Biosynthesized CuO NPs Research Articles

Biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticle using leaf extracts of Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth and Withana somnifera (L) Dunal for antibacterial activity

Nanotechnology is becoming a promise for scientific advancement nowadays in areas like medicine, consumer products, energy, materials, and manufacturing. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth and Withana somnifera (L) Dunal leaf extract via green synthetic pathway. The leaf of O. lamiifolium and W. somnifera were known to have strong antibiotic and antioxidant properties arising due to the presence of various secondary metabolites, including, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, and phenolic compounds which serve as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the CuO-Nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were characterized based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. O. lamiifolium and W. somnifera leaf extract mediated synthesis could produce CuO NPs with average crystallite size of 15 nm and 19 nm, respectively. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs were further examined for antibacterial activity with Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). The GZDK-CuO NPs synthesized using W. somnifera leaf extract inhibited the growth of E. coli. and P. aeruginosa largely in comparison to S. aureus. Whereas the DMAZ-CuO NPs synthesized with the help of O. lamiifolium leaf extract showed higher bacterial inhibition on E. coli compared to S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of both types of NPs are also assessed on all three pathogens. The newly biosynthesized nanoparticles, thus, were found to be optional materials for inhibiting the growth of drug- resistant bacterial pathogens.

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles Mediated Rhazya Stricta Plant Leaves Extract Characterization and Evaluation of their Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity (in vitro Study)

In this study, a straightforward, expeditious, and environmentally friendly approach to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) utilizing an aqueous extract of Rhazya Stricta (R. stricta) leaves was employed. The CuONPs underwent various analytical techniques for characterization, including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scan electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential. The XRD analysis authenticated the monoclinic crystal nature, revealing an average crystallite size of 15.6 nm. FESEM images depicted semi-spherical and cubic shapes, with particle sizes ranging from 56.64 to 86.95 nm. The formation of CuONPs was initially confirmed by the observable change in colour, attributed to the excitation of surface Plasmon resonance at 280 nm in the UV-Vis spectra. FTIR analysis affirmed the presence of functional groups in the R. Stricta leaves extract, serving as both reducing and stabilizing agents, facilitating the formation of CuONPs. Zeta potential measurements indicated substantial stability with a value of 46.6 mV. The biosynthesized CuONPs were further evaluated for their antibacterial properties against Klebsiella Pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), yielding inhibition zones of 21 mm and 30 mm, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxicity assessment of CuONPs against A549 cell lines revealed higher cytotoxicity of 81.47 ± 1.517 at a CuONP concentration of 100 μg/ml. This work is the first attempt at R. stricta-facilitated synthesis of CuONPs as antibacterial and anticancer agents. It can subsequently be exploited as a potential candidate for these agents and might be utilized further in vivo studies.

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles from Macroalgae Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa.

Macroalgae seaweeds such as Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa cause problems on the northern coast of the Italian Adriatic Sea because their overabundance hinders the growth of cultivated clams, Rudatapes philippinarum. This study focused on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from U. lactuca and G. verrucosa. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were successfully characterized using FTIR, XRD, HRTEM/EDX, and zeta potential. Nanoparticles from the two different algae species are essentially identical, with the same physical characteristics and almost the same antimicrobial activities. We have not investigated the cause of this identity, but it seems likely to arise from the reaction of Cu with the same algae metabolites in both species. The study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain useful products from these macroalgae through a green synthesis approach and that they should be considered as not just a cause of environmental and economic damage but also as a potential source of income.

