Birdcage Research Articles

Breaking the Silence of Caged Birds: Multiculturalism in the Poetry of Elmaz Abinader and Maya Angelou

Multiculturalism is frequently used to denote a society with multiple and diverse cultures that co-exist within this society. As claimed by Stuart Hall, the “multicultural question” is concerned with “how we are to envisage the futures of those many different societies now composed of peoples from very different backgrounds, cultures, contexts, experiences and positions in the ranking order of the world; societies where difference refuses to disappear” (Hall, 2000: 209). The American society is a typical example of such type of multicultural societies where minorities from different origins suffer oppression and inequality. Here lies the importance of the multicultural literature to express the sufferings and dreams of these minorities as represented, for example, through the poetry of Maya Angelou and Elmaz Abinader; two poets from different cultural origins but they belong to the minorities in the American society. Thus, this paper attempts to showhow the poetry of these two poets is a collective process of recognition and exposure of colonialism that denies and represses the identity of the minorities and how they achieve the restoration and reconstruction of cultural identity in terms of political and literary contexts. Both writers represent a different experience as Angelou represents suffering of Black Americans while Abinader depicts feelings of hatred and racism practiced against Arab immigrants due to the belief that Arabs, especially Muslims, have terrorism tendencies. Though they depict different experiences, the poems of both writers can be described as a sincere call for equality and castigation of all forms of discrimination.

"As the Crow Flies": Black Children, Flying Africans, and Fantastic Futures in The Brownies' Book

Du Bois's contributions to The Brownies' Book included the regular news column, "As the Crow Flies." Voiced by an anthropomorphized bird, the column narrated world and domestic news, connecting readers to larger global contexts. The Crow also offered a racialized perspective. This essay explains the Crow as Black, as diasporic, and as fantastical, tracing this figure from its early Harlem Renaissance context to caged birds as metaphors for Black slavery and to the folklore figure of the Flying African. In this larger literary context, the Crow is better understood as a figure of Blackness and movement, promoting fantastic Black futures.

Fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs under semi arid conditions in Nigeria

Some factors affecting the fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs were studied at the Poultry Unit of the University of Maiduguri Livestock Teaching and Research Farm. A total of 1850 eggs were used for the study and data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance. The mean values of fertility, hatchability of total and fertile eggs set, early, mid and late embryo mortalities were 74.33, 51.35, 69.09, 10.25, 7.57 and 12.30% respectively. Fertility was highest (84.92%) in the dry cold, least (35.58%) in the dry hot, with wet season (80.75%) being intermediate. Similarly, hatchability of total and fertile eggs set were 67.18 and 79.11% in the dry cold, 14.11 and 39.66% in the dry hot and 46.86 and 58.03% in the wet season. Younger quails (≤10 and 11-22 weeks) had higher fertility and hatchability than older ones (23-34 and 35-52 weeks). Early embryo mortality also increased with age. Fertility and hatchability of eggs from caged birds was 89.54 and 62.34% as compared to 54.93 and 37.35% from deep litter reared birds and hatchability of fertile eggs was 69.63 and 67.96% respectively. Fertility and hatchability was highest (92.15 and 71.48%) for birds of ratio 1:3 and least for 1:5 (19.60 and 10%). Breeders that weighed 181-200 g had the highest hatchability (79.22%) and ≤140 g the least (60.83%). In contrast, breeder's with weights ≤ 140 g had the highest late embryo mortality (20%) and 141-160 g the least (9.67%). Light brown quails had lower hatchability of total and fertile eggs (23.71% and 35.71%) as compared to wild type or normal colored ones (52.04% and 69.84%). Light brown, however, had higher (P<0.05) early and late embryo mortalities (21.43% and 35.71%) than wild type (10.0% and 11.77%). It can be concluded from this study that for optimum fertility and hatchability, Japanese quail should be reared in cages at a mating ratio of 1:3 male to female.

