Bisphenol Research Articles

Bisphenol A leachate from polystyrene microplastics has species-specific impacts on scleractinian corals.

Plastic waste causes pervasive environmental contamination and can result in the release of harmful chemical leachates into marine ecosystems, especially as they fragment to smaller microplastics (<5 mm). The toxicity of commonly found polystyrene (PS) microplastics and associated bisphenol A (BPA) leachate to framework-building corals Pocillopora damicornis and Dipsastraea pallida was assessed through exposure experiments. Intermittent exposure over 14-days to 1) virgin PS, 2) preformulated PS with bound BPA (BPA-PS) and 3) leached BPA-PS (L-BPA-PS; simulating early stages of weathering) showed that microplastics void of leachable BPA had minimal effect on either coral species. However, BPA leachate had negative effects on the maximal photochemical yield (Fv/Fm) and tissue composition of P. damicornis fragments (e.g., decreased chlorophyll and protein compared to controls). Conversely, BPA leachate did not compromise tissues of D. pallida fragments. These results reveal that exposure to chemicals leaching out of microplastics can drive negative effects of microplastic exposure distinct from physical mechanisms due to ingestion alone, and that effects are species specific.

The Ascorbic Acid-Modified Fenton System for the Degradation of Bisphenol A: Kinetics, Parameters, and Mechanism

Bisphenol A (BPA) has been extensively used in the commercial production, especially the production of plastic products. It has endocrine-disrupting effects and poses potential risks to health, which is also related to the development of various diseases. Nevertheless, using conventional biological treatment techniques has proved challenging in fully breaking down this particular hazardous substance. The degradation ability of the target substance was explored by investigating the effect of an ascorbic acid (Vc)-modified Fenton-like system. The results showed that the degradation rate of the modified system reached 74.6% after 20 min, which was much higher than the 9.1% degradation rate without Vc. Under different ratios of Vc and Fe(III), when the ratios were 1:1 and 1/2:1, the reaction efficiency was the best, and the degradation rate exceeded 83%. When pH = 6.5 and the ratio of Vc to Fe(III) was 1:1, the optimal conditions were achieved, and 83.5% of the BPA could be degraded within 60 min. The results of the quenching experiment provided evidence that •OH was the main reactive oxidizing species (ROS). Analysis of the BPA degradation pathway and the product toxicity evaluation revealed a reduction in the acute/chronic toxicity of BPA from toxic/very toxic to non-harmful/harmful levels. The presented evidence demonstrates that Vc significantly enhances the performance of the modified Fenton-like system and has definite potential for application.

Occurrence, migration, and assessment of human health and ecological risks of PFASs and EDCs in groundwater of Northeast China

Northeast China as an important base of grain production in China, has been suffering from potential groundwater pollution due to the excessive and prolonged application of fertilizers and pesticides. However, exploration of emerging contaminants pollution in groundwater and assessment of human health and ecological risks caused by large-scale agricultural activities have been relatively scarce. This study collected groundwater samples from typical agricultural areas in Northeast China to investigate the extent of contamination by nitrate, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and then compared the levels of these pollutants with those in other regions of China. Groundwater nitrate pollution caused by strong agricultural activity is widespread in Northeast China, with nitrate-nitrogen (NO3N) concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L in as many as 40.3 % of 429 samples. 8 types of PFASs (3.7–7.1 ng/L) and 11 types of EDCs (18,114.0–62,029.8 ng/L) were detected in the collected groundwater samples. Using the Risk Quotient (RQ) method, this study assessed ecological risk and found that the risk level of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was higher than that of other PFASs. The groundwater EDCs risks in Northeast China was higher compared to other regions in China, with dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Bisphenol A (BPA) having high ecological risk levels. Nitrate, PFASs and EDCs have been detected in deep groundwater (70–100 m depth), indicating that the deeper aquifers could be significantly threatened by pollutants due to human activities. Fertilizers, pesticides, domestic wastewater, and industrial discharges are major sources of groundwater pollutants in the agricultural regions. Industrial-sourced EDCs were widely detected in groundwater of agricultural area, suggesting that the transport of these pollutants is very active in groundwater system. Groundwater monitoring and pollution prevention are extremely urgent, especially for emerging contaminants. This study can provide important warnings and water resource management references for other agricultural areas affected by intensively agricultural activities in the world.