Copper oxide nanoparticles-mediated Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract: Antifungal activity and molecular docking assays against strawberry pathogens

Abstract In the current study, Heliotropium bacciferum leaf extract was used to biosynthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the produced CuO-NPs. Transmission electron microscope investigation indicated well-distributed spherical particles in various development phases. The particles’ diameters ranged from 22.15 to 37.01 nm, with an average of 24.8 ± 6.1 nm. Energy dispersive X-ray examination confirmed the presence of nanoscale Cu ions at a high concentration, as seen by the strong signal peak at 1 keV. Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed various functional groups on the green-produced CuO-NPs, as evidenced by multiple absorption beaks. The bands found at 3,195 and 2,916 cm−1 revealed that phenolic and flavonoid compounds’ alcohols and alkanes were stretching C–H. Also, a band at 1,034 cm−1 is typically attributed to CuO production. CuO-NPs exhibited significant bioactivity against isolated and molecularly identified fungal strains, including Rhizoctonia solani (OR116528), Fusarium oxysporum (OR116508), and Botrytis cinerea (OR116491). Remarkably, the highest inhibition percentages were recorded at 100 µg/mL, with values 81.48, 71.11, and 50.74% for R. solani, F. oxysporum, and B. cinerea, respectively. Molecular docking interactions revealed that the highest binding affinity of CuO-NPs was −5.1 for the oxidoreductase of B. cinerea and −5.2 and −5.4 for the chitin synthase of R. solani and F. oxysporum, respectively. Consequentially, the biosynthesized CuO-NPs could be employed as antifungal biocontrol agents, as well as using H. bacciferum leaf extract for the synthesis of nanoparticles for various sustainable agricultural applications.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark extract and investigation of antibacterial activity

Several attempts have been made for green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) using different plant extracts. The present study revealed that, antibacterial and CuO-NPs were synthesized using ecofriendly and non-toxic Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark extract. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs were characterized by using UV–Vis analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis. In addition, the antibacterial activity of green synthesized CuO-NPs was tested using the agar well diffusion method against four bacterial pathogens “viz”: E. coli, V. cholerae, B. substilis and E. faecalis, which were responsible for causing severe infectious diseases in human being. CuO NPs exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity against the pathogen of B. subtilis i.e. 13 mm. Hence, CuO-NPs have the potential to be used as bactericidal component.

Padina boergesenii-Mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis, with Their Antibacterial and Anticancer Potential.

The utilization of nanoparticles derived from algae has generated increasing attention owing to their environmentally sustainable characteristics and their capacity to interact harmoniously with biologically active metabolites. The present study utilized P. boergesenii for the purpose of synthesizing copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs), which were subsequently subjected to in vitro assessment against various bacterial pathogens and cancer cells A375. The biosynthesized CuONPs were subjected to various analytical techniques including FTIR, XRD, HRSEM, TEM, and Zeta sizer analyses in order to characterize their stability and assess their size distribution. The utilization of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis has provided confirmation that the algal metabolites serve to stabilize the CuONPs and function as capping agents. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a distinct peak associated with the (103) plane, characterized by its sharpness and high intensity, indicating its crystalline properties. The size of the CuONPs in the tetragonal crystalline structure was measured to be 76 nm, and they exhibited a negative zeta potential. The biological assay demonstrated that the CuONPs exhibited significant antibacterial activity when tested against both Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The cytotoxic effects of CuONPs and cisplatin, when tested at a concentration of 100 µg/mL on the A375 malignant melanoma cell line, were approximately 70% and 95%, respectively. The CuONPs that were synthesized demonstrated significant potential in terms of their antibacterial properties and their ability to inhibit the growth of malignant melanoma cells.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Ephedra Alata plant extract and a study of their antifungal, antibacterial activity and photocatalytic performance under sunlight

