structures of these salts, several intra- and inter-molecular interactions result in a step-shaped centrosymmetric R 4 4 ( 8 ) $R_4^4(8)$ ring. Unlike most quinolinium salts, there was no solvent present in these structures. Protonation of the quinoline N atom had an effect on the N···O bite distances and C–N–C angle and greater conjugation of the benzene ring with a hydroxyl group was also observed. π–π Interactions between each pair of quinolinium rings were observed in Me–H2Q+·Cl– but not in Cl–H2Q+·Cl–. In addition, the quantum chemical calculations were performed on the new structures as well as similar compounds for comparison. The optimized structures were compared with the experimental observations for the effect of protonation and of hydrogen bonding interactions.

An easy way to facilitate manipulation of veins during coupler device usage

Venous thrombosis is the primary reason for flap loss and classical venous anastomoses are hand-sewn under an operating microscope. Technical errors may result in damage at the anastomosis due to an inadequate eversion of the vessel walls, the introduction of unequal bite distances or endothelial injury at the suture sites, causing increased thrombotic potential. Since the introduction of microvascular free-tissue transfer, surgical technique modifications and new devices have become highly sought after as a means for improving overall outcome. Vessel couplers are one such device, with pins and coupling rings providing an alternative to traditional hand-sewn anastomoses. In this article, we describe a technique that we used to decrease vessel wall handling and minimize trauma, which involves dividing the vessel into three leaflets and then excising the excess vessel wall.

J022023 指屈筋腱縫合術における補助縫合方法の検討

In performing the flexor tendon repair, peripheral suture is essential to improve the sufficient strength and to accomplish the early active mobilization of repaired flexor tendons. It has been reported the interlocking cross-stitch peripheral suture is increased the strength. The purpose of this study was to evaluate about various interlocking cross-stitch peripheral suture under cyclic loading conditions. Artificial rolls, Parotisrolls^<TM> were used as the experimental model in this study. We sutured the end of the two artificial rolls using a combination of peripheral sutures. All pairs of the artificial roll tendon model were sutured using only peripheral sutures with 6-0 Polypropylene. The suture bites were placed 2mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm and 12mm away from the end of the roll. Each bite was approximately 1mm in depth and the size of transverse segments of each cross-stitch suture was 4mm. An initial cyclic load of 10 N for 500 cycles was applied and increased by 5 N for an additional 500 cycles at each new load until rupture. In result, the interlocking cross-stitch peripheral suture that the suture bite distance is long, improved the strength of the specimen. However, in the face of realization of smooth motion after flexor tendon repair, suture bite of 8mm or more is unrealistic. Therefore, it was considered to be valid suture bite of 8mm from 5mm.

Preparation of cobalt sandwich diphosphine ligand [( η5-C 5H 4iPr)Co( η4-C 4(PPh 2) 2Ph 2)] and its chelated palladium complex: Application of diphosphine ligand in the preparation of mono-substituted ferrocenylarenes

The reaction of ( η 5-C 5H 4 i Pr)Co(PPh 3) 2 with PhC CPPh 2 furnished two isomeric cyclobutadiene-substituted Cp′CoCb diphosphines, [( η 5-C 5H 4 i Pr)Co( η 4-1,2-(PPh 2) 2C 4Ph 2)] ( 5-cis) and [( η 5-C 5H 4 i Pr)Co( η 4-1,3-(PPh 2) 2C 4Ph 2)] ( 5-trans). Further reaction of 5-cis with one molar equivalent of Pd(COD)Cl 2 gave palladium complex [( η 5-C 5H 4 i Pr)Co( η 4-1,2-(PPh 2) 2C 4Ph 2)-PdCl 2] ( 6) in good yield. Both of the molecular structures of 5-cis and 6 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Unexpectedly, the palladium complex 6 was found to be more efficient than the combination of the commonly used Buchwald’s ligand, biphenyl-2-yl-di-tert-butyl-phosphane, with Pd(OAc) 2 as the catalytic precursor in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between ferroceneboronic acid and 4-bromoaldehyde. The X-ray structural analysis and DFT study of several palladium complexes containing sandwich-type diphosphine chelating ligands revealed that the variations in bite angles are much larger than those in bite distances. The more energetically favorable conformation in the Pd(II) complexes is the one with bite angle close to 90°.

