Year Of Birth Research Articles

Parental Socioeconomic Status and an Infant’s Risk of Hospital Admission for RSV

Abstract Background While clinical risk factors for RSV bronchiolitis are well established, data on socioeconomic risk factors is lacking. We explored the association of parental education, income, and employment status on an infant’s risk of hospitalization for RSV bronchiolitis. Methods This population-based retrospective case-control study covered all RSV-related hospital admissions of under 1-year old children in Finland between 2004 and 2018. Controls were matched by month and year of birth, sex, province of residence, and family size. Registry data were linked using unique personal identity codes. Cases and controls were compared using adjusted odds-ratios (aOR) calculated for socioeconomic outcomes including maternal and paternal education, household income, and parental employment. Results A total of 10 767 infants and 50 054 controls were included in the study. Lower parental education significantly raised the risk for RSV hospital admission in infants, the risk growing with decreasing education levels; aOR 1.03 (0.96-1.09) with post-secondary education, 1.12 (1.05-1.2) with secondary education, and 1.33 (1.2-1.47) with primary education. Combined parental income was not significant: aOR 0.97 (CI 0.91-1.05), 1.02 (CI 0.95-1.1), 1(CI 0.92-1.08) and 0.94 (CI 0.85-1.04), respectively with decreasing income level. Unemployment of both parents seemed to be a risk factor for the child’s RSV hospital admission, aOR 1.24 (1.12-1.38). Conclusions Lower parental socioeconomic status may increase the risk of an infant’s RSV hospitalization. Socioeconomic risk factors should be considered when designing RSV infection primary prevention strategies.

Association Between Pterygium and Ocular, Periocular, and Systemic Inflammatory Conditions: a Large-Scale National Study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of ocular, periocular, and systemic inflammatory conditions among patients with pterygium and assess if these conditions are risk factors of pterygium development. A case-control study was conducted using electronic medical records from Clalit Health Services in Israel between 2001 and 2022. Patients diagnosed with pterygium were included; for each case, 3 controls were matched based on birth year, sex, and ethnicity. Mixed models were used to assess differences in the groups' demographic characteristics of ocular and systemic diseases. Generalized estimating equation logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and adjust for confounders. A total of 94,652 patients diagnosed with pterygium and 378,608 matched controls were included in the study. The average age of patients with pterygium was 53 ± 16 years; 54% were male. A significant association was found between pterygium and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (OR 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90-2.36), chronic allergic conjunctivitis (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.58-1.82), blepharitis (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.61-1.70), and chalazion (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.23-1.33). A significant association was also found between pterygium and systemic conditions as unspecified systemic allergy (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.13), asthma (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04-1.11), and atopic dermatitis (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.08-1.19). Various inflammatory and allergic diseases-ocular, periocular, and systemic-increase the risk of pterygium. Further research is needed to investigate the role of inflammation in pterygium development.

Trend analyses of persistent organic pollutants in human milk from first-time mothers in Norway between 2002 and 2021

IntroductionPersistent organic pollutants (POPs) are stable compounds characterized by their resistance to degradation. From the 1960–70's organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) raised concerns regarding health and environmental impacts. This has led to the banning of POPs in the USA and Europe including Norway in 1980 and worldwide under the 2004 Stockholm Convention. The exposure of nursing infants to POPs has been a significant focus, prompting extensive research into the presence of these substances in human breast milk. In this study, we explored the temporal trends of POPs concentrations in breast milk sampled between 2002 and 2021 by comparing the concentration across the mother's year of birth. MethodTwo Norwegian cohorts of lactating women were utilized (the HUMIS study and the “Iodine in Early Life”-Study). Concentrations of 15 different POPs, including PCBs, OCPs, and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) were measured in 513 breast milk samples that had been collected over two decades in a subset of first-time mothers. ResultsTime trend analysis indicated a steady decrease in concentration levels when adjusted for maternal age. The largest reduction was observed in β-HCH, age-adjusted (−17.1%, 95% CI -18.7, −15.4), followed by ∑6BDE (−9.1%, 95% CI -10.5, −7.7), ∑6PCBs (−7.1%, 95% CI -7.7, −6.5), and ∑2DDTs (−7.0%, 95% CI -8.0, −6.0). In contrast, an increasing trend was noted in the median concentrations of β-HCH, ∑2DDTs, and ∑6BDE in the mothers born in 1990–1994 to 1995–2002. ConclusionOur study demonstrates a decline of most POPs in breast milk, likely attributed to international regulatory efforts like the Stockholm Convention. Notably, an increase in the 95th percentile concentrations of β-HCH, ∑2DDTs, and ∑6BDEs was noted in mothers born in 1990–1994 compared to those born in 1995–2002 suggests demographic shifts that may influence exposure levels. Further research is needed to explore and understand the underlying factors for the rise in median concentrations of ∑6BDEs.