In the present work, copper oxide (CuO NPs) was synthesized by an eco-friendly, simple, low-cost, and economical synthesis method using Ephedra Alata aqueous plant extract as a reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs were compared with chemically obtained CuO-NPs to investigate the effect of the preparation method on the structural, optical, morphological, antibacterial, antifungal, and photocatalytic properties under solar irradiation. The CuO NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). The photocatalytic activities of biosynthetic CuO-NPs and chemically prepared CuO-NPs were studied using methylene blue upon exposure to solar irradiation. The results showed that the biosynthesized CuO photocatalyst was more efficient than the chemically synthesized CuO-NPs for Methylene Blue (MB) degradation under solar irradiation, with MB degradation rates of 93.4% and 80.2%, respectively. In addition, antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated. The disk diffusion technique was used to test the biosynthesized CuO-NPs against gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, as well as C. Albicans and S. cerevisiae. The biosynthesized CuO-NPs showed efficient antibacterial and antifungal activity. The obtained results revealed that the biosynthesized CuO-NPs can play a vital role in the destruction of pathogenic bacteria, the degradation of dyes, and the activity of antifungal agents in the bioremediation of industrial and domestic waste.

Efficient adsorptive removal of paracetamol and thiazolyl blue from polluted water onto biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have received tremendous attention as efficient adsorbents owing to their low cost, desirable surface area, abundant active sites, potent textural characteristics and high adsorption capacities. However, CuONPs have not been employed to decontaminate water laden with increasing environmental contaminants such as thiazolyl blue and paracetamol. Herein, the adsorption of thiazolyl blue and paracetamol onto green synthesized CuONPs prepared from the aqueous leaf extract of Platanus occidentalis was studied. The BET, SEM, FTIR, XRD, EDX and pH point of zero charge showed the successful synthesis of CuONPs having desirable surface properties with a surface area of 58.76 m2/g and an average size of 82.13 nm. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 72.46 mg/g and 64.52 mg/g were obtained for thiazolyl blue and paracetamol, respectively. The Freundlich, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models were well fitted to the adsorption of both pollutants. The pH studies suggested the predominance of electrostatic and weaker intermolecular interactions in the adsorption of the thiazolyl blue and paracetamol, respectively. Spontaneous, physical, endothermic and random adsorption of the pollutants on CuONPs was obtained from the thermodynamic consideration. The biosynthesized CuONPs were found to be highly reusable and efficient for the adsorption of thiazolyl blue and paracetamol from water.

Efficacy of Biological Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Controlling Damping-Off Disease and Growth Dynamics of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Plants

One of the most prevalent diseases affecting sugar beet crops globally is damping-off disease, which is caused by fungi or soil-borne bacteria. The objective of the current study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of CuO-NPs against Fusarium oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, and Pectobacterium carotovorum in a lab setting and how they influenced vegetative growth, physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes, disease incidence percentage, and mineral nutrients of sugar beet plants in a greenhouse experiment. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris cv. Oscar poly) seeds were soaked in different concentrations (50, 100, and 150 µg L−1) of the tested NPs for two hours pre-sowing. According to in vitro studies, as compared to aqueous copper sulphate and control, CuO-NPs at 25, 35, and 100 µg mL−1 had the greatest inhibitory effect (100%) on the mycelial growth of M. phaseolina, F. oxysporum, and P. carotovorum, respectively. Results from the greenhouse experiment showed that the 150 µg mL−1 concentration produced the greatest reduction in disease incidence %, with efficacy values of 24.53, 13.25, and 23.59% for F. oxysporum, M. phaseolina, and P. carotovorum, respectively. In addition, as compared to untreated control plants, the same concentration of CuO-NPs significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the vegetative development, physiological characteristics, antioxidant enzymes, and mineral nutrients of sugar beet plants. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity demonstrated by the biosynthesized CuO NPs indicates that they can resist plant pathogenic microorganisms of sugar beet plants.