Brood parasitism leads to zero recruitment in the globally endangered Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristata

SummaryThe Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristatais an ‘Endangered’ passerine from southern South America. For the past three years a management plan for Yellow Cardinals has been implemented in Argentina, in which rescued individuals from the illegal cage bird trade were released back into suitable habitats within their population of origin. We studied the reproductive success of a mixed population of released and wild Yellow Cardinals in La Pampa province, Argentina, during the reproductive season of 2019. The population was highly parasitized by the brood parasitic Shiny CowbirdMolothrus bonariensis. The frequency of parasitism was 100% and the intensity of parasitism was 4.5 ± 3.4 (mean ± SD) eggs per parasitized nest (range 1–13). No Yellow Cardinal chicks were recruited in the monitored nests, mainly as a consequence of Shiny Cowbird parasitism. The unusually high rate of parasitism led to a poor outcome of the reintroduction programme and indicates the need to update the conservation actions that have been carried out for the Yellow Cardinal so far. Shiny Cowbird abundance varies within the distribution of Yellow Cardinals, related to habitat modification and farming activities. Thus, further research on habitat suitability and assessment of Shiny Cowbird abundance should be incorporated into future strategies for the conservation of the Yellow Cardinal.

Female Racial and Linguistic Exploitation Through Economics: A Marxist Feminist Analysis of Kamila Shamsie’s Selected Works

Regardless of quality education, alteration of conservative era into modernization and escalating the streamers of gender equality, women are still standing at the verge of being victim of cruelty, injustice, malice, forced marriages, sexual violence and hatred. The law enforcement agencies themselves become part of exploiting women’s rights, co-modifying them and reinforcing the stereotype in this patriarchal society. When discussing the fate of women it matters less whether they are the women of East or West. Culture change, place change, traditions and values change, but the thing that never change is the behavior of community towards women. However, women are going to become abandoned or protagonist, it depends upon the inner courage of women. For an instance, women become helpless and start feeling them as the caged birds that can never flew independently. On the other hand, some women refuse to become the part of darkness and decide to become spark in nightfall. Moreover, Pakistan is land of tremendous examples about such women. Since the dawn history of human beings, subjugation towards the identity of women’s status has been observed in different communities and cultures. Additionally, this subjugation is deeply rooted and exists on a large scale in Pakistani society. Therefore, this proposed study is the splendid reflection of this acrimonious datum by ascertaining our point of view with the bounteous examples from the stories of “Burnt Shadows”, “Broken Verses” and “Home Fire” by Kamila Shamsie. This study will be a milestone for presenting the women’s condition in Pakistan and clearing the depiction that in developing countries like Pakistan, women are only victims of cruelty. For this purpose, Marxist’s interpellation theory was used to enlighten the feminist, race and language analysis by using the primary and secondary sources for data collection. Results concluded on the basis detailed analysis of all the novels explain that the systematic flow in the lives of women that is hidden in the generosity of world that can rampant the prestige of humanity up to great extent.

UNA RANA ARBORÍCOLA (Osteopilus septentrionalis, HYLIDAE) DEPREDANDO A UN TOMEGUÍN DE LA TIERRA ENJAULADO (Tiaris olivaceus) EN CUBA

Abstract.-We are reporting the first case of predation of a Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) on a confined caged bird, a Yellow-faced Grassquit, (Tiaris oilivaceus) in central Cuba. We comment about predation on aquarium fish too. Both cases of predation are not reported previously.

Isolation and characterization of low pathogenic H7N7 avian influenza virus from a red-crowned crane in a zoo in South Korea

BackgroundSouth Korea conducts annual national surveillance programs to detect avian influenza (AI) in domestic poultry, live bird markets, and wild birds. In March 2017, an AIV was isolated from fecal samples in an outdoor aviary flight cage in a zoo in Korea.ResultsNucleotide sequencing identified the isolate as low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H7N7, and DNA barcoding analysis identified the host species as red-crowned crane. This isolate was designated A/red-crowned crane/Korea/H1026/2017 (H7N7). Genetic analysis and gene constellation analysis revealed that A/red-crowned crane/Korea/H1026/2017 (H7N7) showed high similarity with four H7N7 LPAIVs isolated from wild bird habitats in Seoul and Gyeonggi in early 2017.ConclusionsConsidering the genetic similarity and similar collection dates of the viruses, and the fact that zoo bird cages are vulnerable to AIV, it is likely that fecal contamination from wild birds might have introduced LPAIV H7N7 into the red-crowned crane at the zoo. Therefore, our results emphasize that enhanced biosecurity measures should be employed during the wild bird migration season, and that continued surveillance should be undertaken to prevent potential threats to avian species in zoos and to humans.