Female Infertility and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children: associations and evidence for familial confounding in Denmark.

Existing research suggests the impact of infertility on the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children, however, studies to date have failed to separate the impact of male and female infertility, often blurring the lines with proxies that encompass all forms of infertility. Moreover, while both health conditions co-occurring with infertility and genetic factors operating upstream have been suggested to influence the association between infertility and child outcomes, their roles and potential impact on observed associations remain unclear. The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between female infertility and autism in the child, differentiating it from the effects of male and the couple infertility; consider the role of various maternal and birth factors in the association; and examine the effects of shared familial confounders on the association. Danish population-based cohort study, including all singleton live births in Denmark 1998-2015, their parents and parents' siblings. The cohort was followed up until December 31, 2016. The exposure was a history of female infertility in the mother and the mother's sister. We examined four definitions of female infertility based on the ICD-10 codes derived from the Danish National Patient Register - any female infertility; specified female infertility; female exclusive infertility; and female or male infertility. The outcome was diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register or the national patient register. A multivariable Cox regression model was used to estimate the associations between female infertility and autism, accounting for child's sex, year of birth, maternal age, education level, chronic comorbidities, and pregnancy and birth complications. The effects of shared familial factors on the association were analyzed using exposure information from the child's maternal aunt. The cohort included 1,131,899 mother-child pairs, among which 18,374 children with ASD diagnosis. History of female infertility in the mother (all definitions) was significantly associated with autism in the child, with the association remaining robust after adjustment for covariates (HRadj=1.14 (95% CI, 1.03-1.26) for specified infertility). The diagnosis of infertility in a child's maternal aunt was also significantly linked to the child's autism risk, even after adjustment for maternal infertility (HRadj=1.10 (95% CI, 1.00-1.20). in This population-based birth cohort study, we found a slightly higher risk of autism in children born to mothers with a history of infertility, with the association remaining consistent across various definitions of female infertility and robust to adjustments for demographic, child, and maternal factors. The study suggests for the first time that shared familial factors, possibly both genetic and non-genetic, could be influencing both female infertility and the risk of autism in children, indicating a need for further investigation into these familial effects.

Time Trends in Adolescent Diagnoses of Major Depressive Disorder and Co-occurring Psychiatric Conditions in Electronic Health Records.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly prevalent in youth and generally characterized by psychiatric comorbidities. Secular trends in co-occurring diagnoses remain unclear, especially in healthcare settings. Using large-scale electronic health records data from a major U.S. healthcare system, we examined the prevalence of MDD diagnoses and co-occurring psychiatric conditions during adolescence (12-18 years; N = 133,753) across four generations (birth years spanning 1985 to 2002) and by sex. Then using a phenome-wide association analysis, we explored which of 67 psychiatric conditions were associated with adolescent MDD diagnosis in earlier versus recent generations. Adolescent MDD diagnosis prevalence increased (8.9 to 11.4%) over time. Over 60% with an MDD diagnosis had co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses, especially neurodevelopmental and anxiety disorders. Co-occurring diagnoses generally increased over time, especially for anxiety disorders (14 to 50%) and suicidal behaviors (6 to 23%), across both sexes. Eight comorbidities interacted with generation, showing stronger associations with MDD diagnosis in earlier (e.g., conduct disorder) versus more recent (e.g., suicidal ideation and behaviors) generations. The findings underscore the importance of assessing psychiatric complexity in adolescents diagnosed with MDD, applying transdiagnostic approaches to address co-occurring presentations, and further investigating potential causes for generational increases.