Characterization of Two Distinct Adducts in the Reaction of a Nonheme Diiron(II) Complex with O2

Two [Fe(II)(2)(N-EtHPTB)(mu-O(2)X)](2+) complexes, where N-EtHPTB is the anion of N,N,N'N'-tetrakis(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane and O(2)X is O(2)PPh(2) (1 x O(2)PPh(2)) or O(2)AsMe(2) (1 x O(2)AsMe(2)), have been synthesized. Their crystal structures both show interiron distances of 3.54 A that arise from a (mu-alkoxo)diiron(II) core supported by an O(2)X bridge. These diiron(II) complexes react with O(2) at low temperatures in MeCN (-40 degrees C) and CH(2)Cl(2) (-60 degrees C) to form long-lived O(2) adducts that are best described as (mu-eta(1):eta(1)-peroxo)diiron(III) species (2 x O(2)X) with nu(O-O) approximately 850 cm(-1). Upon warming to -30 degrees C, 2 x O(2)PPh(2) converts irreversibly to a second (mu-eta(1):eta(1)-peroxo)diiron(III) intermediate (3 x O(2)PPh(2)) with nu(O-O) approximately 900 cm(-1), a value which matches that reported for [Fe(2)(N-EtHPTB)(O(2))(O(2)CPh)](2+) (3 x O(2)CPh) (Dong et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 1851-1859). Mossbauer spectra of 2 x O(2)PPh(2) and 3 x O(2)PPh(2) indicate that the iron centers within each species are antiferromagnetically coupled with J approximately 60 cm(-1), while extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis reveals interiron distances of 3.25 and 3.47 A for 2 x O(2)PPh(2) and 3 x O(2)PPh(2), respectively. A similarly short interiron distance (3.27 A) is found for 2 x O(2)AsMe(2). The shorter interiron distance associated with 2 x O(2)PPh(2) and 2 x O(2)AsMe(2) is proposed to derive from a triply bridged diiron(III) species with alkoxo (from N-EtHPTB), 1,2-peroxo, and 1,3-O(2)X bridges, while the longer distance associated with 3 x O(2)PPh(2) results from the shift of the O(2)PPh(2) bridge to a terminal position on one iron. The differences in nu(O-O) are also consistent with the different interiron distances. It is suggested that the O...O bite distance of the O(2)X moiety affects the thermal stability of 2 x O(2)X, with the O(2)X having the largest bite distance (O(2)AsMe(2)) favoring the 2 x O(2)X adduct and the O(2)X having the smallest bite distance (O(2)CPh) favoring the 3 x O(2)X adduct. Interestingly, neither 3 x O(2)AsMe(2) nor the benzoate analog of 2 x O(2)X (2 x O(2)Bz) are observed.

Synthesis, structure and DNA binding studies of a mononuclear cobalt(III) complex with a NNO donor Schiff base derived from 4-methyl-2,6-dibenzoylphenol and ethane-1,2-diamine

