Bit Error Rate Analysis Research Articles

Semi-Analytical Approach for Analysis of BER in Conventional and Staggered Bit Patterned Media

We present a semi-analytical approach for the analysis of synchronization in bit patterned media (BPM) recording. The analysis is based on full numerical micromagnetic calculations of the reversal surfaces of separate BPM element. These reversal surfaces are used to define writing window zones for correct recording in BPM element arrays. The simulations show that staged media lead to improved performance and larger writing window zones (WWZs). The presented model and results are important for estimating BPM designs in terms of density, bit-error rates (BERs), and performance.

Error probability analysis of FFH/MFSK receivers over frequency-selective Rician-fading channels with partial-band-noise jamming

An optimum maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver structure for a fast frequency-hopped M-ary frequency-shift keying system over frequency-selective Rician-fading channels against partial-band-noise jamming and additive white Gaussian noise is proposed. In addition, we propose two suboptimum ML receivers and derive their corresponding analytical bit-error rate expressions.

An opportunistic cooperation scheme and its BER analysis

The cooperative communication technology proposed in recent years enables network nodes to share their antennas to achieve diversity gain. In this paper, an efficient variation scheme on opportunistic cooperation is proposed by using an outage criterion, in which the cooperation mode will be adopted only when the channel from source to relay does not occur outage event. We derive a closed-form BER (bit error rate) expression for the proposed scheme over Rayleigh fading channels, showing that the full diversity is achieved by the new scheme. Also, the BER performance of the known coded cooperation is presented for the purpose of comparison with our scheme. Numerical results illustrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over the coded cooperation in terms of BER performance. It is pointed out that the corresponding BER advantage of the proposed scheme comes at the expense of increasing system overhead since the new scheme needs some feedback from relay to both source and destination.

Impact of WiMAX interference on MB-OFDM UWB systems: analysis and mitigation

This paper presents an analysis of the performance of the multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) system for ultra wideband (UWB) communication in the presence of interference from IEEE 802.16 WiMAX systems operating in the 3.5 GHz band. We present an exact analysis of the uncoded bit error rate (BER) of the MB-OFDM system, based on Laplace transform techniques. We also present a simple Gaussian approximation for the WiMAX interference, and establish its relative accuracy and usefulness by means of comparison with the exact analysis and simulations. Such a Gaussian approximation is especially useful for simplified performance analysis, as well as for the design of interference mitigation techniques. Motivated by the Gaussian approximation, we propose a simple two-stage interference mitigation technique for coded MB-OFDM transmissions, consisting of interference spectrum estimation during silent periods followed by appropriate bit metric weighting during Viterbi decoding. We compare parametric and non-parametric spectrum estimation techniques for various scenarios of interest. In the presence of WiMAX interference, the two-stage interference mitigation provides substantial gains in performance in return for modest increases in complexity and without requiring any modifications to the MB-OFDM transmitter or signal structure.

Bit error rates for ultrafast APD based optical receivers: exact and large deviation based asymptotic approaches

Exact analysis as well as asymptotic analysis, based on large-deviation theory (LDT), are developed to compute the bit-error rate (BER) for ultrafast avalanche-photodiode (APD) based optical receivers assuming on-off keying and direct detection. The effects of intersymbol interference (ISI), resulting from the APD's stochastic avalanche buildup time, as well as the APD's dead space are both included in the analysis. ISI becomes a limiting factor as the transmission rate approaches the detector's bandwidth, in which case the bit duration becomes comparable to APD's avalanche buildup time. Further, the effect of dead space becomes significant in high-speed APDs that employ thin avalanche multiplication regions. While the exact BER analysis at the generality considered here has not been reported heretofore, the asymptotic analysis is a major generalization of that developed by Letaief and Sadowsky [IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 38, 1992], in which the LDT was used to estimate the BER assuming APDs with an instantaneous response (negligible avalanche buildup time) and no dead space. These results are compared with those obtained using the common Gaussian approximation approach showing the inadequacy of the Guassian approximation when ISI noise has strong presence.

