Biosorption Parameters Research Articles

Comparative studies of linear and nonlinear methods of pseudo-second-order kinetic in Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution onto calcium alginate

In this study, a comparison between linear and nonlinear methods of estimating the kinetic parameters of Nickel(II) removal onto calcium alginate was examined. The kinetic data were analyzed using the four different type of pseudo-second-order linear kinetic model. The coefficient of determination r2 and chi-square test χ2 was employed as methods of error analysis for determining the best-fitting equation. The type 3 pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately represented the kinetic uptake of Ni(II) by Ca-alginate. Further, the nonlinear method of pseudo-second-order was suitable in estimating biosorption parameters. In addition, the χ2 test was found to be a better method for determination of the best-fitting model. EDX analysis of Ca-alginate biosorbent before and after Ni(II) sorption revealed that the ion-exchange mechanism was the principal sorption process.

Improved biosorption of phenol using crosslinked chitosan beads after modification with histidine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The ability of chitosan beads modified with histidine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinking agent (SC-HIS-CCBs) for the biosorption of phenol was studied. The surface of SC-HIS-CCBs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Batch biosorption experiments using the SC-HIS-CCBs were then performed by varying contact time, solution pH (2.0 ∼ 7.0), and initial phenol concentration (25 ∼ 250 mg/L). The isotherm and kinetic data were fitted by suitable equations including the Langmuir, Freundlich, pseudo-first-order, and pseudo-second-order equations. Thermodynamic parameters of phenol biosorption on the SC-HIS-CCBs were calculated. Desorption of phenol from the loaded SC-HIS-CCBs was performed with NaOH solution. The biosorption capacity of phenol of 28.4 mg/g on the SC-HIS-CCBs at pH 2.0 and 313 K, determined by the Langmuir equation, indicated the promising potential of such modified chitosan biosorbents.

Optimization of parameters for praseodymium(III) biosorption onto biowaste materials using response surface methodology: Equilibrium, kinetic and regeneration studies

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) employing Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the parameters for biosorption of praseodymium(III) onto biowaste materials viz., crab shell (CRS) and orange peel (OP). Various process parameters viz., pH (A: 3.0–9.0), biomass dosage (B: 0.05–0.35g/L), initial metal concentration (C: 50–350mg/L), temperature (D: 20–60°C) and contact time (E: 5–60min) were chosen for optimization. A square root transformation was suggested by the Box–Cox plot in the present case. A low p-value of <0.0001 validated the significance of the model. Maximum Pr(III) uptake of 57.8mg/g for (CRS) and 49.9mg/g for OP was noted under optimum conditions. Among the equilibrium isotherms tested, Langmuir was found to be the best fitted model suggesting a homogeneous mode of biosorption for both the biosorbents. Kinetic studies showed better applicability of pseudo-first order model for CRS suggesting physisorption and pseudo-second order model for OP confirming chemisorption as phenomena underlying the process. SEM analysis confirmed the homogeneous mode of biosorption. FTIR studies confirmed the involvement of amine, alcohol, ketone and amide groups in the process of Pr(III) biosorption onto CRS and OP. Regeneration studies suggested that the biosorbents could be consistently reused upto 7 cycles with a minor metal leaching of 0.97% and 0.89%.

Use of wheat straw for effective binding of metal ions via a novel modification

An innovative biacetyl-modified Triticum aestivum (BMTA) was prepared and its biosorption efficiency was investigated for the removal of Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions from synthesized single and binary metal solutions. The characterization using infrared spectrum, surface area determination and potentiometric titrations indicated an increased acid content of the biomass, indicating BMTA as a potential choice for the binding of metal ions at a relatively low pH. The isoelectric point was found to be at pH 4.5. Various biosorption parameters were optimized. Langmuir model best fitted the experimental equilibrium data with qmax 27.39mg/g for Pb(II) ions and 24.69mg/g for Cr(III) ions in single metal system and 24.21mg/g for Pb(II) and 12.97mg/g for Cr(III) ions in binary system, respectively. The kinetics was described by pseudo-second-order model both in single and binary metal system. The studies indicated relatively selective biosorption of Pb(II) ions by BMTA compared to other metal ions.