Severe infestation of Ornithonyssus bursa in a commercial poultry layer farm and its successful management

Mites are obligatory haematophagous ectoparasites that infesting commercial poultry farms in tropical countries. This study reports a severe infestation of Ornithonyssus bursa in a commercial poultry farm and its successful treatment. A poultry farmer approached with the samples containing mites, which were creating annoyance to the birds as well as farm workers in the sheds. After repeated usage of chemical acaricides, the mite menace was not controlled. On visit, it was noticed clusters of mites near bird cages, water pipelines, feeders, egg trays, particularly in the cobwebs and also on the birds. All most 90 percent of the flock (about 4.0 lakh) which was spread over in eight sheds was showing severe mite infestation. Based on the morphological features, the mites were identified as Ornithonyssus bursa. Preventive measures, including clearing of cobwebs by home use vacuum cleaners were advised before the acaricidal spray. Sponging with malathion in lukewarm water was done for the cages, water pipelines, feeders and other farm equipment and sprayed on poultry manure. Deltamethrin spray was applied directly on birds and on farm equipments which were close to the birds. Besides these, blow lamping was done on the walls and crevices of poultry sheds. The above treatment was done for thrice with an interval of 2 weeks and the condition was improved satisfactorily and the mite infestation was controlled completely.

Responses in growth performance and nutrient digestibility to a multi-protease supplementation in amino acid-deficient broiler diets.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a multi-protease on production indicators of broiler chickens fed a crude protein and amino acid deficient-diets for 35 days immediately after hatch. A total of 448 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allocated in a completely randomized design into one of eight dietary treatments (positive control [PC], negative control [NC: minus 0.5% from PC, and minus 2% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], extreme negative control [ENC: minus 1% from PC, minus 4% of lysine, methionine, threonine and methionine plus cysteine], and plus multi-protease 150 or 300 g per ton [e. g., PC-150]; PC, PC-150, NC, NC-150, NC-300, ENC, ENC-150, ENC-300) to give eight replicates with seven birds in a battery cage. Body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were measured every week. Carcass traits, proximate analysis of breast meat, and ileum digestibility were analyzed on day 21 and 35. Feeding a multi-protease (i.e., more than 150 g/ton) for 35 days immediately after hatching improved feed efficiency and ileum digestibility (i.e., dry matter, crude protein, and energy) compared to their counterparts (i.e., diets without multi-protease: PC, NC, and ENC). In conclusion, our results indicated that broiler chickens fed nutrients deficient-diet (i.e., crude protein and amino acids) supplemented a multi-protease had an ability to compensate and (or) improve their growth performance commensurate with increased ileal digestibility for 35 days immediately after hatch.

High-Resolution Implantable Microcoil Antennas for Blood-Vessel Imaging in High-Field MRIs

This article presents rectangular and circular intravascular receive-only (Rx) open interior microcoils (MCs) for blood-vessel and brain-aneurysm imaging with two different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) frequencies (128 and 298 MHz for field strengths 3 and 7 T, respectively). The proposed Rx MCs have a miniature volume of 4.92 mm3. They offer a wider bandwidth, homogenous radio frequency (RF) receptivity, a high signal-to-noise ratio, and better vessel imaging than that offered by state-of-the-art MCs. In addition, they have open interiors that enable uninterrupted blood flow during MRI scanning and reduce motion artifacts. The proposed MCs were used to mimic different blood vessels of the brain, heart, neck, and kidneys in a realistic human voxel-based Duke model. We compared the reception efficiency ( $R_{x,eff}$ ) and the sum of $B_{1}^{-}$ strengths (i.e., $\Sigma B_{1}^{-}$ ) in the region of interest (ROI) for the combined approach involving the birdcage (BC)/surface coil and the MC for various coil arrangements. The proposed MCs were fabricated and integrated with the 3-D-printed blood-vessel model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed MCs achieved the improvements of 72% and 75% in $\Sigma B_{1}^{-}$ and $R_{x,eff}$ , respectively, in the selected ROI (the blood vessel). Moreover, the MR images obtained by the proposed MCs exhibited high sensitivity of the blood signal and offered selective imaging of the arterial walls. According to the results, the proposed Rx MCs can be applied to perform intravascular imaging of smaller blood vessels.

