Biscuit Factory Research Articles

Life Style Factors and Morbidity Pattern of Biscuit Company Workers in Puducherry City, India

Background: The baking industry does not have a hazardous occupational environment; however, it is not free from ergonomic derangement. The biscuit factory workers are exposed to noise, heat, odor, flour dust, sugar dust, and biscuit dust Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on all males and females of more than 18 years of age among employees of a biscuit company in Puducherry City, India, who met the inclusion criteria. According to previous research, the sample size was calculated at 494. We used the simple random sampling method. The data regarding participants’ sociodemographic variables, namely dietary patterns, physical activity, and addictions (including alcohol and smoking) were recorded using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The statistical analysis was done in the SPSS software, version 28. Results: Most of the participants (41.8%) were in the productive age group (18 to 30 years). The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus was 62.69% and 37.31%, respectively. Skin disorders (14.2%) were shown to be the most common cause of morbidities, followed by dental morbidity at 13.4%. Meanwhile, the least of the participants were in musculoskeletal morbidity (10%). There was an association between mixed diet, physical inactivity, alcoholic and tobacco consumption, and fruit consumption of fewer than 2 days per week with noncommunicable diseases. These differences were statistically significant (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The employees of the biscuit factory are exposed to chemicals that may be linked to morbidities. The non-communicable diseases were also more prevalent among tobacco and alcohol users, suggesting more research to determine whether these behaviors were stress busters for tension and discomfort. Nearly all of the employees in the companies had undergone a sort of medical examination in recent years. This shows that the workplace has high safety and sanitary requirements.

Tax burden of food industry companies of Ukraine

The tax burden determines the payment of taxes by the market subject to various budgets and serves as the basis for verification by the State Tax Service. The corporate income tax rate, which is equal to 18% in Ukraine, is called normative. The effective tax rate can be determined from the standpoint of macroeconomic analysis of the tax burden for the industry and from the standpoint of microeconomic analysis of the tax burden for individual enterprises. It is relevant to study the effective tax burden of food industry enterprises, which form significant shares of GDP and tax payments in the consolidated budget of the country. The purpose of the study is a microeconomic analysis of the influence of factors on the effective tax rate of food industry companies of Ukraine and the verification of the hypothesis about the degree of deviation of the effective rate from the normative tax rate of food enterprises. Methodology. The methods of generalization, descriptive statistics and systematization, factor and correlation-regression analyses are used in the investigation. Economic and statistical analysis was carried out using Microsoft Office software packages. The results. An algorithm for calculating the effective corporate tax rate is proposed. The list of financial operations at food enterprises of Ukraine, which produce a change in the financial result before taxation, is determined. It was revealed that in recent years the effective tax burden approaches to the normative tax rate, 18%. A methodology of microeconomic calculations was developed for assessing the tax burden of a company based on indicator-factors, including: company assets, income from product sales, number of employees, share of liabilities in assets, share of tangible assets in assets, share of current assets in assets, profitability of assets and equity capital, labor intensity, growth rate of real GDP. Correlations between the effective tax rate and the factors are determined. The largest number of influencing factors and the number of correlations are obtained for four enterprises of the sample: private joint stock companies "Mondelis Ukraine", "Lagoda Confectionery Factory", "Rivne confectionery factory", "Kharkiv biscuit factory". Key words: tax burden, tax return, normative tax rate, effective tax rate, food industry enterprises, factoranalysis, correlation analysis.

The Effect of Work Culture and Physical Skills Competence on Employee Performance at PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd

The objectives of this study are: 1) To determine the effect of work culture on employee performance at PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd. 2) To determine the effect of physical skill competence on employee performance at PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd.. 3) To determine the effect of work culture and physical skills competence together on employee performance at PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd. This research approach is quantitative, descriptive and associative. The population in this study were 50 PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd. In this study, the sampling technique used is non-probability sampling with the technique taken is saturated sampling (census), a sample of 50 respondents was taken at PT. Khong Guan Biscuit Factory Indonesia Ltd. The results of this study indicate that: 1) There is an influence of work culture on employee performance. 2) There is an influence of physical skill competence on employee performance. 3) There is an influence of work culture and physical skill competence together on employee performance.