MODEL PERILAKU PENGGUNA APLIKASI QRIS DAN HUBUNGANNYA TERHADAP IMPULSIVE BUYING

This type of research is quantitative research that assesses the QRIS user behavior model and its relationship with Impulsive Buying. Research was conducted on people who use QRIS in carrying out online and offline transactions. This research uses the UTAUT approach. This research also supports IKU 1 Polytechnic LP3I Jakarta, namely the work readiness of graduates because of. In this study there are 4 independent variables (X) and 2 dependent variables (Y), namely, performance expectancy (X1), effort expectancy (X2), social influence (X3), facilitating conditions (X4), behavioral intention (Y1), Impulsive Buying (Y2) Respondents in this study were LP3I Jakarta polytechnic students who belonged to generation Z with a birth year range of 2002-2006 who used QRIS as many as 100 people. For more accurate results, respondents taken were those who had used QRIS >5x. The results of hypothesis testing in this research prove that performance expectancy has a significant positive effect on user behavior intention. This means that performance expectancy influences behavioral intention that the use of QRIS digital payments is very fast and efficient. Hypothesis testing in this research proves that effort expectancy has a significant positive effect on user behavior intention. This means that effort expectancy influences behavior intention so that those using QRIS digital payments can learn and become more skilled in using the new information system

Temporal Trend in Hospitalization Among Patients With Congenital Heart Disease: ADanish Nationwide Study.

The congenital heart disease (CHD) population is growing and aging. We aim to examine the impact by describing the temporal trend and causes of lifetime hospitalization burden among the CHD population. From the Danish National Patient Registry, 23 141 patients with CHD and their hospitalizations from 1977 to 2018 were identified, excluding patients with extracardiac malformation. Patients with CHD were categorized into major CHD and minor CHD, and each patient was matched with 10 controls by sex and year of birth. The rate of all-cause hospitalization increased over time from 28.3 to 36.4 hospitalizations per 100 person-years (PY) with rate difference (RD) per decade of 2.5 (95% CI, 2.0-3.1) hospitalizations per 100 PY for the patients with CHD, compared with the increase from 10.8 to 17.0 per 100 PY (RD per decade, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.8-2.2] per 100 PY) for the control group (RD for CHD versus control, P=0.08). The all-cause hospitalization rate remained constant for the major CHDs (RD per decade, -0.2 [95% CI, -1.2 to 0.9] per 100 PY) but increased for the minor CHDs (RD per decade, 5.2 [95% CI, 4.3-6.0] per 100 PY). For all patients with CHD, the cardiovascular hospitalization rate remained constant over time (RD per decade, 0.2 [95% CI, -0.3 to 0.6] per 100 PY) whereas the noncardiovascular hospitalization rate increased (RD per decade, 2.1 [95% CI, 1.6-2.7] per 100 PY). The length of all-cause hospital stays for all patients with CHD decreased from 2.7 (95% CI, 2.6-2.8) days per PY in 1977 to 1987 to 1.6 (95% CI, 1.6-1.7) days per PY in 2008 to 2018. Compared with previous decades, patients with CHD have an increasing hospitalization rate, similar to the general population, but a decreasing length of hospital stay. The increase in hospitalization rate was driven by noncardiovascular hospitalizations, with the patients with minor CHD being the key contributor to the increasing rate.

3-generation family histories of mental, neurologic, cardiometabolic, birth defect, asthma, allergy, and autoimmune conditions associated with autism: An open-source catalog of findings.

The relatively few conditions and family member types (e.g., sibling, parent) considered in investigations of family health history in autism spectrum disorder (ASD, or autism) limits understanding of the role of family history in autism etiology. For more comprehensive understanding and hypothesis-generation, we produced an open-source catalog of autism associations with family histories of mental, neurologic, cardiometabolic, birth defect, asthma, allergy, and autoimmune conditions. All live births in Denmark, 1980-2012, of Denmark-born parents (1,697,231 births), and their 3-generation family members were followed through April 10, 2017 for each of 90 diagnoses (including autism), emigration or death. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were estimated via Cox regression for each diagnosis-family member type combination, adjusting for birth year, sex, birth weight, gestational age, parental ages at birth, and number of family member types of index person; aHRs also calculated for sex-specific co-occurrence of each disorder. We obtained 6462 individual family history aHRS across autism overall (26,840 autistic persons; 1.6% of births), by sex, and considering intellectual disability (ID); and 350 individual co-occurrence aHRS. Results are cataloged in interactive heat maps and down-loadable data files: https://ncrr-au.shinyapps.io/asd-riskatlas/ and interactive graphic summaries: https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/diana.schendel/viz/ASDPlots_16918786403110/e-Figure5. While primarily for reference material or use in other studies (e.g., meta-analyses), results revealed considerable breadth and variation in magnitude of familial health history associations with autism by type of condition, family member type, sex of the family member, side of the family, sex of the index person, and ID status, indicative of diverse genetic, familial, and nongenetic autism etiologic pathways. Careful attention to sources of autism likelihood in family health history, aided by our open data resource, may accelerate understanding of factors underlying neurodiversity.