Enhanced organic pollutant degradation in a two-dimensional Fe-doped crystalline carbon nitride membrane with near 100 % singlet oxygen generation through the Fe–O–N configuration

The singlet oxygen (1O2)-based nonradical AOP process, realized in carbon materials after nitrogen and metal doping, has drawn much attention in recent years. However, the exclusive generation of 1O2 in the specialized two-dimensional (2D) catalytic membranes and the associated contaminant degradation mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, a Fe-doped crystalline carbon nitride (Fe-CCN) material without additional nitrogen doping was developed to preferentially initiate 1O2-based nanoconfined oxidation of organic pollutants in the 2D Fe-CCN membrane/PMS system. Density functional theory calculation revealed that the Fe-O-N configuration formed after Fe doping altered the electronic structure of Fe centers, enhancing PMS adsorption and promoting the thermodynamically favorable generation of the –O* intermediate, leading to fast and highly selective 1O2 generation. EPR characterization and ROS quenching experiment also confirmed that the Fe-CCN activated PMS, generating nearly 100 % 1O2. The Fe-CCN membrane/PMS system exhibited excellent resistance to natural organic matter (NOM) interference and dramatically increased Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation kinetics, approximately 590 times faster than in conventional batch systems. Enhanced 1O2 exposure concentration within the Fe-CCN membrane nanochannels was supported by EPR data and 1O2 exposure simulations. Furthermore, The Fe-CCN membrane/PMS system showed wide pH tolerance, excellent pollutant degradation performance, and high stability. This work underscores the practical significance of 1O2-based oxidation reactions in membrane-confined AOPs for the rapid and efficient removal of organic contaminants from water.

Environmental triggers and future risk of developing autoimmune diseases: Molecular mechanism and network toxicology analysis of bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical compound in plastics and resins, widely exist in people's production and life which have great potential to damage human and animal health. It has been proved that BPA could affect human immune function and promote the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases (ADs). However, the mechanism and pathophysiology remain unknown. Therefore, this study aims to advance network toxicology strategies to efficiently investigate the putative toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of environmental pollutants, focusing on ADs induced by BPA exposure. Leveraging databases including ChEMBL, STITCH, SwissTargetPrediction, GeneCards, and OMIM, we identified potential targets associated with BPA exposure and ADs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subsequent refinement using STRING and Cytoscape software highlighted core targets respectively, and Metascape was utilized for enrichment analysis. Gene expression data from the GEO database revealed the upregulation or downregulation of these targets across these ADs. Molecular docking performed with Autodock confirmed robust binding between BPA and core targets, notably PPARG, CTNNB1, ESR1, EGFR, SRC, and CCND1. These findings suggest that BPA exposure may serve as an environmental trigger in the development of autoimmunity, underscoring potential environmental risk factors for the onset of autoimmune conditions.

Metabolic status is a key factor influencing proteomic changes in ewe granulosa cells induced by chronic BPS exposure

BackgroundBisphenol S (BPS) is the main substitute for bisphenol A (BPA), a well-known plasticiser and endocrine disruptor. BPS disrupts ovarian function in several species. Moreover, a few studies have reported that the effects of BPS might be modulated by the metabolic status, and none have characterised the granulosa cell (GC) proteome after chronic BPS exposure.ObjectivesThis study aimed to decipher the mechanisms of action of chronic BPS exposure on the proteome of ewe GCs while considering the interaction between a deliberate contrasted metabolism and reproductive function.MethodsForty ewes were split into two groups with contrasted diets: restricted (R, n = 20) and well-fed (WF, n = 20). The R and WF ewes were subdivided according to the dose of BPS administered through the diet (0–50 µg/kg/day), forming four groups: R0, R50, WF0 and WF50. After 3-month BPS daily exposure, GCs were recovered during the pre-ovulatory stage and proteins were analysed by nano-liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsChronic exposure to BPS affected the GC proteome differently according to the ewe metabolic status. Fifty-nine out of 958 quantified proteins were differentially abundant between groups and are mainly involved in carbohydrate and lipid pathways. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified four clusters of 34, 6, 5 and 14 proteins according to the BPS exposure and diet interaction. Pairwise comparisons between groups also revealed a strong effect of BPS exposure and diet interaction. Functional analysis of DAPs highlighted that BPS upregulated β-glucuronidase (GUSB; p = 0.002), a protein especially able to deconjugate bisphenol glucuronides (BP-g). Moreover, among unexposed ewes, GUSB was detected only in well-fed ewes.DiscussionConjugation of glucuronides inhibits the oestrogenic activity of bisphenols. Upregulation of GUSB in ewes dosed with BPS would prolong the oestrogenic effects of BPS by deconjugating BPS-g into free BPS. In addition, literature has reported an up-regulation of GUSB in people suffering from obesity. Therefore, people suffering from obesity could be subjected to prolonged and aggravated exposure to BPS. These data highlighted the deleterious effects of BPS and its interaction with metabolic status.