A new trend on sustainable animal production

A sustainable animal production can improve the efficiency of animal production and recycle of animal waste, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It can be achieved by firstly, properly operation of animal production, such as improvement by animal breeding, synthesis of amino acids, improvement by animal nutrition, good housing design, phase feeding system, liquid feeding system, using left over of one day bakery and biscuit factory, left over of vegetable and fruit market, new methods to plant Leucaena or mulberry to feed goats, grass or fodder plant in hydroponic house for sustainable farming. Secondly, good waste management, such as transferring waste to no contaminant material and even to useful material, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, liquid waste management, and solid waste treatment. All these subjects also need to consider the interaction between knowledge, e.g. breeding and nutrition need to consider about environmental temperature factors; waste management needs to consider about nutrient requirement by vegetable, fruit, etc. A sustainable animal production is a kind of science integrated different knowledge together, then you can achieve some good results.

APPLICATION OF LINEAR PROGRAMMING FOR PROFIT MAXIMIZATION: A CASE STUDY OF A COOKIES FACTORY IN BANGLADESH

Linear programming is a mathematical method for choosing the best product combination to maximize profit or decrease cost within the limitations of available resources. In this article, we have proposed the linear programming application for profit Maximization of a Biscuit Factory in Bangladesh. For linear programming problems, the Simplex algorithm provides a powerful computational tool, able to provide fast solution to very large-scale application. The optimization principal examined unit cost of production, the selling price and the quantity of different raw materials used in production. A model for the problem was formulated and optimum results derived using software that employed simplex method. Our main goal is to emphasize the uniqueness of linear programming modeling at the business level as an optimization technique, and to encourage manufacturing companies to employ linear programming to determine their optimal profit.

Assessment of the borrower's credit capacity using discriminative analysis

Introduction. At the present stage of economic development in the organization of credit relations uses a significant number of approaches and methods to determine the creditworthiness of the borrower. Today, banking institutions are developing different approaches to the analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness. Moreover, each bank determines its own method of assessing the financial condition of a potential borrower, taking into account the specific terms of the contract. Assessment of creditworthiness of the enterprise by the method of discriminant analysis is carried out by calculating and interpreting the integrated indicator of financial condition. The purpose of the paper is to determine the nature and assessment of the borrower's creditworthiness using the methods of discriminant analysis. Results. Assessing the borrower's creditworthiness is a topical issue that affects the success and effectiveness of its lending activities. That is why the article is devoted to defining the nature and assessment of the borrower's creditworthiness using the methods of discriminant analysis. It assessed the creditworthiness of PJSC "Kharkiv Biscuit Factory" using foreign and domestic methods of assessing the creditworthiness of the borrower. It was determined that the main disadvantage of foreign models is that they are developed based on a study of enterprises in the United States and Western Europe. Weights are not adapted to modern conditions of transformation of the domestic economy and do not take into account the specifics of Ukrainian enterprises. These models have several significant limitations. They can be used only as additional models in parallel with modern domestic models. Calculating the probability of bankruptcy of PJSC "Kharkiv Biscuit Factory" according to foreign and domestic methods can give a clear conclusion about the financial condition of the enterprise. The above-mentioned methods demonstrate the absence of probability of bankruptcy at PJSC "Kharkiv Biscuit Factory". Conclusion. In general, the degree of reliability of the assessment of economic security of the enterprise and a set of necessary measures to prevent possible threats depend on the accurate identification of threats, the correct choice of a system of indicators for diagnosis. According to the results of calculations, it was determined that the company belongs to class A, which is characterized by high financial condition.