A statistical model for indoor office wireless sensor channels

Sensor networks and ad-hoc networks, where nodes inter-communicate without fixed infrastructure, have recently attracted interest due to potential use in industrial, environmental, and safety-related applications. The fading statistics of the propagation channels between sensor nodes are essential to determine the possible data rate, outage, and latency of sensor networks. This paper presents (to the best of our knowledge) the first in-depth analysis, based on measurements, of the propagation channels between typical sensor node locations in office environments. We find that the amplitude fading distribution can be characterized as Ricean. The Rice factor is analyzed as a function of distance and it is determined that it is not a monotonically decreasing function. Even in pure line-of-sight situations, Rice factors show a random behavior and are on the order of 10 or less. We propose models for the small- and large-scale fading correlation. A simulation model based on our analysis is also provided. Our results have relevance for the analysis of bit error rates and diversity order in clustered sensor networks.

Exact BER analysis of distributed alamouti's code for cooperative diversity networks

We analyze the bit-error rate (BER) performance of the distributed Alamouti's code for cooperative diversity networks consisting of a source, two relays and a destination node over Rayleigh fading channels. It is assumed that the relays adopt the amplify-and-forward protocol. Firstly, assuming the existence of the direct path component from the source to the destination, we derive the exact BER expression in a one-integral form for M-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and M-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations. We also present a series expansion of a very accurate BER approximation, which does not require any numerical calculation, and we prove this series is convergent. Secondly, considering the system where the direct path component does not exist, we obtain the exact BER expression in a one-integral form and a series expansion of the exact BER expression. Numerical results confirm that the two exact BER expressions in a one-integral form perfectly match the simulation results and the two series expressions of BER are very accurate, even with a small truncation window.

Average BER analysis for binary signallings in decode-and-forward dissimilar cooperative diversity networks

In this letter, the average bit-error rate (BER) performance is analyzed for uncoded decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative diversity networks. We consider two typical networks: a single-relay cooperative network with the direct source destination link and a two-relay cooperative network with the direct source-destination link, under dissimilar network settings, i.e., the fading channels of different relay branches may have different variances. We first derive a closed-form approximate average BER expression of binary signallings including noncoherent binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), coherent BFSK, and coherent binary phase shift keying (BPSK), for the single relay network. We then generalize our analysis to the two-relay network, and a closed-form approximate average BER expression for binary signallings is derived. We also show that our BER expressions can be considered as generalizations of previously reported results in the literature. Throughout our analysis, only one approximation, so-called the piecewise-linear approximation, is made. Simulation results are in excellent agreement with the theoretical analysis, which validates our proposed BER expressions.

Ultra wideband technologies coexistence in Nakagami- m fading channels

The wide spectrum of ultra wideband (UWB) communications makes it inevitable to consider strategies for avoiding and mitigating interference from narrowband wireless systems such as GPS, UMTS, and WLAN, or other UWB wireless technologies. In this paper, we provide a performance analysis of multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) UWB in the presence of binary phase-shift keying time-hopping (BPSK-TH) UWB or BPSK-DS UWB interfering transmissions under Nakagami-m fading. In the bit-error rate (BER) analysis, several UWB interferers are considered to affect the MB-OFDM signal. A Gaussian approximation is considered for the UWB interferers and used in the analysis of the BER performance of the MB-OFDM UWB system. The Nakagami-m distribution is applied to characterise the amplitude of the fading channels for both the reference signal and the interference signals. Furthermore, a waveforming technique is considered for mitigating the effect of interference and its efficiency is illustrated in terms of BER improvement. Numerical and simulation results are provided and compared for different coexistence scenarios.