Selenium ameliorates oxidized phospholipid-mediated testicular dysfunction and epididymal sperm abnormalities following Bisphenol A exposure in adult Wistar rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound extensively utilized in the production of polycarbonate polymers and epoxy resins that, upon exposure, pose a significant threat to male reproductive health because of its estrogenic properties. Accumulating evidence suggests that BPA exposure disrupts the normal process of spermatogenesis, alters testicular morphology and function, and interferes with testicular steroidogenesis and hormonal signaling. However, the precise mechanism by which BPA affects testicular function remains unclear. In this study, we explored the mechanism underlying BPA-induced testicular abnormalities and evaluated the protective effects of Selenium (Se). Thirty-two adult male albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups, and BPA was administered at 50 mg/kg body weight, with or without Se supplementation, for 30 days. Se supplementation (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was initiated 1 week before BPA administration. BPA administration resulted in alterations in testicular architecture, characterized by basement membrane disintegration in the seminiferous tubules, reduced spermatogenic cell counts, and increased interstitial tubule noncellular space. Furthermore, BPA exposure increased the levels of oxidized phospholipids, lipid peroxides, and hydroxyl radicals and decreased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. In addition, BPA significantly reduced the activities of 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, interfering with testicular steroidogenesis. In rats, coadministration of Se and BPA reduced the levels of oxidized phospholipids and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, leading to improved testicular function and epididymal sperm parameters, suggesting that Se plays a critical role in alleviating endocrine disruptor-induced testicular dysfunctions in rats.

Altered mammary gland development and pro-tumorigenic changes in young female mice following prenatal BPAF exposure

Bisphenol A (BPA) is being phased out owing to its endocrine-disrupting effects and is increasingly being replaced by its substitute compounds such as bisphenol AF (BPAF). This study aims to explore the potential adverse outcomes of prenatal BPAF exposure combined with postnatal cross-fostering on the development and long-term health effects of the mammary gland in offspring. The results suggested that prenatal BPAF exposure accelerates the puberty, and induces duct dilatations, angiogenesis, lobular hyperplasia, and enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration in the mammary gland of female offspring. Differentially expressed genes exhibiting time series patterns induced by BPAF exposure were enriched in biological processes related to mammary gland development, epithelial cell proliferation and so on. Notably, 13 breast cancer-related biomarkers including Pgr, Gata3, Egfr and Areg were screened, showing a time-dependent increase in expression. After human homologous gene transformation, TCGA analysis suggested that the human homologues of genes differentially expressed in BPAF-treated mice were associated with increased tumor stages in female patients with breast cancer. Furthermore, postnatal cross-fostering did not completely restore the adverse effects of prenatal BPAF exposure and even showed a reverse tendency. These results imply that prenatal BPAF exposure in utero and postnatally nursing by BPAF exposed dams, have long-term effects on the mammary glands health of female offspring.

Self-assembled flower-like spherical Bi2WO6/BiOBr S-scheme heterojunction: Improved charge transfer and excellent photocatalytic activity