FINANCIAL STATE COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSTICS OF THE CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

The essence of the enterprise financial state diagnostics is investigated in the article. It is disclosed as an analysis and evaluation of certain indicators of an entity's activity based on the examination of reports in order to determine the current, future financial position, taking into account the complex consequences of management decisions. Diagnostics allows you to obtain reliable and complete information. The purpose of comparative diagnostics of enterprises is: detailing of the previously made diagnosis, research of violations and tendencies of their development, creation of a basis for making managerial decisions, formation of bases for adjusting the development’s strategy of the organization. The main indicators of financial condition of PrJSC “Kharkiv Biscuit Factory” and PJSC Lviv Confectionery Factory “Svitoch” for the period 2013-2018 years have been analyzed and identified. Some problems have been identified in the confectionery enterprises. Yes, the main assets of PrJSC “Kharkiv Biscuit Factory” are significantly worn out. PJSC Lviv Confectionery Factory “Svitoch” has low values of the absolute liquidity ratio, the terms of receivables and payables are rapidly increasing. Businesses are financially sound, business performance is quite high, profitability fluctuates significantly over time. Bankruptcy probabilities are estimated based on the bankruptcy models of Altman, Tuffler and Springgate. A low bankruptcy’s probability of PrJSC “Kharkiv Biscuit Factory” and PJSC Lviv Confectionery Factory “Svitoch” was established. The main recommendations for improving the financial condition of both enterprises are outlined. Emphasis is placed on increasing their profitability. This implies an increase in the price of products, an increase in sales of profitable products, a decrease in the cost of sales, the level of administrative and sales costs, optimization of the range of products sold in order to increase the proportion of its more profitable types. Both companies need to develop and implement an effective financial strategy for sustainable development.

Epidemiologic characteristics of allergic manifestations in food industry sector

Introduction Food industry is a thriving sector in Tunisia, meeting the increasing demand of our population. A variety of substances are used, from organic to chemical, exposing workers in these manufactories to multiple pathologies, essentially allergic and respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to describe allergic manifestations among food industry employees. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study including 90 workers in a biscuit factory carried out from January to May 2016. It included workplace description and medical study. The employees answered a standardized questionnaire and benefited from a physical exam followed by a spirometry for all participants. Results The participation rate was 95.5 %. Sex-ratio male/female was 0.18. Average age was 36 ± years old. Smokers represented 49 %. Average professional seniority was 9 ± years. Family atopy was found in 41 %. Collective and individual protective measures at workplace were not satisfactory. Nasal pruritus was reported in 11.6 % and allergic rhinitis in 19 %, ocular pruritus described in 7 %, erythemato-vesicular and pruritic lesions of hands in 10.5 %. Asthma was found in 3.5 % with no significant correlation with age, sex nor professional seniority. Spirometry showed abnormalities in 17.5 % of the participants. An obstructive respiratory disorder was found in 7 %, it was reversible after administration of salbutamol in 50 %. A restrictive respiratory disorder was suspected in 10.5 % and it had a significant link to the existence of allergic rhinitis history (P = 0.05). Conclusion Food industry exposes workers to multiple allergenic high molecular and chemical substances that can be incriminated in allergic manifestations. Periodic medical consultation and adequate preventive measures to reduce allergenic substances concentration are recommanded.

Queensberry Rules and Jacob's Biscuits: James Joyce's Easter Rising

This essay considers Joyce's literary response to the 1916 Easter Rising by examining how Ulysses and Finnegans Wake establish a dynamic participatory space in which readers might negotiate the meaning of the historical event. The "Cyclops" episode of Ulysses, in its mock-accounts of the Keogh-Bennett boxing match and the Irish Volunteer garrison at Jacob's Biscuit Factory, illuminates the misuse of figurative language, the classic trope of catachresis, awakening readers to the rhetorical underpinning of the Irish revolution. Expanding this work of metaphorical interpretation and historical re-assessment, Finnegans Wake resituates the core metaphors of the Easter Rising within mythic and super-historical contexts.