Biosorption performances of raw and chemically modified biomasses from Perenniporia subacida for heterocycle dye Neutral Red

Biosorption performances of raw and chemically modified biomasses (treated with (i) lipid removal, (ii) phosphate esterification, (iii) amine methylation, and (iv) amine propylamination) from white rot fungus Perenniporia subacida were investigated for heterocycle dye Neutral Red removal. Better dye uptake was obtained at constant temperature and agitation speed with the optimum variables like initial pH at 3.0, initial dye concentration at 50 mg/L, surfactant Tween 80 at 2.5% (V/V), inorganic salt NaCl at 0.1 M, and first 60 min of reaction time. A comparison of the different isotherm models indicated that the biosorption process by the fungal biomass followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic data could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Calculated thermodynamic parameters of biosorption indicated the exothermic and spontaneous process. Additionally, the modification of biomass with amine propylamination increased the biosorption capability of Neutral Red dye about 1.36-fold of the raw fungal biomass. These observations were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and X-ray diffraction, respectively.

Factorial design analysis for biosorption of Reactive Red-84 dye using fermentation spent waste biomass, biosorbent regeneration and desorbed dye photo-degradation using TiO2 nanoparticles

In this work, factorial design analysis based on central composite design of experiments was employed to study the effect of process parameters for biosorption of Reactive Red-84 dye onto bioethanol fermentation spent waste biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Factorial experiments with five factors: mixing rate rpm, incubation period h, process temperature °C, initial dye concentration mg/L and biosorbent dosage wt% (w/v) at three levels were conducted. A highly statistically significant quadratic model at 95% confidence level (p < 0.0001, R2 0.9120 and Radj2 0.8519) was developed to charcterize the influence of the different considered variables on biosorption efficiency. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process, recording maximum biosorption % of ≈62% (51.67 mg/g) at 90 rpm, 13 h, 15°C, 100 mg/L and 0.6%, respectively. Approximately 95% of adsorbed dye was desorbed by elution with NaOH solution of pH 9 and the regenerated biosorbent was employed for four successive cycles. TiO2 nanoparticles 6–15 nm were prepared and used for photo-catalytic degradation of desorbed dye solution. The proposed integrating biosorption and photo-catalytic degradation process results in no secondary pollution in the form of any concentrated wastes, which is an important environmental aspect.

Removal of Mn(II) and Fe(II) by Aspergillus Sp. TU-GM14 immobilized on Detarium Microcarpum matrix

&lt;div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Removal of Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions from aqueous solution by fungal biosorbent &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus sp. TU-GM14&lt;/em&gt;immobilized on &lt;em&gt;Detarium microcarpum&lt;/em&gt; matrix was investigated in this study. Effects of biosorption parameters pH, biosorbent concentration, bead size and equilibrium time on Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions sorption were also determined. Equilibrium was attained within in 3 hours while optimum Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions removal was observed at pH 6, 8 mm bead size, 2 g l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; spore load respectively. Adsorption capacity was described using Langmuir, Freundlich and BET isotherm models. The experimental data fitted best to the Freundlich model (&lt;em&gt;R&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; 0.992 and 0.996 for Mn(II) and Fe(II) respectively). Favourable surface sorption process was described by Langmuir isotherm for both metals (&lt;em&gt;Q&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max &lt;/sub&gt;34 and 14 mg g&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; for Mn(II) and Fe(II) ions) while the BET isotherm constant, &lt;em&gt;B&lt;/em&gt;, described high metals sorption beyond the biosorbent surface in a multi-layer sorption process (4.8 and 9.0 for Mn(II) and Fe(II)&amp;nbsp; respectively). Results of the study showed that &lt;em&gt;Aspergillus sp. TU-GM14 &lt;/em&gt;biosorbent can remove large quantities of Fe(II) and Mn(II) ions from solution in both surface and multi-layer sorption process with &lt;em&gt;Detarium microcarpum&lt;/em&gt; acting as a cheap immobilization matrix.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Recovery and Recycling of Zn(II) from Wastewater by Scenedesmus sp. MCC 26 Isolated from a Heavy Metal Contaminated Site