Jazz cats

Jazz cats

Nature, Caged Birds, and Constrained Women: An Ecocritical Feminist Reading of Angela Carter’s Story The Erl-King

In their feminist and postmodern readings of Angela Carter’s fiction, critics have often eclipsed the presence of nature in her writings and the significance of non-human forms of life. This article addresses this critical gap, focusing on Carter’s employment of birds and the greenwood in her story The Erl-King as a metaphor for gender roles and power relations. Hence, the alliance between her ecopoetics and feminist vision forms a case of “ecofeminism.” In her defense of “minor” and oppressed forms of life, Carter makes her caged birds emblems of women imprisoned by patriarchy. Their liberation by the female narrator at the end of the story is not only a sign of resistance but also an indication of the essential harmony and mutual strength of women and nature. Surprisingly though, and before this unexpected end in which the narrator strangles the Erl-King with his own hair, nature is made complicit in the oppression of women rather than simply liberating. This can be explained through Carter’s ambivalent brand of postmodern feminist poetics that rejects fixities and conventional binaries, unsettling the patriarchal myth that women are merely close to nature. Thus, Carter subverts feminist logic by exposing how women and nature are not only closely allied or opposed to patriarchy but also complicit in their own oppression. Moreover, she subverts the woman/nature dichotomy by making the Erl-King the epitome of a harmonious life in nature rather than plainly defending women as expected in feminist texts. Carter deconstructs established myths and conventional gender roles, accounting for subtle female desire in the process of articulating feminist poetics via nature.

International wildlife trade, avian influenza, organised crime and the effectiveness of CITES: The Chinese hwamei as a case study

The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is the most important global initiative to monitor and regulate the international trade of plants and animals, but there is a lack of (retrospective) assessments of the effectiveness of its actions. We here focus on the international trade in Chinese hwamei Garrulax canorus, a songbird native to south-eastern China and northern Lao PDR and Vietnam. Prior to the year 2000, the species was heavily traded as an ornamental cage bird, both in countries within and outside its natural range. In an effort to prevent international overexploitation, at the request of China, the Chinese hwamei was listed in Appendix II of CITES, regulating all international trade. Here we compare data from three non-range countries (Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia) for which we have bird market survey data prior to and following the CITES listing. In addition, we assess whether or not CITES import and export figures agree with observations in the bird markets, and explore the contemporary (online) trade and trafficking in Chinese hwamei. We find a clear effect of the CITES listing and Chinese export restrictions in Indonesia (before ~50 birds/survey vs ~15 birds/survey after), but not in Thailand (~10 vs ~13) and Singapore (~4 vs ~16). Singapore is the only country that reports the import of Chinese hwamei, 1650 birds in 2002–2004 only, possibly accounting for a proportion of the birds observed in trade. In contrast, neither Thailand nor Indonesia report the import of a single Chinese hwamei since its CITES listing, despite some 2000 birds having been recorded openly for sale, suggesting large-scale illegal international trade in the species. Five seizures in Singapore and Indonesia were mostly because of concern about avian influenza. Price data, corrected for inflation, suggests that prices for Chinese hwamei have increased substantially, albeit following a delay, from ~US$50 prior to the listing to ~ US$200 after. We conclude that the CITES Appendix II listing of Chinese hwamei has had some positive effect on reducing the volumes of these birds in international trade, mainly through implementation of domestic legislation in China, but that substantial illegal or undocumented trade persists in Southeast Asia, involving organised criminal networks. We recommend actions from range countries, such as China, to cease the illegal export of Chinese hwamei, from importing countries such as Indonesia, to ensure no illegal shipments of birds enter their country, and for consumer countries where the species cannot legally be traded to curb the illegal domestic trade as the demand for songbirds in these markets drives the trafficking.