The Prevalence of OSMF among Biscuit Factory Workers in Delhi NCR Region: A Cross-Sectional Study

INTRODUCTION: The consumption of tobacco and related products is on the rise and promotes various medical/oral conditions that leads to increased morbidity/mortality in people.AIM: To assess the prevalence of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) among biscuit factory workers in Delhi NCR region, IndiaMATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 496 biscuit factory workers in Delhi NCR region, were interviewed and examined for OSMF and associated lesions with the help of a preformed, pre-tested questionnaire. The population was divided into four stratas according to age(≤34 years, 35- 44 years, 45-60 years and >60 years). Data was entered into Microsoft Excel. Descriptive statistics were applied and statistics (t-test) was done using SPSS 19.0.RESULTS: OSMF was observed in 173(34.9%)[ males 116 (23.4%), females 57(11.5%)] and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.02). The majority of subjects having OSMF (48, 27.8%) were seen in the age group of ≤34 years. Male: Female predilection was observed as 2.03CONCLUSION: Efforts and strategies need to be directed to reduce the overall consumption of tobacco and related products in both urban and rural areas.

Advising an Appropriate Forecasting Method for a Snacks Item (Biscuit) Manufacture Company in Bangladesh

In this paper, we study the most appropriate short-term forecasting methods for the newly launched biscuit factory produces different types of biscuits. One of them is nut-orange twisted biscuits. As it is a newly launched biscuit factory, it does not use any scientific method to find future demand of their products to produce for the purpose of sales. Having an error free production as well as a good inventory management we try to find an appropriate forecasting method for the sets of data we analyzed for that specific production. Several forecasting methods of time series forecasting such as the Moving Averages, Linear Regression with Time, Exponential Smoothing, Holt‘s Method, Holt-Winter‘s Method etc. can be applied to estimate the demand and supply for these companies. This paper focuses on selecting an appropriate forecasting technique for the newly launched biscuit company. For this, we analyze Exponential Smoothing method as used to time series. We observe from the empirical results of the analysis that if the data has no trend as well as seasonality, Exponential Smoothing Forecasting Method processes as the most appropriate forecasting method for the factory. If the data experiences linear trend in it then Holt’s Forecasting Method processes as the most appropriate forecasting method for the sets of data we analyzed.
 Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(1): 55-58, 2018 (January)

Arthur Vandenberg: The Man in the Middle of the American Century by Hendrik Meijer

Reviewed by: Arthur Vandenberg: The Man in the Middle of the American Century by Hendrik Meijer John J. Miller Hendrik Meijer, Arthur Vandenberg: The Man in the Middle of the American Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. 448 pp. $35. In Michigan, the reminders of him are everywhere: His bespectacled statue stands at a downtown hub in Grand Rapids; his name emblazons a couple of elementary schools as well as an Oakland University dorm in metro Detroit; and a state historical marker commemorates his role in the birth of the UN and NATO, near the Grand Hotel on Mackinac Island. Yet now Arthur Vandenberg may have his most enduring monument of all, in the form of an excellent biography by Hendrik Meijer. The Man in the Middle of the American Century is a fitting title. A leading senator of his time, Vandenberg (1884–1951) was a legislative middleman who cut deals with presidents and colleagues. He was a middle-of-the-road Republican who balanced his own conservative impulses with the progressive imperatives of his time. Close to the twentieth century's midpoint, he demonstrated the ability to change his mind and made a lasting mark in [End Page 111] foreign policy. Meijer sums up his legacy with appealing concision: "Harry Truman was in trouble without him." As a boy, Vandenberg got into his own bit of trouble because of Th eodore Roosevelt. In 1900, when Vandenberg was 16, the vice-presidential candidate, a fellow Dutchman, visited Grand Rapids on a campaign stop. A curious Vandenberg slipped away from his job at a biscuit factory to have a look. When he returned, his boss fired him for truancy. The next day, this apparent misfortune became a lucky break because Vandenberg secured a job as a writer at the Grand Rapids Herald, the city's morning newspaper. From this position, he began his long climb. He took a big step in 1906, when he was just shy of twenty-two years of age. The Herald's editor died suddenly, and its owner turned to his bright young writer. Vandenberg had earned a reputation for productivity as well as verbosity: "No one was better at bulking up a story with five-dollar words," writes Meijer. As Vandenberg matured, he never lost his willingness to work hard or his penchant for pomposity, but he also became a "gift ed phrasemaker." He may have popularized the term "fiddle-faddle," meaning "nonsense." Both Warren Harding and Henry Cabot Lodge sought his advice and borrowed his lines—a reminder that regional newspaper editorialists once enjoyed much more influence than they do today. Vandenberg's prominence as a journalist, in fact, led to his appointment to the Senate in the spring of 1928. He remained a senator until his death twenty-three years later. A colleague once described him as "the only Senator who can strut sitting down." Driven by the mix of ambition and insecurity that propels so many careers, then and now, Vandenberg engaged in the day's disputes over congressional reapportionment and tariffs, mainly hewing to GOP positions. Yet he also broke with President Herbert Hoover, a fellow Republican, over the Supreme Court nomination of John J. Parker, a segregationist from North Carolina. Vandenberg cast a decisive vote against Parker, who became the only potential justice formally rejected by the Senate during the seventy-five-year period from 1894 to 1969. Vandenberg clashed more often with Hoover's Democratic successor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, whom he referred to as "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Park." During the early days of the New Deal, the Michigander pushed for the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which Roosevelt initially opposed. For the most part, though, Vandenberg was a fiscal conservative who wanted to keep government spending in check. The [End Page 112] New Deal, he quipped, had become the "New Ordeal." He went on to block a White House scheme to build a ship canal across Florida's peninsula in the kind of negative achievement that historians often overlook. Roosevelt became so wary of his rival that he ordered FBI director J. Edgar Hoover to open an office in Grand Rapids and, in Meijer's...