This study evaluated the potential of Scenedesmus sp. MCC 26 as a new cost effective and efficient alternative for removing Zn(II) ions from viscose industrial effluent. Scenedesmus sp. MCC 26 (green microalgae) was isolated from a metal contaminated site and investigated for biosorption of Zn(II) from simulated viscose industrial effluent. Different biosorption parameters such as effect of pH (2–7), initial Zn(II) ion concentration (0–600 mg/L) and contact time (0–120 min) were investigated in order to optimize the process. The maximum absorption (142.85 mg/g) by the microalgal biomass was observed at pH 6 within 60 min of contact time at 28°C. Biosorption process was found to be rapid (6 mg of Zn/g biomass per min) for initial 10 min followed by a slower phase (0.6 mg of Zn/g biomass per min). The absorption data fitted well with Langmuir isotherm (qmax = 142.85 mg/g, r2 = 0.973) and Freundlich isotherm (kf = 1.447, r2 = 0.992). Treatment of Zn(II) loaded biomass with 0.1 M H2SO4 showed almost 99% recovery of zinc which can be reused in the industrial processes. After first cycle of Zn(II) removal and recovery, the same biomass was tested for its reusability in repeated cycles. The results showed that the same biomass can be used minimum for five cycles of Zn(II) absorption and recovery with similar efficiency.

Optimization studies on biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) from wastewater in a packed bed bioreactor

The objective of this present study is the optimization of process parameters for the biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) ions by Bacillus subtilis in a packed bed bioreactor using response surface methodology (RSM). Continuous biosorption studies were conducted under optimized bed height, initial metal ions concentration, and flow rate for the removal of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) ions using B. subtilis. The biosorption parameters were optimized using RSM in both batch and packed bed bioreactor studies. From the studies it is noticed that the maximum biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) by B. subtilis was at optimum conditions of contact time of 30 min, pH of 4.0, biomass concentration of 2 mg/mL, and temperature of 32°C in batch biosorption studies and bed height of 20 cm, flown rate of 300 mL/h, and initial metal ion concentration of 100 mg/L in packed bed bioreactor biosorption studies. Predicted percent biosorption of the selected heavy metal ions by the design expert software is in agreement with experimental results of percent biosorption. The percent biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in batch studies is 80 and 78.4%, respectively. The percent biosorption of Cr(VI) and Cu(II) in packed bed bioreactor studies is 91.7 and 94%, respectively.

Parameters of Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Cr (VI) Ion from Aqueous Solutions by Aspergillus niger

Parameters of Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Cr (VI) Ion from Aqueous Solutions by Aspergillus niger

Enhancement of biosorption of zinc ions from aqueous solution by immobilized Candida utilis and Candida tropicalis cells

The cells of Candida utilis and Candida tropicalis were immobilized by calcium alginate gel and used for the investigation of biosorption parameters for the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solution. The isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of biosorption were studied in batch system under optimum operating conditions. Experimental equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Raduskhkevich isotherm models by linear and non-linear regression. The functional groups responsible for the biosorption of zinc ions were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectra. Immobilized C. utilis exhibited the highest biosorption capacity of 181.7 mg g−1 at 45 °C for removal of zinc ions from aqueous solution. The kinetics analysis of the experimental data showed that the biosorption process followed the pseudo second order kinetic. Different desorbing agents were investigated for elution of adsorbed zinc ions from the immobilized biomass and regenerated biosorbent was reused without significant loss in its biosorption capacity. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated by using the biosorption equilibrium constant based on Langmuir isotherm.

Biosorption of Heavy Metals (Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+) by Thermophilic Bacteria, Geobacillus thermantarcticus and Anoxybacillus amylolyticus: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies

ABSTRACT Two strains of thermophilic bacteria, Geobacillus thermantarcticus and Anoxybacillus amylolyticus, were employed to investigate the biosorption of heavy metals including Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ ions. The effects of different biosorption parameters such as pH (2.0–10.0), initial metal concentrations (10.0–300.0 mg L−1), amount of biomass (0.25–10 g L−1), temperature (30–80°C), and contact time (15–120 min) were investigated. Concentrations of metal ions were determined by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Optimum pHs for Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ biosorption by Geobacillus thermantarcticus were found to be 4.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0, respectively. For Anoxybacillus amylolyticus, the optimum pHs for Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ biosorption were found to be 5.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0, respectively. The Cd2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Mn2+ removals at 50 mg L−1 in 60 min by 50 mg dried cells of Geobacillus thermantarcticus were 85.4%, 46.3%, 43.6%, and 65.1%, respectively, whereas 74.1%, 39.8%, 35.1%, and 36.6%, respectively, for Anoxybacillus amylolyticus. The optimum temperatures for heavy metal biosorption were near the optimum growth temperatures for both strains. Scatchard plot analysis was employed to obtain more compact information about the interaction between metal ions and biosorbents. The plot results were further studied to determine if they fit Langmuir and Freundlich models.

Optimization of biosorption parameters of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions by the buckwheat hulls using respond surface methodology

The buckwheat hulls in the region of Jiaodong were used as the potential adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater. The experimental results showed that the buckwheat hulls with 120 meshes had good adsorption capability for Hg(II) ions. Moreover, the adsorption process optimization of the buckwheat hulls for Hg(II) ions was performed through Central Composite Rotary Design using response surface methodology (RSM) by Design Expert Version 8.0.6.1 (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). For the maximum biosorption of mercury ions from aqueous solutions by the buckwheat hulls, a total of 20 experimental runs were set and the experimental data fitted to the empirical second-order polynomial model of a suitable degree. The quantitative relationship between the mercury removal and different levels of the factors (initial pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial Hg(II) concentration) was used to work out optimized levels of these parameters by a full factorial design (23). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic model demonstrated that the model was highly significant, and initial pH of 4.0, initial Hg(II) concentration of 802.36 mg/L, and adsorbent dosage of 2.0 g/L were found to be the optimum conditions for the maximum uptake of mercury ions of 110.07 mg/g in batched mode.

KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM OF COPPER AND CHROMIUM IONS REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING SAWDUST

This work presents the removal of heavy metal ions (Cu2+ and Cr3+) from aqueous solutions with the use of pine (Pinus silvestris) sawdust. The experiments were conducted in a batch mode. Kinetic and equilibrium parameters of biosorption which are best described by pseudo-second order and Langmuir models were determined. The maximum sorption capacity at pH 5 and a temperature of 20 C for pine sawdust amounted to 21.47 mg/g for Cu2+ ions and 39.63 mg/g for Cr3+ ions, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of biosorption were found out; the process of binding of ions turned out to be spontaneous and endothermic. Four eluents for ions desorption from a used sorbent were proposed of which 0.1M HCl was found to be the most useful for the purpose. Pine sawdust is a sorbent characterized by a high effectiveness even in four cycles of sorption-desorption.

Biosorption of strontium by Padina sp. algae biomass: process optimisation and equilibrium study

Biosorption of strontium by Padina sp. algae from aqueous solutions was studied. A response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the biosorption parameters. The effects of pH, initial metal concentration in solution, biomass dosage and temperature on the strontium uptake by the algae were investigated. RSM analysis showed that the experimental data were adequately fitted to second-order polynomial model. The parameters with significant effect on the removal of strontium using the algae were determined. The optimum parameters within the experimental range of the variables were 9.50, 4.00 mmol/l, 1.11g/l and 30oC for pH, initial metal concentration, biomass dosage and temperature, respectively. Under such condition, the strontium uptake was predicted to be 248.10 mg/g. The equilibrium data were analysed in terms of Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherms. The data fitted well to the Sips model. The maximum uptake estimated by the Sips model was 269.92 mg/g.

Optimization of malachite green biosorption by green microalgae—Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris: Application of response surface methodology

The present study was carried out to optimize the various experimental conditions for biosorption of malachite green (MG) dye onto Scenedesmus quadricauda and Chlorella vulgaris biomass by applying response surface method (RSM). The effects of process parameters, viz. initial MG dye concentration (mg/L), initial solution pH, algae amount (mg/L) and contact time (min) on the dye biosorption were analyzed using Box–Behnken design. The maximum experimental dye removal efficiency of 73.49 and 91.61% for S. quadricauda and C. vulgaris, respectively, was obtained, which was in agreement with calculated values. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of different functional groups on the surface of biosorbents which were responsible for sorption of MG dye. Kinetic studies revealed that experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second order model. In addition, thermodynamic parameters for dye biosorption were calculated, and negative ΔG° values indicated spontaneous nature of biosorption.