Exploring Prostate Cancer Incidence Trends and Age Change in Cancer Registration Areas of Jiangsu Province, China, 2009 to 2019.

(1) Background: Over the past few decades, Jiangsu Province, China, has witnessed a remarkable surge in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa), accompanied by notable demographic shifts; (2) Methods: PCa data for Jiangsu Province from 2009 to 2019 were obtained from the Jiangsu Cancer Registry. We calculated crude and age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs), average age at onset, and age-specific composition ratios. Standardization was performed based on the Segi's world population. Birth cohorts (1929-2019) were analyzed to assess PCa incidence by birth year. Trend analysis was conducted using the Joinpoint Regression Model, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the average age at diagnosis and calendar years; (3) Results: The ASIRs of PCa in Jiangsu Province increased significantly, with an AAPC of 11.25% (95%CI: 10.09%, 12.42%) from 2009 to 2019. This increase was observed across all age groups, particularly among those aged 0-59 years. Birth cohort analysis revealed a rising trend with earlier birth years showing higher incidence, notably in the 1959 cohort. In rural areas, the age-standardized average age at onset of PCa decreased from 75.45 years in 2009 to 73.39 years in 2019, and the peak age group shifted from 75-79 years in 2009 to 70-74 years in 2019; (4) Conclusions: The rising incidence of PCa in Jiangsu Province, along with an increased proportion of cases in younger age groups, highlights the need for targeted interventions.

Descriptive epidemiology of gastroschisis in China from 2007 to 2020: a nationwide surveillance-based study

BackgroundGastroschisis is a common abdominal wall defect that increases infant mortality risk and health care costs. However, recent epidemiological data on gastroschisis in China is limited.MethodsUsing 2007–2020 data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network (CBDMN), we analyzed gastroschisis prevalence rates stratified by birth year, maternal age group, residence area, geographical region, and infant sex. We also examined the temporal variations in prevalence, pregnancy outcomes of affected infants, prenatal diagnoses, and co-occurring anomalies.ResultsFrom 2007 to 2020, a total of 6,813 cases of gastroschisis were identified among 25,909,000 births, comprising 4,675 isolated and 2,138 non-isolated cases. Prevalence rates per 10,000 live and still births were 2.63, 1.80, and 0.83 for the overall, isolated, and non-isolated gastroschisis, respectively, all showing a decreasing trend over the study period. The prevalence of overall gastroschisis varied significantly by maternal age (< 20 years, 9.88/10,000; 20–24 years, 4.17/10,000; 25–29 year, 2.08/10,000; 30–34 years, 1.88/10,000;≥35 years, 2.24/10,000), maternal residence (urban, 2.45/10,000; rural, 2.85/10,000), geographic region (central, 2.54/10,000; east, 2.57/10,000; west, 2.80/10,000), and infant sex (male, 2.13/10,000; female, 1.79/10,000). Non-isolated gastroschisis cases had a higher early neonatal mortality rate than isolated cases (41.91% vs. 28.10%) and frequently co-occurred with musculoskeletal anomalies.ConclusionsThis study highlights a declining trend in gastroschisis prevalence in Chinese population, a contrast to previous studies, and underscores the need for improved perinatal management due to adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with this condition.