The suppression of expeditious complexation of photoexcited carriers and the enhancement of light harvesting are two extraordinarily momentous elements for boosting the catalytic activity of synthesized semiconductor photocatalyst. Herein, a sequence of visible-light-induced self-assembled flower-like spherical Bi2WO6/BiOBr S-scheme heterojunctions were successfully fabricated by two-step solvothermal process. The fabricated Bi2WO6/BiOBr hybrids possessed the splendid capacity to catalyze the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in water without the addition of surfactant compared to monocomponent photocatalyst. The optimized Bi2WO6/BiOBr (FBBH-16) possessed the most prominent photocatalytic activity, acquiring a conspicuous degradation efficiency of 91.97 % ± 1.51 % for BPA after 60 min illumination. The rate constant k (0.04078 ± 0.0009985 min−1) of FBBH-16, which was approximately 4.0 and 3.5 times that of bare Bi2WO6 and BiOBr, respectively. Such strengthening mechanism was chiefly ascribed to the establishment of S-scheme heterojunction, which efficaciously impeded the complexation of photoexcited charge pairs and noteworthily heightened the light harvesting. Furthermore, the forceful interfacial interactions between Bi2WO6 and BiOBr afforded much more active sites for BPA removal. The quenching experiments confirmed that ·OH and ·O2− are the principal active species for BPA degradation over Bi2WO6/BiOBr hybrids. Ultimately, two possible photodegradation pathways of BPA over Bi2WO6/BiOBr heterojunctions are also come up with on the grounds of the identification of intermediate products. This work furnishes fresh insights into the fabrication of highly efficacious and stable bismuth-based S-scheme heterojunctions for treating the actual wastewater by integrating nanostructure and microscopic morphology.

Development of CuFe2O4 microspheres/carbon sheets composite materials as a sensitive electrochemical sensorfor determination of bisphenol A.

A composite material based on CuFe-ZIF-derived CuFe2O4 nano-microspheres grown in situ and well-ordered on carbon sheets (CS) was prepared and applied for highly effective determination of bisphenol A (BPA). The composite material possessed inherently high redox activity due to the presence of both Cu and Fe ions with various oxidation states (Cu²⁺/Cu⁺ and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺), high specific surface area, uniform distribution of Cu and Fe ions, and a robust framework imparted by its precursor CuFe-ZIF. Thisled to increased active sites for electrochemical reactions, improved electron transfer efficiency, and structural integrity during electrochemical cycling. Furthermore, combining CS with CuFe2O4 not only provided a large surface area to support well-ordered CuFe₂O₄ nano-microspheres without aggregation, but also enhanced the conductivity and mechanical stability of the CuFe₂O₄/CS composite. This results in synergistic effects that enhanced the overall performance of the composite material. In addition, both copper and iron are relatively non-toxic and abundant, making CuFe₂O₄/CS safe and cost-effective for large-scale applications. Consequently, the CuFe2O4/CS-modified electrode shows highly efficient electrochemical sensing properties with a wider detection range of 0.009-168 µM and lower detection limit of 0.0027 µM (S/N = 3) compared withmost reported BPA sensors. It also hasanoptimized current at pH 7 which is convenient for real world applications. This CuFe2O4/CS modified electrode as a highly sensitive electrochemical platform can be applied to monitor BPA concentrations in bottled water with good recovery (97.2-102.2%).

An intelligent spectral identification approach for the simultaneous detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in aquatic environments

With the rapid progression of industrialization, the application and release of endocrine disruptors (EDCs), including bisphenol A (BPA), octylphenol and nonylphenol have significantly increased, presenting substantial health hazards. Conventional analytical techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, are highly sophisticated but suffer from complex procedures and high costs. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces an innovative spectral methodology for the simultaneous detection of multiple aquatic multicomponent EDCs. By leveraging chemical machine vision, specifically with convolutional neural network (CNN) models, we employed a long-path holographic spectrometer for rapid, cost-effective identification of BPA, 4-tert-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol in aqueous samples. The CNN, refined with the ResNet-50 architecture, demonstrated superior predictive performance, achieving detection limits as low as 3.34, 3.71 and 4.36 μg/L, respectively. The sensitivity and quantification capability of our approach were confirmed through the analysis of spectral image Euclidean distances, while its universality and resistance properties were validated by assessments of environmental samples. This technology offers significantly advantages over conventional techniques in terms of efficiency and cost, offering a novel solution for EDC monitoring in aquatic environments. The implications of this research extend beyond improved detection speed and cost reduction, presenting new methodologies for analyzing complex chemical systems and contributing to environmental protection and public health.