Studies on biosorption of Cr(VI) on a green resin: dry cow dung powder and tracer technique

Abstract The present investigation entails the application of dry cow dung powder (DCP) as an indigenous, inexpensive and eco-friendly material for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous medium. Batch biosorption experiments were conducted employing 51Cr(VI) as a tracer and the effect of various process parameters such as optimum pH, temperature, amount of resin, time of equilibration, agitation speed, concentration of metal ions and interfering effect of different salts etc. were studied. The kinetic studies were carried out employing various models but the best fitting was given by Lagergren Pseudo-second order model with high correlation coefficient R 2 value of 0.997 and adsorption capacity of 10.20 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters for biosorption were evaluated as Δ Gº = −2.837 kJ/mol, Δ Hº = −4.757 kJ/mol and ΔSº = 16.64 J/mol K, which indicated spontaneous and exothermic process with high affinity of DCP for Cr(VI). Many naturally available materials are used for the biosorption of heavy metal pollutants, where most of them are physically or chemically modified. In this research work, DCP has been utilized without any pre or post chemical treatment. Thus it manifests the principle of green chemistry and proves to be an eco-friendly resin.

Chromium removal technologies

Chromium can exist in different oxidation states (e.g. 0, III, VI). Chromium can be both beneficial and toxic to animals and humans depending on its oxidation state and concentration. At low concentration, Cr(III) is essential for animal and human health. Chromium(VI) compounds are highly soluble, mobile and bioavailable compared to trivalent chromium. Chromium(VI) is dangerous for humans due to its toxicity and carcinogenic properties. The presence of hexavalent chromium in waste water is a potential hazard to aquatic animals and humans. Various methods are adopted for the removal of hexavalent chromium from industrial effluents. Among these different techniques, biosorption is the most promising one. In this process, the various components present in biomaterial reduce the toxic hexavalent chromium to non-toxic trivalent chromium. Algae, fungi and bacteria have biosorption properties, and cell walls are responsible for biosorption of dead biomaterial. But this process removes chromium from waste water very slowly. So for chemical modification of biosorbents, optimization of biosorption parameters is required to increase the effectiveness of this process.

Biosorption of radiostrontium by alginate beads: application of isotherm models and thermodynamic studies

Radioactive strontium is one of the major radioactive contaminant and its contamination is a very serious concern. Therefore, there is a need for economic, effective, non-toxic, readily available and abundant adsorbent or biosorbent to remove strontium from solutions. In this study, biosorption of 85Sr as a surrogate for 90Sr onto alginate beads was investigated in a batch system. Alginate beads were prepared from Na-alginate via cross-linking with divalent calcium ions according to the egg box model. The effect of several parameters such as pH, initial strontium concentration, contact time, dosage of alginate beads and temperature were investigated. In order to optimize the design of biosorption system for the removal of strontium, it is important to establish the most appropriate correlation for equilibrium curves. The experimental isotherm data were described by 6 different biosorption isotherm models, namely Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich, Temkin, Flory–Huggins and Brunauer, Emmer and Teller, with constants obtained from linear and non-linear regression methods. The thermodynamic parameters (∆H°, ∆S° and ∆G°) for strontium biosorption were also determined. The results indicate that these alginate beads have a good potential for the biosorption of strontium from solutions.

The feasibility of using Rosa canina galls as an effective new biosorbent for removal of methylene blue and crystal violet

In this study, removal of two cationic dyes, basic blue 9 (BB9) and basic violet 3 (BV3) with Rosa canina galls (RCG), was investigated. The parameters that affect the biosorption process such as pH of the solution, amount of biosorbent and initial dye concentration were studied. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of biosorption were calculated with batch systems. The optimum pH for the adsorption system was 5.0 and 7.0 for BB9 and BV3, respectively. The adsorption process followed the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum adsorption capacities were 107.53 mg g-1 and 312.50 mg g-1 for BB9 and BV3, respectively. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorptions of these cationic dyes were spontaneous and endothermic. The results show that RCG has a potential as an effective low-cost biosorbent for removal of cationic dyes.