PSX-7 Heritability estimates for longevity-related traits in U.S. Katahdin ewes

Abstract Genetic selection for increased ewe longevity can directly contribute to improved flock profitability and welfare. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate heritabilities for eight longevity-related traits in 12,149 Katahdin ewes. The ewes were daughters of 1,157 sires and 6,147 dams and were born between 1989 and 2020 in 58 flocks located across the U.S. The National Sheep Improvement Program provided the data. Age at last lambing (ALL); productive life (PL; number of days between the first and last lambing), total number of litters (TLI), lambs born (TNB), and lambs weaned (TNW) over the lifetime of the ewe; total litter weight at lambing (TLB) and weaning (TLW) over the lifetime of the ewe, and TLW divided by the weight of the ewe adjusted for 120 d (TLWadj) were evaluated (Table 1). Body weights (BW) at lambing and weaning (WW) were adjusted for sex effect, while WW was also adjusted for 60 d old. Ewes with lambing interval and age at the first lambing greater than 720 d and 1,095 d, respectively, were excluded. Moreover, only flocks that reported lambing records across at least 7 consecutive years and an average of 20 or more lambing records over the yr were evaluated. Fixed effects of contemporary group (flock, year, and season of birth of the ewe), the combined effect of the birth type and rearing type of the ewe, and age class at first lambing, as well as the animal random effect, were included in the animal model fitted. Contemporary groups with less than three ewes were excluded. Moreover, we excluded records deviating ± ± 3.0 SD from the mean. Variance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood based on pedigree (by fitting the A matrix) and genomic information [by fitting an H matrix including pedigree and genomic relationships from 10,032 animals genotyped with a 50K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) chip]. The criteria used to exclude SNP were MAF &amp;lt; 0.05, call rate &amp;lt; 0.95 (for both SNP and animals), and a maximum difference of 0.15 between the observed and expected heterozygosity (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). After quality control, 31,182 SNP were used for the analyses. The analyses were performed using the BLUPF90+ programs. The pedigree-based heritability estimates were: ALL (0.10 ± 0.017), PL (0.11 ± 0.023), TLI (0.10 ± 0.017), TNA (0.11 ± 0.017), TNW (0.11 ± 0.018), TLB (0.12 ± 0.020), TLW (0.10 ± 0.024), and TLWadj (0.07 ± 0.031). The genomic-based heritability estimates were: ALL (0.13 ± 0.018), PL (0.14 ± 0.024), TLI (0.13 ± 0.018), TNB (0.13 ± 0.018), TNW (0.14 ± 0.018), TLB (0.15 ± 0.021), TLW (0.11 ± 0.024), and TLWadj (0.07 ± 0.032). The relative standard error (RSE) of the estimates obtained with the A matrix ranged from 15.5% (TNB) to 44.3% (TLWadj) and from 12.9% (TNW) to 45.7% (TLWadj) when fitting the H matrix. In conclusion, longevity-related traits in U.S. Katahdin ewes are heritable, and estimates are slightly greater (with reduced RSE) when incorporating genomic information to estimate variance components.

195 Effect of selection for growth and maternal influence on crossbred Angus heifer development

Abstract This multiyear experiment was designed to determine the effects of sire yearling weight (YW) and maternal influence (MILK) expected progeny differences (EPD) on production and fertility of beef replacement heifers. Sires were classified as moderate (&amp;lt; 50th percentile) or high for YW EPD (122 ± 29; from 79 to 172) and as low (&amp;lt; 50th percentile) or high for MILK EPD (27 ± 8; from 5 to 40). Fall-born (n = 214) and spring-born (n = 207) heifers were enrolled in the study. Birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), and YW of the heifers were measured. In addition, reproductive tract score (RTS), dry matter intake (DMI), and average daily gain (ADG) while consuming an unprocessed grass hay diet were determined in a subsample of enrolled heifers. Neogen Igenity Beef scores (NIBS) were also run on this subset. Pregnancy rate and conception rate at fixed timed artificial insemination (FTAI) were also determined. Adjusted BW, WW and YW and RTS were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), with YW and MILK EPD as fixed effects and year of birth as random effect. Effects of sire YW and MILK classification on the likelihood of pregnancy and successful FTAI were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Pearson correlation coefficients between independent and dependent variables were obtained using the CORR procedure of SAS. Sire MILK EPD had no effect (P ≥ 0.13) on the body weight of fall- or spring-born heifers. However, fall-born heifers were 0.12 kg and 0.34 kg heavier (P = 0.06 and 0.001, respectively) per unit increase in sire YW EPD at weaning and yearling time, respectively. There was no effect of sire YW EPD on fall-born heifer DMI as percentage of body weight (DMI % BOW; P = 0.74) nor ADG (P = 0.90) while consuming the low-energy diet. Spring-born heifers had significantly greater (all, P ≤ 0.001) adjusted BW, WW, and YW (0.02, 0.23 and 0.37 kg per unit increase in sire YW EPD, respectively. Reproductive tract score was strong and negatively correlated (P ≤ 0.001) with DMI % BOW. Heifer YW NIBS were moderate and positively correlated (P &amp;lt; 0.001) with ADG. There was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a weak and negative correlation between residual feed intake genetic scores and DMI % BOW. Sire genetic merit for yearling growth was transmitted to replacement heifers. However, neither ADG, nor unprocessed forage DMI % BOW was influenced by genetic potential for growth during this study. Further research is needed to assess the benefits of using genomic profile of heifers for maternal, performance and carcass traits, alongside sire EPDs, when selecting and developing beef replacement heifers.