A targeted review on occurrence, remediation, and risk assessments of bisphenol A in Africa.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a vital raw material used to manufacture various household and commercial goods. However, BPA is a contaminant of emerging concern (CEC) and an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) capable of migrating and bio-accumulating in environmental and biological compartments. At threshold levels, they become toxic causing adverse health and environmental issues. BPA's occurrence in food, food contact materials (FCMs), beverages, water, cosmetics, consumer goods, soil, sediments, and human/biological fluids across Africa was outlined. Unlike most reviews, it further collated data on BPA remediation techniques, including the human and ecological risk assessment studies conducted across Africa. A systematic scrutiny of the major indexing databases was employed extracting relevant data for this study. Results reveal that only 10 out of 54 countries have researched BPA in Africa. BPA levels in water were the most investigated, whereas levels in cosmetics and consumer goods were the least studied. Maximum BPA concentrations found in Africa were 3,590,000ng/g (cosmetic and consumer goods), 154,820,000ng/g (soils), 189ng/mL (water), 1139ng/g (food), and 208.55ng/mL (biological fluids). The optimum percentage removal/degradation of BPA was within 70-100%. The potential health and ecological risk levels were assessed by comparing them with recommended limits and were found to fall within safe/low risks to unsafe/high risks. In conclusion, this study revealed that there is still little research on BPA in Africa. Levels detected in some matrices call for increased research, stricter health and environmental regulations, and surveillance.

Preconception exposure to bisphenol A and its alternatives: Effects on female fecundity mediated by oxidative stress and ovarian reserve.

Various 'Bisphenol A (BPA)-free' alternatives have emerged in numerous personal products in recent years. However, it remains unclear whether BPA analogs affect female fecundity and possible biological mechanisms. We aimed to evaluate the relationships of bisphenol analogs with female fecundability and infertility and whether oxidative stress, inflammation, and ovarian reserve may play a mediation role in such associations. This prospective preconception cohort study included 957 couples who attempted pregnancy. BPA and six alternatives were measured in women's urine samples. Bisphenol analogs-outcome associations were estimated using discrete-time Cox hazards and logistic regression models. A quantile g-computation (QGC) methodology was further applied to assess the joint effects of co-exposure to bisphenol analogs on fecundity. We also quantified three biomarkers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), to explore possible biological pathways. Using an integrated analytical approach consisting of both single-pollutant and mixture models, we found that BPA and bisphenol AP (BPAP) were significantly associated with decreased fecundability (adjusted fecundability ratio (aFR) = 0.87, 95%CI:0.81, 0.94 for BPA; aFR = 0.64, 95%CI: 0.48, 0.84 for BPAP) and increased risk of infertility (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 1.23, 95%CI:1.06, 1.44 for BPA; aOR = 2.27, 95%CI:1.29, 3.99 for BPAP) after controlling for other bisphenol analogs. The link between BPA and prolonged time to pregnancy was more prominent in overweight or obese women and those who had regular menstrual cycles. Bisphenol AF was associated with impaired fecundity in women aged 35 years or older. The mixed effects of bisphenol analogs on fecundity were statistically non-significant. Mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of urinary MDA and serum AMH in bisphenol analogs-induced impaired fecundity, with all average causal mediation effects (ACME) showing statistical significance (PACME < 0.05). Our prospective preconception cohort study suggests that BPA and BPAP may be associated with impaired female fecundity. Increased oxidative stress and decreased ovarian reserve may be the underlying pathways.

Feedstock recycling of polycarbonate waste via thermochemical conversion supported by municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash.

The rising demand for plastics has driven up its production, causing severe environmental challenges like CO2 emissions and microplastic pollution. Furthermore, improper disposal of incinerator bottom ash (IBA), a byproduct of municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment, poses additional environmental risks. This study explores a method for recovering non-petroleum-based monomers from plastic products. A smartphone case waste (SCW) is used as feedstock in this study and it is made of polycarbonate (PC), confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The MSW incinerator bottom ash (MSW-IBA) is used as a catalyst for thermochemical conversion of SCW. To determine the optimal pyrolysis conditions for BPA recovery, experiments were conducted under different atmosphere (N₂ and CO₂) and catalyst configurations (in situ and ex situ). The MSW-IBA leads to 127% higher yield of bisphenol A (BPA), the monomer of PC, at 600 °C under a N2 atmosphere, compared to non-catalytic conversion. In situ configuration of the catalyst loading leads to up to 147% higher BPA yield than ex situ configuration. The increased BPA production from SCW is most likely because metal oxides (e.g., CaO) present on the MSW-IBA catalyst promotes the cleavage of and C-O bonds, dissociation of CO (or CO2) and hydrogen extraction from C1-C3 hydrocarbon and H2. For the catalytic conversion of SCW under a CO2 atmosphere, CO2 adsorbs onto CaO in the MSW-IBA, decreasing the number of active sites. It deactivates the catalyst, resulting in a lower BPA yield (22.96 wt%) than the BPA yield obtained under the N2 atmosphere (25.86 wt%).