A quasi-experimental approach using telemetry to assess migration-strategy-specific differences in the decision-making processes at stopover

BackgroundMigrant birds travel between their breeding areas and wintering grounds by alternating energetically and physiologically demanding flights with periods of rest and fuelling, so-called stopovers. An important intrinsic factor influencing the decision to resume migration is the amount of energy stores available for the next flight. Correlative studies with free-flying birds and experimental studies with caged birds have shown that the amount of energy stores affects the day-to-day, within-day and the directional decision of departure. The methodological advantages of both the correlative and experimental approach are combined when radio-tagging many individuals on the same day and subsequently determining the departure decisions at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Making use of such a quasi-experimental approach with an automated radio-tracking system at stopover, we studied the effect of energy stores on departure decisions and whether they vary between species of different migration strategies experiencing contrasting time constraints. For this, we chose a long-distance migrant, the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), and a medium-distance migrant, the European robin (Erithacus rubecula), because the former has to travel at relatively higher speed to reach its wintering ground in a reasonable time at the expense of relatively higher energetic costs for travelling than the latter.ResultsCommon redstarts with higher energy stores were more likely to resume migration than their conspecifics with lower energy stores, whereas this pattern was absent in the European robins. The amount of energy stores significantly affected the timing of departure within the day, with large energy stores yielding early departures in both species. Departure directions from the stopover site during the first night after capture were oriented towards the seasonally appropriate direction but were not affected by variation in energy stores.ConclusionsWe demonstrate the importance of variation in energy stores on the departure decisions and that it may affect species with different migration strategies dissimilarly in autumn. Nevertheless, knowledge of other intrinsic factors, such as feeding conditions, health status and physiological consequences of previous flights, is additionally required to better understand the departure decisions of migrants, as this is the key to providing an overall assessment of the decision-making process.

Research Note: Delay in sampling influences the profile of phytate in gizzard digesta and ileal digestibility of phosphorus in broilers

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different durations of time delay when sampling digesta from the gizzard and ileum of broilers on the degradation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) and digestibility of phosphorus (P). There was 1 experimental diet with a supplemental phytase activity of 1,212 phytase units/kg feed, which was provided to birds from day 13 to 18 after hatching. The diet was formulated to provide 6.6 g/kg Ca and 1.9 g/kg nonphytate P and fed to 24 cages of 6 birds. The 24 cages of birds were further randomly divided into 6 subgroups of 4 cages from which the digesta samples in the gizzard and ileum were collected at 0, 5, 10, or 20 min postmortem. The results showed that the concentration of InsP6 decreased linearly (P = 0.002), InsP5 decreased quadratically (P = 0.038), and the summation of concentrations of P in InsP6–4 decreased linearly (P = 0.028) in the gizzard digesta with the increasing delay of sampling. In the ileum, the digestibility of phytate P tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.087), and the digestibility of total P decreased linearly (P = 0.026) with prolonged delay. In conclusion, delay in sampling could alter the measured profile of InsP esters in gizzard digesta probably because of a continued effect of supplemental phytase, while the ileal digestibility of total P could diminish. Therefore, standard sampling procedures should be implemented to minimize variance.

The Lives and Deaths of Caged Birds: Transatlantic Voyages of Wild Creatures from the Americas to Spain, 1740s–1790s

Abstract This essay focuses on New World birds caught up in the eighteenth-century transatlantic trade with other living wild creatures, destined for imperial metropoles. Manuscript sources describing this trade, written by political officials, ships’ captains, doctors, naturalists, animal caretakers, and inspectors who cataloged their arrival to Spanish ports, interacted with the animals, tried to keep them alive aboard the ship, and determined their ability to withstand further transport to their final destinations in Madrid and other cities in Spain. In the process, animals caged aboard ship for several weeks or more developed relationships with one another and with their human caretakers. Their lived experiences show the multiple and complicated ways in which individual captured birds and other creatures helped shape those shipboard environments, disrupting systemic human attempts to construct them as colonial animals who functioned solely as scientific or material objects in empire making.

Canary Production

Canary (Serinus canarius) is one of the most beautiful cage birds. They are small and delicate songbird species. Their origin is the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. They were first brought to Europe by the Spanish sailors in 1478. Than Britain, Germany, France, Netherlands and Italy were started professional canary breeding. The wild ones live in flocks, mostly on the edge of wooded lakes and creeks. While the color of canaries grown in cages is completely yellow, the wild ones are gray-green. Sound in the wild canary is stronger and more impressive. There are 3 types of canaries commonly produced. These are “Song canaries”, “Color canaries” and “Form canaries”. Nowadays they are often produced for their beautiful color and sound. This article gives brief information about canaries and to provide resources to enthusiasts who want to do produce has been prepared.