A large epidemiological study on human papillomavirus vaccine post-vaccination symptoms and healthy vaccinee bias

Objective This study aimed to examine the existence of healthy vaccinee bias, a source of distortion in the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, through analysis without random assignment using real data on post-vaccination symptoms from the Nagoya Study, a large epidemiological study of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine post-vaccination symptoms.Methods For three school years of individuals born in 1997, 1998, and 1999, as the HPV vaccine had a 2-year target period, 3,246 were first vaccinated at age 14 years and 3,961 were unvaccinated. The proportion of symptom onset in these 7,207 individuals during the unvaccinated period at age 13 years was compared by birth year to examine the presence of a healthy vaccinee bias.Results Only four symptoms were significantly higher among unvaccinated participants, such as the proportion of "severe headache," which occurred in 2010 among those born in 1997, "hyperventilation," which occurred in 2011 among those born in 1998, "fatigue" and "sudden vision loss," which occurred in 2012 among those born in 1999. Healthy vaccinee biases are rarely observed.Conclusion Underestimation of the odds ratio of HPV vaccination due to healthy vaccinee bias is limited, and the claim that the supposedly high odds ratio in the Nagoya Study was masked by a healthy vaccinee bias is invalid.

217 Effect of within-litter competition on lamb survivability

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lamb and littermate competition on lamb survivability to weaning. Litter sex composition and litter birth weight variation were the primary considerations for influencing competition. Records from maternal dual-purpose (Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee) and terminal breeds [Suffolk and Paternal Composite (PC; 3/8 Columbia, 3/8 Suffolk, 1/4 Texel)] were used, with 18,654 single and 56,324 twin records from all breeds and 11,082 triplet records from the 3 maternal breeds. Records were reported from 1980 to 2023, except for the PC, which began inter se mating in 2009. Lamb survivability to 90 d was analyzed using a Bayesian logistic regression model with the logit link function. Lamb survivability was assumed binomially distributed and influenced by age of dam, birth year, lamb sex, and sex of littermates as fixed effects. The relationship among littermates was also accounted for. Least squares means were transformed from the log odds scale to the probability scale. Birth weight was assumed normally distributed and influenced by the same fixed effects as lamb survival and was analyzed using a linear mixed model. Lamb survivability was also analyzed using the same model described above but including mean litter weight and individual birth weight deviation as linear covariates. Accounting for mean litter birth weight and individual birth weight deviation removed the birth weight differences between the sexes, leaving only true sex differences between lambs for survivability. For single births, females tended to have greater survivability than males when adjusted for birth weight for all breeds but was only significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for Rambouillet and Targhee. For maternal breeds, females in twin litters had significantly greater survivability (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than their male counterparts when adjusted for birth weight; differences in terminal breeds were not significant (Table 1). Males in twin litters had heavier birth weights than females (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for all breeds. Triplet born females for all litter-sex combinations had significantly higher survival than males (P &amp;lt; 0.05) for Polypay when adjusted for birth weight. Females in female-female-male (FFM) litters had 76.4% survival versus 58.9% for males while females in female-male-male (FMM) litters had 75.9% versus 66.7% for males. When lamb survivability was adjusted for birth weight, Rambouillet females in FFM litters had 72.2% survival compared with 59.9% for males (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and females in FMM litters had 73.0% survival compared with 63.8% for males. Similar significant differences were observed for FFM and FMM Targhee litters. This study suggests lamb performance is influenced by its littermate(s). Changes in postnatal management of mixed-sex litters may benefit overall lamb survival. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Familial coaggregation of major psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders among first-degree relatives of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder

BackgroundAnxiety disorders, major psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and major affective disorders), and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]) may cluster together within families. However, whether the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are at an elevated risk of neurodevelopmental or major psychiatric disorders remains unknown. MethodsWe identified 2,378,190 FDRs of patients with GAD and 9,512,760 birth year–matched and sex-matched controls from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and ADHD, and major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and GAD, were identified. ResultsThe FDRs—parents, offspring, and siblings—of individuals with GAD were more likely to be diagnosed as having schizophrenia (relative risk: 1.22), bipolar disorder (1.36), major depressive disorder (1.29), autism (1.20), ADHD (1.52), obsessive–compulsive disorder (1.21), and GAD (1.61) than are the FDRs of individuals without GAD. ConclusionOur findings support the notion of a familial coaggregation between GAD, major psychiatric disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Future studies should elucidate the definitive genetic etiology of this familial coaggregation.

Trends and determinants of the use of episiotomy in a prospective population-based registry from central India

BackgroundFindings from research and recommendations from the World Health Organization favor restrictive use of episiotomy, but whether this guidance is being followed in India, and factors associated with its use, are not known. This study sought to document trends in use of episiotomy over a five-year period (2014–2018); to examine its relationship to maternal, pregnancy, and health-system characteristics; and to investigate its association with other obstetric interventions.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data collected by the Maternal Newborn Health Registry, a prospective population-based pregnancy registry established in Central India (Nagpur, Eastern Maharashtra). We examined type of birth and use of episiotomy in vaginal deliveries from 2014 to 2018, as well as maternal and birth characteristics, health systems factors, and concurrent obstetric interventions associations with its use with multivariable Poisson regression models.ResultsDuring the five-year interval, the rate of episiotomy in vaginal birth rose from 13 to 31% despite a decline in assisted vaginal birth. Associations with episiotomy were found for the following factors: prior birth, multiple gestations, seven or more years of maternal education, higher gestational age, higher birthweight, delivery by an obstetrician (as compared to midwife or general physician), and birth in hospital (as compared to clinic or health center). After adjusting for these factors, year over year rise in episiotomy was significant with an adjusted incidence rate ratio (AIRR) of 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–1.12; p = 0.002]. We found an association between episiotomy and several other obstetric interventions, with the strongest relationship for maternal treatment with antibiotics (AIRR 4.23, 95% CI 3.12–5.73; p = 0.001).ConclusionsEpisiotomy in this population-based sample from central India steadily rose from 2014 to 2018. This increase over time was observed even after adjusting for patient characteristics, obstetric risk factors, and health system features, such as specialty of the birthing provider. Our findings have important implications for maternal-child health and respectful maternity care given that most women prefer to avoid episiotomy; they also highlight a potential target for antibiotic stewardship as part of global efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.Trial RegistrationThe study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under reference number NCT01073475.

Adaptasi Penggunaan Teknologi Media Sosial dan Media Televisi dalam Mengakses Informasi pada Generasi X di Desa Tapos Depok

As one of the developing countries, the development of the information society is marked by the emergence of media industries such as print media (newspapers, magazines, tabloids, etc.) and electronic media (radio, television). The ease of use of new technologies most influences the decisions of users of different ages. The influence of age has a direct impact on a person's perception of the usefulness of information technology in short-term and long-term use. A generation is defined as a group of individuals identified based on the year of birth, age, characteristics, and life events that occur at their developmental stage. The emergence of new media technologies creates new habits and new cultures in media consumption, which has an impact on social, cultural, economic, and political aspects. This research was conducted using a descriptive quantitative method to understand what factors affect the attitude of using social media and television media in generation X in Tapos Village. The population in this study is generation X of Tapos Village. The research sample was 100 people. Sampling was done using purposive sampling and data analysis using SEM-PLS with Smart PLS. The results of this study show that there is no digital divide seen from several aspects, namely, monthly income, interest in media use and strong network ownership, they can still keep up with technological developments even though they have limited access.