Using Log Likelihood Relation for BER Analysis of QAM in Space Diversity

The bit error rate (BER) performance for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with different diversity combining scheme is derived for Rayleigh fading channel using Log-likelihood ratio (LLR). In this paper, four diversity combining techniques such as, Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC), Selection Combiner (SC), Equal Gain Combiner (EGC), and Switching Combiner (SCC) are considered for the BER analysis of QAM symbol through a Raykeigh fading channel. The average BER performance of QAM symbol through a flat fading channel is derived from the individual bits forming the QAM symbol with MRC, SC, EGC, and SCC space diversity. The analytical and simulated result of the BER performance of the QAM symbol through the same channel with MRC, SC, EGC, and SCC diversity combiner is shown and compared to each other to find which combiner provides better BER performance. . The both analytical and simulation result shows that the probability of bit error decreases with the order of diversity for all the cases of MRC, SC, EGC, and SCC. It is also seen from the results that MRC provides better BER performance than the other combiners (such as SC, EGC, and SCC). It is observed from the results that LLR-space diversity based formulation gives the best BER performance among all.

Exact BER Analysis of Differential Chaos Shift Keying Communication System in Fading Channels

An exact method is employed to analyze the bit error rate (BER) performances of differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) communication system over fading channels. The exact BER performances of DCSK in Nakagami-m Rayleigh and Rician fading channels are derived, respectively. The Gaussian approximation (GA) method is compared with the exact method. The numerical results and simulation results for the two methods are presented and are compared in the fading channels, respectively. These results support our theoretical analysis.

Performance Analysis of Binned Orthogonal/Bi-Orthogonal Block Code as Dirty-Paper Code for Digital Watermarking Application

A binned dirty-paper code (DPC) divides a set of codewords into a number of bins. The codeword in the bin that has the maximum correlation with the side information is selected as the transmitted dirty-paper codeword. This letter derives and verifies the analytical bit-error rate (BER) expression of binned orthogonal block code used as DPC in watermarking applications. The BER trends of such orthogonal DPC under constant code length or constant code rate constrains are analyzed. Finally, we propose a new class of DPC based on binned bi-orthogonal codes and demonstrate its BER performance gain over orthogonal DPC.

Theoretical Analysis of Bit Error Rate for Satellite Communications in Ka-Band Under Atmospheric Turbulence Given by Kolmogorov Model

We study the influence of atmospheric turbulence on satellite communications by the theoretical analysis of propagation characteristics of electromagnetic waves through inhomogeneous random media. The analysis is done by using the moment of wave fields given on the basis of a multiple scattering method. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) using the average received intensity or power for the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite communications in Ka-band at low elevation angles under atmospheric turbulence whose statistical characteristics are given by the Kolmogorov model. From the analysis, the degradation in BER for the uplink is found to be caused by the decrease in the average received intensity due to spot dancing and wave form distortion of wave beams; on the other hand, for the downlink, the degradation in BER is caused by the decrease in the spatial coherence of received waves.

${\hbox {Er}}^{3+}-{\hbox {Tm}}^{3+}$-Codoped Tellurite Fiber Amplifiers for WDM Systems: A Theoretical Analysis of BER and Bandwidth

WDM systems cascaded by Er <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> -Tm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3+</sup> -codoped tellurite fiber amplifiers pumped by 800- and 980-nm lasers are analyzed for the first time in this paper. We use an amplifier model based on propagation and population-rate equations that are solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta algorithm and Newton's iterative method. In addition to analyzing the performance of the 800-nm pump, we also study the performance improvement after adding a new pump of 980 nm. With this new 980-nm pump, channels in the 1420-1620-nm wavelength region can reach a bit error rate (BER) less than 1times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> , with a transmission distance of 400 km.

PERFORMANCE OF MULTIBAND COMPLEX WAVELET BASED MULTICARRIER DS-CDMA SYSTEM WITH MULTI-ANTENNA RECEIVER OVER NAKAGAMI-m FADING CHANNEL

On the basis of analyzing the principle of multicarrier DS-CDMA, we propose a novel multiband complex wavelet based multicarrier DS-CDMA system in this paper by using the optimized multiband complex wavelet as multicarrier basis function. The system bit error rate (BER) performance is investigated over Nakagami- m fading channel. Without any cyclic preflx (CP), the proposed system can avoid the decrease of spectrum e-ciency and data rate of conventional multicarrier DS-CDMA with CP. Meanwhile, the space diversity combining (SDC) technique based on multi-antenna receiver is employed to improve the system performance further. By the mathematical derivation, the BER analysis of the system with or without SDC is given in detail. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed multicarrier system outperforms the conventional multicarrier DS-CDMA system and real wavelet packet based multicarrier DS-CDMA system due to the superior properties of the optimized multiband complex wavelet. Especially, the application of SDC technique can efiectively improve the system ability against spatial fading and interferences, and thus the superior performance is obtained.