Understanding roles of π electron delocalization and hybridization transformation of nanodiamond in carbocatalysis-mediated persulfate activation regime

Carbocatalysis-mediated persulfate (PS) activation for micropollutant abatement has gained extensive attention, commonly concentrating on carbocatalysts surface chemistry but overlooking intrinsic characteristics, e.g., electron orbital and hybridization configurations. Herein, nanodiamond (ND) composed of sp3-hybridized carbon undergoes annealing processes from 300 to 1500 °C, to improve catalytic performances in PS activation significantly toward degrading bisphenol A (BPA), benefiting from ND hybridization transformation from sp3 to sp2 with increasing chemical and electrical activities via converting σ to π electrons and delocalizing π electrons with increasing annealing temperature. NDs with sp3 hybridization activate PS to drive direct electron transfer pathways, serving as electron mediators to facilitate PS to deprive electrons from BPA. Localized and delocalized π electrons were responsible for the generation of reactive surface-bound complexes and singlet oxygen, respectively. The controllability of ND hybridization structure provides a feasible strategy to regulate PS activation pathways based on the reactivity affinity of reactive species toward micropollutants.

Artificial intelligence -driven insights into bisphenol A removal using synthesized carbon nanotubes

Water quality nowadays, under climate change, has become a risk and challenging problem to save water from deterioration. Advanced solutions such as nanomaterials and artificial intelligence for simulation have become some of the best and essential solutions. Therefore, this study assessed the artificial intelligence models' accuracy in simulating the elimination of Bisphenol A (BPA) using synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). We concluded that the pseudo-second-order model's (R2) correlation coefficient is (0.999) significantly higher than the other models. Because the findings between the Model and Actual Values are so accurate, the adsorption of BPA on CNT could be modeled using the pseudo-second-order model, qe = 144.928(mg/g) and K2 = 0.0016. The correlation coefficient of Pseudo-First-Order model's (R2) is (0.825) qe = 27.107(mg/g) and K1 = 0.0161, and the Intraparticle diffusion model's (R2) is (0.821),qe = 151.98(mg/g) and Kd = 2.4. The Langmuir model performed the best in isothermal experiments, with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.9441, qm = 181.81, and RL = 0.0375. Based on the information provided, we may conclude that the Langmuir model accounts for more BPA adsorption than the other models. We employed the feedforward neural network (FFNN) and the recurrent neural network (RNN). The FFNN achieved a coefficient of 0.971, while the RNN obtained a higher correlation coefficient of 0.98.

Gene Expression Modulation of Markers Involved in Bone Formation and Resorption by Bisphenol A, Bisphenol F, Bisphenol S, and Bisphenol AF.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs (BPF, BPS, and BPAF) are recognized for inducing detrimental effects on various tissues, including bone. The aim of this study is to investigate their impact on information and repair processes, specifically focusing on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and the receptors for transforming growth factor β (TGFR1, TGFR2, and TGFR3). Human osteoblasts isolated through primary culture from bone samples of healthy volunteers were subjected to cultivation in the presence of various dosage levels (10-5, 10-6, or 10-7 M) of BPA, BPF, BPS, or BPAF for 24 h. Gene expressions of RANKL, OPG, TGF-β1, TGFR1, TGFR2, TGFR3, and VEGF were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All experiments included untreated cells as controls. Expressions of RANKL and OPG were dose-dependently downregulated by the presence of all tested bisphenols (BPs) except for BPAF, whose presence upregulated OPG expression at all three doses. TGF-β1 expression was downregulated by all BP treatments, and TGF-β1 receptor expression was also downregulated as a function of the BP and dose. VEGF expression was downregulated in the presence of BPF and BPAF at all three doses and in the presence of BPA at the two higher doses (10-5, and 10-6 M), but it was not changed by the presence of BPS at any dose. The inhibition of both RANKL and OPG by the BPs, with a higher %inhibition of RANKL than of OPG, appears to rule out BP-induced activation of osteoclastogenesis via RANKL/RANK/OPG. Nevertheless, the effect of the BPs on the expression by osteoblasts of TGF-β1, TGF-β receptors, and VEGF indicates that these compounds can be responsible for major molecular changes in this cell population, contributing to their adverse effects on bone tissue.