Ecosystem services provided by Neotropical birds

AbstractThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment described 4 classes of services or functions that ecosystems and their component parts deliver to the benefit of humans: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. Birds, including Neotropical birds, provide a diverse array of services in all 4 classes. We review the literature describing ecosystem services provided by Neotropical birds, draw inference from studies of avian services in other regions when Neotropical studies are limited, and identify key information gaps. Neotropical birds provide provisioning services in the form of meat and eggs for food, and feathers for down and ornamentation. Regulating services are among the most valuable services provided by Neotropical birds, including pollination, pest control, seed dispersal, and scavenging. Neotropical birds also provide supporting services in the form of nutrient cycling, such as through the deposition of guano on offshore islands. Finally, Neotropical birds provide cultural services as pets (caged birds), sources of recreation (e.g., birdwatching, hunting), as well as by inspiring art, photography, and religious customs. Much remains to be learned about the ecology and natural history of many Neotropical birds before we can fully assign value—monetary, nonmaterial, or otherwise—to the services they provide. However, what we have learned to date makes it clear that humans benefit from birds through multiple services, including but not limited to pest reduction, pollination of some agricultural plants, and seed dispersal.

Impact of different rearing systems on growth, carcass traits, oxidative stress biomarkers, and humoral immunity of broilers exposed to heat stress

The effects of different rearing systems (RS) including cage rearing systems (CRS), litter rearing systems (LRS), and perforated plastic slate rearing systems (PSRS) on the productive performance, carcass traits, blood hematological and biochemical parameters, and humoral immunity in broiler chickens exposed to heat stress were investigated. A total of 270 1-day-old Avian 48 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 groups equally, each was divided into 9 replicates (each of 10 birds) housed in studied RS. Results revealed that CRS had higher (P < 0.001) body weight and weight gain at all experimental periods (except in the sixth wk for weight gain) followed by LRS. Birds housed in PSRS consumed lower (P < 0.001) feed than those in CRS (during the fourth to sixth and overall periods) and LRS (during all experimental periods except the second one). Best values of feed conversion ratio and European broiler index were shown in CR birds. All carcass traits were not altered by different RS except the percentages of dressing, liver, breast, and left filet, which were elevated (P < 0.05) in caged birds. Eosinophil, lymphocyte, basophil, and monocyte counts and phagocytic index and activity were reduced (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in LRS. Humoral immune response against the Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza were not differed. Birds in LRS showed higher (P < 0.05) serum cholesterol, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase as well as liver and muscle cholesterol contents. Lipid peroxidation was reduced (P < 0.05) in the LRS and PSRS groups, whereas superoxide dismutase was elevated (P < 0.05) in CRS and LRS. Thus, CRS and LRS were preferred for better growth performance and carcass traits of heat-stressed broilers, whereas CRS and PSRS were better in reducing tissue cholesterol under the conditions of our study.

The Story of an Hour: Mrs. Mallard’s Ethically Tragic Song

American novelist Kate Chopin’s short story The Story of an Hour has attracted wide attention since its first publication in 1894. This article focuses on the ethical implications of the characterization of the heroine Mrs. Mallard from the perspective of Ethical Literary Criticism, a literary theory and critical method initiated by Chinese scholar Nie Zhenzhao in 2004 and popularized in China’s literary arena ever since. Mrs. Mallard’s ethical identity is constantly changing from an obeyer of traditional social ethics to a caged bird under traditional marriage ethics, from a new woman whose self-awareness awakens under modern ethics to being passively labeled as “Mrs. Mallard” again by traditional social ethics. The transformation of Mrs. Mallard’s ethical identity during different periods of time presents an ethically tragic song about the living conditions of American women during the late nineteenth century and confirms how difficult it is for them to pursue their modern ethical identities. The Story of an Hour highlights via the characterization of Mrs. Mallard the fact that it can provide some ethical instructions for modern people and urge them to cherish women’s hard-won rights today.