Potential Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Time-Kill Kinetic Essay and Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacterial Cells

Mycosynthesis of nanoparticle (NP) production is a potential ecofriendly technology for large scale production. In the present study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) have been synthesized from the live cell filtrate of the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. The created CuONPs were characterized via several techniques, namely Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Furthermore, the biosynthesized CuONPs were performed against biofilm forming Klebsiella oxytoca ATCC 51,983, Escherichia coli ATCC 35,218, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, and Bacillus cereus ATCC 11,778. The anti-bacterial activity result was shown with the zone of inhibition determined to be 14 ± 0.31 mm, 16 ± 0.53 mm, 11 ± 0.57 mm, and 10 ± 0.57 mm respectively. Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli were more susceptible to CuONPs with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 6.25 and 3.12 µg/mL, respectively, while for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, MIC value was 12.5 and 25 μg/mL, respectively. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) result was more evident, that the CuONPs have excellent anti-biofilm activity at sub-MIC levels reducing biofilm formation by 49% and 59% against Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli, while the results indicated that the MBIC of CuONPs on Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus was higher than 200 μg/mL and 256 μg/mL, respectively, suggesting that these CuONPs could not inhibit mature formatted biofilm of Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. Overall, all the results were clearly confirmed that the CuONPs have excellent anti-biofilm ability against Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli. The prepared CuONPs offer a smart approach for biomedical therapy of resistant microorganisms because of its promoted antimicrobial action, but only for specified purposes.

Scavenging Activity of Microbial Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Resourced from Endophytic Actinomycetes of Triticum vulgare and Their Biotechnological Application as Antioxidant

Biological Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were produced utilizing biomass extract of two endophytic actinomycetes isolates, Streptomyces noursei (A-1) and Streptomyces fradiae (A-2). The molecular identification of these two actinomycetes species was accomplished using 16S RNA sequence analysis. UV-Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were utilized to characterize these biological CuO-NPs. The surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band of biologically synthesized CuO-NPs was in the spectrum of 410 to 450 nm. These NPs were spherical and crystalline in morphology, with a mean range of 50 to 100 nm. XRD analysis was employed to investigate the crystallinity of these NPs. Different bonds, such as C-O and N-H bonds, were identified in these NPs, as revealed by FTIR spectra. When it came to medicinal applications, the biosynthesized CuO-NPs were remarkably efficacious. The biologically synthesized CuO Nanoparticles (A-1 and A-2) shows the good Scavenging activity which indicated that biologically synthesized CuO Nanoparticles (A-1 and A-2) has an antioxidant property. Prepared biosynthesized Cu oxide nanoparticles are biologically active and will becomes a foundation in the different field of biotechnological applications including environmental, industrial, medical etc.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Euphorbia hirta leaves extract and its biological applications

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles by a green method is eco-friendly, nontoxic and few benefits to the growing fields of research used inhibit bacteria and cancer growth over the recent years. In this study, CuO NPs are synthesized through Euphorbia hirta leaf extract. Formation of CuO NPs was confirmed by SPR peak at UV spectrum. FTIR identified functional groups are responsible for reduction and stabilization, GC–MS, phytochemicals present in the Euphorbia hirta extract accountable for synthesizing CuO NPs. XRD confirmed crystalline nature, SEM and TEM confirmed size and spherical morphology. Furthermore, CuO NPs effective antibacterial activity to inhibit pathogens, strong biological activities regarding antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity and excellent anticancer activity against the Ht-29 cell line. Also, good catalyst for the effective degradation of methylene blue. The present study suggests that biosynthesized CuO NPs through an extract from Euphorbia hirta may be used for therapeutic application in future clinical studies.

Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by chemical and biogenic methods: photocatalytic degradation and in vitro antioxidant activity

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were synthesized using two different methods (chemical and biosynthesis) to study the influence of the preparation method on the structural, optical, morphological, photocatalyst, antibacterial and in vitro antioxidant of these nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were analysed by XRD, UV–Vis, HR-TEM, DLS, ZE, PL and FT-IR spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction spectra showed the single-phase monoclinic structure of copper oxide, with an average crystallite size of 2.05–3.00 nm. HR-TEM analysis confirmed the spherical morphology of the synthesized CuO-NPs using chemical and biological methods with an average size of 32 nm and 25 nm, respectively. The synthesized CuO-NPs exhibited potential photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue dye on exposing to sunlight irradiation. The degradation effectiveness against methylene blue dye was found to be 85 and 97% for chemical and biosynthesized CuO-NPs, respectively. Furthermore, antibacterial and antioxidant activities were evaluated. The biogenic method showed a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and B. subtilis than Gram-positive bacteria and also DPPH assay.