Asymptotic BER analysis of threshold digital relaying schemes in cooperative wireless systems

Threshold relaying is an effective technique to achieve cooperative diversity in uncoded cooperative wireless networks, which suffer from error propagation due to detection errors at the relays. This paper analyzes the asymptotic end-to-end (e2e) bit error rate (BER) of threshold digital relaying. A three node network with a source, destination and relay and with links experiencing independent Rayleigh fading is considered. It is shown that, as the average link signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are increased simultaneously, the optimal threshold that minimizes the e2e BER increases as log(SNR). The resulting e2e BER decreases as log(SNR)/SNR2. Moreover, any threshold of the form log(cSNR), where c is a positive constant, achieves the same order of e2e BER as the one achieved by the optimal threshold and provides dual diversity. A value of c that performs very close to the optimal threshold is also proposed.

On the design, selection algorithm and performance analysis of limited feedback transmit beamforming

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems achieve significant diversity and array gains by using transmit beamforming. When complete channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitter, a common set of beamformers (codebook) is used by both the transmitter and the receiver. For each channel realization, the best beamformer is selected at the receiver and its index is sent back to the transmitter via a limited feedback channel. In this paper, a codebook design method using the genetic algorithm is proposed, which reduces the design complexity and achieves large minimum-distance codebooks. Exploiting the specific structure of these beamformers, an order and bound algorithm is proposed to reduce the beamformer selection complexity at the receiver side. The exact bit error rate (BER) of the optimal beamforming in finite-series expression is used to facilitate the BER analysis of limited feedback beamforming. By employing a geometrical approach, an approximate BER of limited feedback beamforming is derived when the codebook size is relatively large (high resolution analysis). The simulation results show that the approximate BER is comparatively tight even for small size codebooks.

Bit error rates for general beams

In order to analyze the effect of beam type on free space optical communication systems, bit error rate (BER) values versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are calculated for zero order and higher order general beam types, namely for Gaussian, cos-Gaussian, cosh-Gaussian, and annular beams. BER analysis is based on optical scintillation using log-normal distribution for the intensity, which is valid in weak atmospheric turbulence. BERs for these beams are plotted under variations of propagation length, source size, wavelength of operation, and order of the beam. According to our graphical outputs, at small source sizes and long propagation distances, the smallest BER value is obtained for the annular beam. On the other hand, at large source size and small propagation distance, the smallest BER value is obtained for the cos-Gaussian beam. Moreover, our study of the order of the beam shows that higher order beams have lower BER values than the zero order beams at longer propagation distances. But this drop compared with the order seems to be incremental.

Exact BER analysis for M-QAM modulation with transmit beamforming under channel prediction errors

Significant throughput improvements can be obtained in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels by merging beamforming at the transmitter and maximal ratio combining (MRC) at the receiver. In general, accurate channel state information (CSI) is required to achieve these performance gains. In this paper, we analyze the impact of channel prediction error on the bit error rate (BER) of combined beamforming and MRC in slow Rayleigh fading channels. Exact closed-form BER expressions are obtained in terms of elementary functions. Numerical results show that imperfect CSI causes little BER degradation using channel prediction of moderate complexity.

Closed-Form Exact BER and Optimization of Generalized Orthogonal STBCs

The closed-form exact bit error rate (BER) expressions of generalized orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBCs) are first derived for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK) constellations in spatially white Rayleigh multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels. Then this analysis is generalized to arbitrarily spatially correlated MIMO channels. Based on the BER analysis, the transmission power of the generalized OSTBCs is optimized such that the average BER is minimized. Furthermore, the optimum transmit power which maximizes the upper-bound of the capacity is derived in closed-form.