Review Essay: The Material and Performative Culture of 1916

Review Essay: The Material and Performative Culture of 1916 Catriona Crowe (bio) The Arts and Crafts Movement: Making It Irish. Ed. Vera Kreilkamp. University of Chicago Press, 2016. 298pp. €40.00. ISBN: 9781892850256 Making 1916: Material and Visual Culture of the Easter Rising. Eds. Lisa Godson and Joanna Brück. Liverpool University Press, 2015. 294pp. £25.00. ISBN: 9781781381229 The Abbey Rebels of 1916: A Lost Revolution. Fearghal McGarry. Gill and Macmillan, 2015. 376pp. €29.99. ISBN: 9780717168811 The centenary of the 1916 Rising has seen a plethora of books, performances, exhibitions, conferences, concerts, parades, websites, and many other events and products to mark the occasion. A welcome development has been new scholarship on the material and performative culture of the period. Because of the availability of new archival sources, it is possible to track all kinds of themes, environments, behaviors, locations, and objects in a way that could not be done before now. For example, if you search for the term “biscuits” on the website of the Bureau of Military History, you will find 104 results, ranging from the biscuit-gorging of the 1916 garrison in Jacob’s Biscuit Factory to the lice-ridden mattress, known as a biscuit, on which Kathleen Lynn slept as a prisoner and the rock-hard biscuits given to prisoners in Ennis Barracks in 1921. The books under review here deal with three different aspects of material and performative culture in and around 1916: Making It Irish with the distinctively Irish Arts and Crafts movement; Making 1916 with objects, locations, and performances from the period and its aftermath; and The Abbey Rebels with the employees of the theatre who [End Page 124] participated in the Rising, as well as with their subsequent treatment by the independent state. The three books, taken together, provide a kaleidoscope of valuable information about the material world inhabited by the people of the period, the powerful artistic movement that produced so many highly charged objects relevant to a reimagined Ireland, and the birth and development of what is now our National Theatre during a time when it influenced, and was influenced by, the real events taking place outside its doors. “We Were Making Little Gold Crosses When You Were Living in Holes in the Ground”: The Arts and Crafts Movement: Making It Irish In 2016 Boston College’s McMullen Museum of Art offered a major exhibition of widely sourced objects illuminating and reflecting on the Irish Arts and Crafts movmeent that created so many visual motifs and ideas that we take for granted today. Making It Irish was curated by Vera Kreilkamp and Diana Larsen, and Kreilkamp has edited a beautifully illustrated selection of essays relevant to the exhibition and its broader contexts. The book is laid out in four sections: political, literary, and geographic contexts; the Honan Chapel; stained-glass revival; and women’s work. In her introduction Kreilkamp outlines the vision of the movement: “Arts and Crafts practitioners, like their literary counterparts, turned to a distant preconquest past in their search for themes and images expressing their country’s claims for the future. This look backward played a significant role in shaping literature, music, popular culture, and the visual arts during Ireland’s seemingly unstoppable passage to modernity” (9). She outlines the development of the English Arts and Crafts movement, whose origins preceded that of Ireland by less than a decade and which espoused the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris: ennobling, skilled craft work as opposed to the demonic mills of the industrial revolution; the value of handmade objects; the end of hierarchical distinctions between artists, designers, and craft-workers; and the value of good design in improving domestic and public environments. Although Ireland, aside from the northeast, had nothing like the industry England possessed, there were other reasons for wishing to espouse such a movement: the glance back [End Page 125] to a monastic and pre-Christian past allowed ideas of pre-invasion sovereignty to gain ground at a time when both constitutional nationalism and separatist republicanism were seeking to weaken, or break altogether...