Effects of copper oxide nanoparticles on growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings and possible implications of nitric oxide in their antioxidative defense.

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have been extensively explored for use in agriculture. Previous studies have indicated that application of CuO NPs might be promising for development and conservation of plants, pest control, and for the recovery of degraded soils. However, depending on the applied concentration copper can cause phytotoxic effects. In this work, biosynthesized CuO NPs (using green tea extract) were evaluated on their effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedling growth, which were exposed at concentrations ranged between 0.2 and 300μgmL-1. From the biosynthesized were obtained ultra-small CuO NPs (~6.6nm), with high stability in aqueous suspension. Toxicity bioassays have shown that at low concentrations (up to 40μgmL-1), CuO NPs did not affect or even enhanced the seed germination. At higher concentrations (higher than 40μgmL-1), inhibition of seed germination and radicle growth ranging from 35 to 75% was observed. With the increase of CuO NPs concentrations, nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in radicles increased, whereas superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant activities decreased. The nitrite and S-nitrosothiols levels in lettuce radicles showed a direct dose response to CuO NP application, which may indicate nitric oxide-dependent signaling pathways in the plant responses. Therefore, the results demonstrated that at low concentrations (≤ 20μgmL-1) of CuO NPs, beneficial effects are obtained from seedlings, enhancing plant growth, and the involvement of nitric oxide signaling in the phytotoxic effects induced by high concentration of this formulation. Graphical abstract.

Exploration of Bio-synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Pterolobium hexapetalum Leaf Extract by Photocatalytic Activity and Biological Evaluations

In the present investigation, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were efficiently synthesized by Pterolobium hexapetalum leaf extract. The synthesized CuO NPs were characterized by various spectral and microscopic techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction investigation (XRD), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The UV–visible spectrum of CuO NPs exhibited maximum absorption at 274 nm and the FT-IR spectrum, the band appeared at 502 cm−1 for CuO NPs. XRD, TEM, and EDX studies confirmed the formation of CuO NPs, which were predominantly spherical in shape with the particle size 10–50 nm. The photocatalytic efficiency of the green synthesized CuO NPs was verified by the reactive black-5 dye within 2 h UV light irradiation which proved the photocatalytic activity of nanoparticles in water treatment. The biosynthesized CuO NPs was found to possess effective antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), Bacillus subtilis (15 mm), Escherichia coli (14 mm), and anticancer activity (human breast cancer cells:) with striking inhibitions and cell death and the apoptotic activity of MDA-MB-231 cell line through reactive oxygen species generation. Hence, the greener approach synthesis of CuO NPs may be used as a potential catalytic and chemotherapeutic agent.

Catalytic and recyclability properties of phytogenic copper oxide nanoparticles derived from Aglaia elaeagnoidea flower extract

The phytogenic synthesis method to highly active, recoverable and recyclable heterogeneous copper oxide nanocatalyst and encapsulated within biomaterial that acts as a nontoxic and renewable source of reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were characterized using UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermo gravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC), techniques. The formation of CuO NPs with the size 20–45nm range is shown in TEM image. Significantly, in aqueous phase CuO NPs have high catalytic activity for the reduction of Congo red (CR), methylene blue (MB) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in the presence of the sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at room temperature. In addition, CuO NPs catalyst can be easily recovered by centrifugation and reused for 6 cycles with more than 90% conversion efficiency. CuO nanocatalyst, leaching after catalytic application was investigated by ICPAES (Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy). CuO NPs possess great prospects in reduction of pernicious dyes and nitro organic pollutants in water.