Gestational and postnatal exposure to wildfire smoke and prolonged use of respiratory medications in early life

As wildfire frequency and severity increases, smoke exposures will cause increasingly more adverse respiratory effects. While acute respiratory effects of smoke exposure have been documented in children, longer term sequelae are largely unstudied. Our objective here was to examine the association between gestational and postnatal exposure to wildfire smoke and prolonged use of prescription medication for respiratory conditions in early childhood. Using Merative MarketScan claims data, we created cohorts of term children born in western states between 1 January 2010-31 December 2014 followed for at least three years. Using NOAA Hazard Mapping System data, we determined the average number of days a week that >25% of the population in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) was covered by smoke within each exposure period. The exposure periods were defined by trimester and two 12 week postnatal periods. Medication use was based on respiratory indication (upper respiratory, lower respiratory, or any respiratory condition) and categorized into outcomes of prolonged use (⩾30 d use) (PU) and multiple prolonged uses (at least two prolonged uses) (MPU). We used logistic regression models with random intercepts for MSAs adjusted for child sex, birth season, and birth year. Associations differed by exposure period and respiratory outcome, with elevated risk of MPU of lower respiratory medications following exposure in the third trimester and the first 12 postnatal weeks (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98, 1.35; RR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05, 1.40, respectively). Exposure in the third trimester was associated with an increase in MPU of any respiratory among males infants only (male RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.00, 1.50; female RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.66, 1.31). Through novel use of prescription claims data, this work identifies critical developmental windows in the 3rd trimester and first 12 postnatal weeks during which environmental inhalational disaster events may impact longer-term respiratory health.

Parental substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions in offspring: A Swedish population-based cohort study with over 1,000,000 individuals

BackgroundExposure to parental substance use problems has been associated with offsprings poor health and adverse social outcomes. In this study, we examined the association between exposure to parental substance use disorder (SUD) during childhood, and adolescence and offspring psychiatric conditions in young adulthood. MethodThis was a register-based cohort study comprising 562,095 males and 531,130 females born between 1981 and 1990 in Sweden. Parental SUD was captured between the offspring's birth and eighteenth birthday. Cox regression models were used to estimate the Hazard Ratio (HR) of psychiatric conditions from age 18 years to a maximum age of 35 years, from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2016. ResultsAbout 4% of the study population was exposed to parental SUD during childhood and adolescence. The HR of psychiatric diagnosis was higher in males (1.80, 95% CI = 1.77–1.85) and females (1.56, 95% CI = 1.51–1.60) who were exposed to parental SUD, compared to those who were not; after adjusting for year of birth, domicile, origin, relative poverty, and other parental psychiatric diagnoses. The risks of psychiatric conditions were higher among males and females exposed to parental SUD during childhood compared to during adolescence. ConclusionExposure to parental SUD during childhood and adolescence was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric conditions in early adulthood for both males and females. Neither origin, poverty, municipality, or other parental psychiatric diagnoses fully explained the association. These risks seemed to be somewhat higher among males, and among those exposed during childhood when compared to during adolescence.

Health selection among outmigrants, return migrants and non-migrants in three subcohorts of international, interprovincial migrants and non-migrants in Manitoba, Canada

Objective and ApproachLinking national and provincial immigration registers with health care utilization datasets at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, we assembled a cohort of 816,185 adults who resided in Manitoba, Canada and were followed up for at least one year between 1985 to 2023 to outmigration, return migration or death. The cohort included three subcohorts of international immigrants (16.4%), interprovincial migrants (10.8%) and all other Manitobans (AOM) (72.8%). Within each subcohort, we matched ‘stayers’ who never migrated, outmigrants and returnees on sex, birth year and place of residence and compared their hospitalization rates and Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity scores 1-year before outmigration and 1-year after return migration. ResultsOutmigrants had lower hospitalization rates than stayers among AOM [Adjusted Relative Rate (RR): 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 0.82] and in the other two subcohorts. Comorbidity scores were also consistently lower among outmigrants compared to stayers in all three subcohorts, even after restricting to hospitalized cases. Outmigrants whose destination was another country were healthier than those who migrated to other provinces. Returnees had better health status than stayers upon return in the AOM subcohort only but lower than those who did not return at the time of outmigration in all three subcohorts. ConclusionsMigration is associated with positive health selection among international immigrants, interprovincial migrants and the local population. ImplicationsContrary to common belief, health selection is not restricted to international immigrants. Selective migration may represent a source of bias in health-related population-based studies (e.g., sampling and informative censoring).