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПРИБУТКОВІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

Прибуток – найпростіша і одночасно найбільш складна категорія ринкової економіки. Він є основною і головною рушійною силою економіки ринкового типу, основним мотивом діяльності підприємств. У статті досліджено чинники, які впливають на прибутковість підприємства. На основі аналізу фінансової звітності підприємства ПАТ «Харківська бісквітна фабрика» була проведена оцінка рівня прибутковості та рентабельності за допомогою методу коефіцієнтів. Виявлено можливі подальші проблеми та запропоновано напрямки забезпечення прибутковості підприємства в майбутньому.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ЯК ОСНОВИ ЙОГО ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Фінансова безпека - основа успішної діяльності підприємства, що передбачає системний підхід при забезпеченні його функціонування . Вона допомагає підприємству уникнути фінансових загроз при здійсненні його звичайної діяльності та контролює сталий розвиток організації . У статті досліджено сутність поняття «фінансова безпека» та питання щодо забезпечення фінансової безпеки підприємства на різних рівнях функціонування в сучасних економічних умовах. Проаналізовані праці вітчизняних і іноземних науковців на цю тему і виявлені різні підходи до розуміння суті визначення фінансової безпеки. Були досліджені особливості практичного застосування та використання фінансової безпеки в Україні. На основі аналізу фінансової звітності підприємства ПАТ «Харківська бісквітна фабрика» була проведена оцінка рівня фінансової безпеки за допомогою графічного підходу та рейтингового методу. Виявлено можливі подальші проблеми та запропоновано напрямки забезпечення фінансової безпеки на підприємстві.

Socialist Republican Discourse and the 1916 Easter Rising: The Occupation of Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union Explained

AbstractThe events of the Easter Rising have been subjected to extensive analysis by historians who have focused on military strategy as a means of explaining the occupation of specific sites. However, Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union have proven resistant to this paradigm. The political value of both places can be understood by giving close attention to the long history of antagonism between these two institutions and the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union, out of which the Irish Citizen Army that fought in the rising was formed. In his articles for theIrish WorkerandWorkers' Republic, James Connolly adapted traditional republican discourse of economic emancipation through political sovereignty to address a contemporary urban context. An understanding of the way that this discourse functioned facilitates an understanding of the role of Jacob's Biscuit Factory and the South Dublin Union in the Easter Rising: as sites of actual and symbolic liberation. This analysis of popular discourse in the contemporary press offers a new approach to the study of events that have been termed the Irish Revolution, and it presents a model for understanding the way that republican discourse accommodated the very different political objectives of Irish separatists.