The mononuclear cationic cobalt(III) complex 1 [Co(L) 2] + [where HL is H 2N(CH 2) 2NC(Ph)C 6H 2(Me)(OH)COPh] has been obtained by the condensation of 4-methyl-2,6-dibenzoylphenol and ethane-1,2-diamine in the presence of CoCl 2 · 6H 2O and isolated as the chloride solvate { 1 · Cl · 2H 2O · EtOH}. The water and ethanol do not form part of the cobalt(III) pseudo-octahedral [Co(L) 2] + coordination sphere, which is cis-CoN 4O 2 with the NNO-ligands mer. Compound 1 has been characterised by mass spectrometry, IR, electronic, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, conductivity measurements, elemental analysis, TGA, cyclic voltammetry and an X-ray structural determination. The average Co–N and Co–O distances are, respectively, 1.929(4) and 1.882(3) Å. The N⋯N intraligand bite distance is 2.73(4) Å and the N–Co–N and O–Co–O angles are, respectively, 86.2(15)° and 93.3(13)°. Cyclic voltammetric studies of complex 1 indicate an irreversible cathodic peak ( E pc, ca. −0.61 V) corresponding to the reduction of cobalt(III) to cobalt(II). Absorption titration experiments gave a binding constant for DNA interaction of 1.4 × 10 4 M −1 and a binding site size 0.16 base pairs.

Organically Modified Aluminum Phosphates: Synthesis and Characterization of Model Compounds Containing Diphenyl Phosphate Ligands

Reactions of diphenylphosphoric acid (DPPA) with AlMe3, AlEt3, Al(tBu)3, and boehmite have been studied. The reaction with Al(tBu)3 yields the molecular complex ([(tBu)2AlO2P(OPh)2]2) (1), which in the solid state exists as a centrosymmetric dimer consisting of two four-coordinate Al centers linked by diphenyl phosphate (DPP) bridges. The ligand bite distance Al···Al in 1 is equal to 4.75 A. Reactions with AlMe3 or AlEt3 lead to polymeric aluminum organophosphates ({Al[O2P(OC6H5)2]3}n) (2). These polymers were characterized by elemental analysis, in addition to XRD, TGA, FT-IR, SEM, and MAS NMR techniques. The results of MAS NMR and FT-IR studies have shown that Al(OP)6 units are the basic chain building blocks that produce condensed structures. The same type of Al environment was observed in aluminophosphate phase found in the products of the reaction with boehmite. This phase reveals a fibrous structure attributed to the close-packed hexagonal columnar structure consisting of polymeric chains of catena-...

A Versatile Bis‐Porphyrin Tweezer Host for the Assembly of Noncovalent Photoactive Architectures: A Photophysical Characterization of the Tweezers and Their Association with Porphyrins and Other Guests

A bis(Zn(II)-porphyrin) tweezer host with anthracene components as apex and side-arms has been synthesized. Mono- (pyridine) and bidentate (4,4'-bipyridine) guests were used as models for single and double axial coordination inside the cavity, respectively. A series of dipyridylporphyrin guests with different substitution patterns and excited-state energy levels have association constants with the tweezers that are of the order of 10(6) M(-1), which is indicative of complexation with the inside of the cavity. This complexation can only occur upon an important distortion of the cavity that opens the bite by about 30 %. This characteristic, in conjunction with their ability to reduce the bite distance by rotation around single bonds, makes these porphyrin tweezers amongst the most versatile so far reported, with tuning of the bite distance in the range of approximately 5-20 Angstroms. Energy transfer to the free-base guest within the triporphyrin complex is nearly quantitative (95-98 %) and the rates of transfer are consistent with a Förster mechanism that is characterized by a reduced orientation factor.

The Zn2+ salt of pamidronate: a role for water in the metal-cation binding properties of bisphosphonates.

Pamidronate (3-ammonium-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate) is used clinically in the treatment of diseases affecting bone tissue. In the salt zinc pamidronate dihydrate, Zn(2+).2C(3)H(10)NO(7)P(2)(-).2H(2)O, pamidronate is a zwitterion with an overall charge of -1. The carbon chain adopts a trans conformation, separating maximally the positively charged N atom from the negative phosphonate groups. The Zn(2+) ion lies on an inversion center and is surrounded by a sixfold coordination sphere provided by two bidentate chelating zwitterions and two water molecules. The bidentate O.Zn.O bond angle is 92.70 (7) degrees, while the O.O bite distance is 3.018 (3) A.