The Effects of Bisphenol A and its Analogs on Steroidogenesis in MA-10 Leydig Cells and KGN Granulosa Cells†.

Bisphenols are a family of chemicals used in the manufacture of consumer products containing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Studies have shown that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may disrupt steroidogenesis and induce adverse effects on male and female reproduction, but little is known about BPA replacements. We determined the effects of six bisphenols on the steroidogenic function of MA-10 Leydig cells and KGN granulosa cells by measuring the levels of progesterone and estradiol produced by these cells as well as the expression of transcripts involved in steroid and cholesterol biosynthesis. MA-10 and KGN cells were exposed for 48hours to one of six bisphenols (0.01-50μM): BPA, bisphenol F, bisphenol S, bisphenol AF, bisphenol M, or bisphenol TMC under both basal and dibutyryl cAMP (Bu2cAMP)-stimulated conditions. In MA-10 cells, most bisphenols increased the Bu2cAMP-stimulated production of progesterone. In KGN cells, there was a general decrease in progesterone production, while estradiol levels were increased following exposure to many bisphenols. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that all six bisphenols (≥1μM) upregulated the expression of STAR, a cholesterol transporter, in both cell lines after stimulation. Key transcripts directly involved in steroid and cholesterol biosynthesis were significantly altered in a cell line, chemical, and concentration-dependent manner. The expression of upstream genes was also differentially affected. Thus, BPA and five of its analogs can disrupt steroid production in two steroidogenic cell lines and alter the levels of transcripts involved in this process. Importantly, BPA replacements do not appear to have fewer effects than BPA.

Highly Efficient Activation of Peroxymonosulphate by Co and Cu Co-Doped Sawdust Biochar for Ultra-Fast Removal of Bisphenol A.

The rapid, efficient, and thorough degradation of Bisphenol A (BPA) is challenging. In this study, we prepared an effective peroxymonosulphate (PMS) activation catalyst derived from sawdust containing calcium carbonate. The Co and Cu co-doped sawdust biochar (CoO/CuO@CBC) catalyst could activate PMS quickly, and the degradation rate of BPA reached 99.3% in 5 min, while the rate constant was approximately 30 times higher than in the CBC/PMS and CoCuOx/PMS systems. Moreover, the interaction between CoO, CuO, and CBC endows the CoO/CuO@CBC catalyst with excellent catalytic performance under different conditions, such as initial pH, temperature, water matrix, inorganic anions, and humic acid, which maintained fast PMS activation via the cyclic transformation of Cu and Co for BPA degradation. The results demonstrated that both the radical (•O2- and •SO4-) and non-radical (1O2) pathways participate in the degradation of BPA in the CoO/CuO@CBC/PMS system. The efficient and stable degradation over a wide range of pH, temperature, and aqueous matrices indicates the potential application of the CoO/CuO@CBC catalyst.

Identification of core genes and molecular prediction of drug targets for countering BPA-induced olfactory bulb neurotoxicity in male mice

Bisphenol A (BPA) is ubiquitous in plastics, which can modify and improve the applicability and durability of plastics. Previous laboratory studies have shown that BPA can trigger cognitive impairment and depression. The olfactory bulb (OB) is significantly related to cognition and depression. However, there is a deficiency in information on BPA-induced OB neurotoxicity. Therefore, we analyzed the OB tissues of male mice at the transcriptional level after BPA poisoning at four different levels of concentration (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL). Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) were used to screen critical pathways and core genes. The result demonstrated that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might play a crucial role in the effects of BPA on the OB. In addition, two genes of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, the colony stimulating factor-1 receptor (Csf1r) and the toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2), were screened by the protein-protein interaction networks. Furthermore, molecular docking identified ceftolozane as a potential drug candidate that could counteract BPA-related OB neurotoxicity. Conclusively, our results confirmed that BPA induced OB damage in male mice through the PI3K-AKT pathway and proposed that ceftolozane might reduce BPA-induced OB neurotoxicity.