English

CASE REPORT: A 23 year old male working in a biscuit factory was brought to emergency department by the coworkers at 4PM with pain abdomen and distension and bleeding per rectum. On further questioning the patient confessed that his co-workers had held him firmly and directed the stream of air from a compressed-air pipeline towards his anal region in the morning. On examination, he was alerting conscious and oriented and tachypneic. The respiratory rate was 30/min, SPO280%, Pulse was 120/min and B.P. 120/80 mm Hg. On palpation, Abdomen was grossly distended (Fig. 1), tense with generalized tenderness and rigidity of abdominal wall. The percussion note was tympanitic and liver dullness obliterated. No free fluid was detected. Bowel sounds were absent. Examination of the perineum did not show any external injury. Rectal examination showed faeces mixed with fresh blood but did not reveal any laceration or perforation in the anal canal or rectum. Straight X-ray abdomen in erect position showed extensive pneumoperitoneum (Fig. 2) Abdominal decompression was made in view of tension pneumoperitoneum, low saturation and tachypnea. A 20G needle was inserted in the right upper quadrant just lateral to rectus abdominis muscle following which the pneumoperitoneum reduced with sudden improvement in the oxygen saturation (98%) and tachypnea got reduced. A clinical diagnosis of pneumatic rupture of hollow viscera, probably colon was made. An emergency exploratory laparotomy under general anesthesia through a mid-midline incision was carried out. Intraoperative, a single perforation of 3x2cms in the ant mesenteric border of transverse colon 15cms away from the hepatic flexure (Fig. 3) with fecal spillage into the peritoneal cavity was noted. There was also sero muscular tear along the entire length of the transverse colon (Fig. 4) and extensive contusions around the entire colon. Thorough visceral inspection of abdomen did not reveal any other visceral injury. The perforation was closed in two layers using 2-0 vicryl and 2-0 silk and the areas of serosal tears were sutured using 2-0 silk. After a thorough peritoneal lavage, a de functioning transverse loop colostomy was placed in the right upper quadrant and the wound was closed in layers with an abdominal drain. Postoperative recovery was quite uneventful and colostomy reversal is planned later.

Work and Wages at a Melbourne Factory, the Guest Biscuit Works 1870–1921

The story of wages in nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century Australia has largely been told through official published statistics and the experiences of skilled artisans and construction labourers. Utilising wage book data from an early successful manufacturing plant – a biscuit factory – we reveal the earning histories of several neglected groups of Australian workers. We specifically investigate the effects of the 1890s depression, the introduction of a wages board, and shifting demographics on the wages of unskilled factory hands, women, juvenile workers, and commercial clerks. We demonstrate that typical Australian wage series studies have misinterpreted the impact of these phenomena.

Montague Harry Holcroft, 1902–1993

Born in Rangiora on the South Island of New Zealand on 14 May 1902, Montague Harry Holcroft was the son of a grocer and his wife and the second of three boys. When his father’s business failed in 1917, he was forced to leave school and begin his working life in the office of a biscuit factory. Two years later he abandoned his desk in search of adventure, working on farms throughout New Zealand before crossing the Tasman Sea to Sydney, Australia in the company of his friend Mark Lund. Here he returned to office work and married his first wife, Eileen McLean, shortly before his 21 birthday. Within three years the marriage ended and Holcroft returned to New Zealand. However, during his sojourn in Sydney his emerging passion for writing had borne fruit in stories published in several major Australian magazines.

The New Global Russian Business Leaders:: Lessons from a Decade of Transition

To illustrate the transition that has occurred in Russia since 1992, the authors studied Russian business leadership and entrepreneurship in a range of situations, from the transformation of a Soviet-era biscuit factory, to high-tech start-ups modeled on Western business practices. This article describes organization and leadership practices in Russia, and focuses on an emerging leadership style the authors termed “global Russian.” The purpose of this research is both hindsight and foresight: by analyzing the rapid changes of the recent past, the authors seek to provide lessons on leadership that will be valuable for Russian business leaders and for those who seek to engage in working partnerships with them.