Biosorption Of Heavy Metal Ions Research Articles

Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions, Oil and Grease from Industrial Waste Water by Banana Peel

The objective of this research is to study the potential of using banana peel as a biosorbent in removing heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+) and oil/grease particles from industrial waste water. The study emphasizes on the parameters involved in the preparation phase of the banana peel adsorbent, such as particle sizes, activating agent, impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature and duration. Based on the findings, it shows that the adsorption capacity is correlated to the total surface area (SBET), pore volume (VT) and average pore diameter (D) of the materials. Sample A20 yields the highest percentage removal for all tested waste water pollutants, suggesting that banana peel based activated carbon can be used effectively as biosorption material.

Biosorption of zinc ion: a deep comprehension

Massive industrialization and urbanization of civilization during the last few decades have made a thrust in heavy metal pollution in various water bodies. In past, various kinds of conventional metal ion remediation technologies, such as cementation, osmosis, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, etc., have been practised. However, most of these technologies are quite expensive, and lead to the generation of secondary chemical sludge. However, biosorption of heavy metal ions is significantly inexpensive and an eco-friendly technology. Among the series of heavy metals, zinc has gained the significant interest due to its toxicity and easy availability in water bodies. Biosorption of zinc in liquid phase by living, nonliving, conventional and non-conventional biosorbents has been practised extensively in the past. This literature review focuses on the recent trends practised in the field of biosorption of zinc from liquid phase. The present work provides deep insight into various aspects of biosorption of zinc by different mechanisms of biosorption, bioaccumulation, isotherm, kinetic and mechanistic modeling. An exhaustive comparison among different sorts of biomasses has also been given in the present work to enlist all the milestones of biosorption.

Biosorption of heavy metals and cephalexin from secondary effluents by tolerant bacteria

The biosorption of heavy metal ions and the antibiotic cephalexin from secondary effluents by the cell biomass of tolerant bacterial strains was investigated in this article. A total of 67 bacterial strains were isolated from a secondary effluents generated by sewage treatment plants. These strains were adapted to tolerate 6 mM nickel ions (Ni2+) and 10 g L−1 cephalexin. Bacterial cell biomass that has more than 150 mg g−1 biosorptive capacity was used for the biosorption under optimal conditions. The biosorption process was efficient in removing heavy metals: 87.63 % of cadmium, 74.61 % of copper, 58.32 % of nickel, 61.9 % of lead, and 94.26 % of zinc, respectively. The maximum biosorptive capacity of the bacterial cell biomass for cephalexin was 60 mg g−1. The efficiency of cephalexin biosorption was reduced by more than 40.83 and 82.88 % (living and dead cells, respectively) in the presence of 1 mg L−1 Ni2+ ions compared with the control, whereas no biosorption by dead cell biomass was recorded in aqueous solutions contaminated with cadmium, zinc, copper, and lead ions. In conclusion, biosorption which efficiently removes metal ions, but not cephalexin, from secondary effluents is explained.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions onto Agricultural Residues Buckwheat Hulls Functionalized with 1-Hydroxylethylidenediphosphonic Acid

Novel biosorbent materials obtained from agricultural residues buckwheat hulls (BH) were successfully developed through functionalization with 1-hydroxylethylidenediphosphonic acid (HEDP), and they were characterized. This paper reports the feasibility of using HEDP-BH for removal of heavy metals from stimulated wastewater, the experimental results revealed that the adsorption property of functionalized buckwheat hulls with 120 mesh 120-HEDP-BH for Au(III) was very excellent, and the monolayer maximum adsorption capacity for Au(III) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm models was up to 450.45 mg/g at 35 °C. The combined effect of initial solution pH, 120-HEDP-BH dosage, and initial Au(III) concentration was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM), and the result showed that biomass dosage exerted a stronger influence on Au(III) uptake than those of initial pH and initial Au(III) concentration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the quadratic model demonstrated that the model was highly significant. Moreover, investigation on the adsorption selectivity showed that 120-HEDP-BH displayed strong affinity for gold in aqueous solutions and even exhibited 100% selectivity for Au(III) ions in the presence of Zn(II) and Co(II). Regeneration capacities of 120-HEDP-BH were studied using the eluent solutions of 0.0-5.0% thiourea in 0.1 mmol/L HCl, and it was found that the adsorption capability remains high after several cycles of adsorption-desorption process.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions (Cu2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+) from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Sludge: Comparison of Aerobic Activated Sludge with Anaerobic Activated Sludge

The potential of using two different kinds of air drying of activated sludge (aerobic activated sludge and anaerobic activated sludge) for the removal of Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(3+) from aqueous solutions was assessed. Results indicated that the maximum biosorption occurred at pH = 5.0 for Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Mn(2+) and pH = 3.0 for Fe(3+). The kinetic parameters of biosorption data were found to be best fitted to the second-order equation. Also, it was found that the best dosage for biosorption was 0.2g for both aerobic activated sludge and anaerobic activated sludge. The experimental results were fitted well to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherms. The maximum biosorption capacities of Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+), and Fe(3+) for aerobic activated sludge were 65.789, 44.843, 64.935, and 75.756mg/g, respectively, while they were 59.880, 49.020, 62.500, and 69.444mg/g for anaerobic activated sludge, respectively. The mean free energy values evaluated from the D-R model indicated that the biosorptions of studied heavy metal ions onto activated sludge were taken place by chemical interaction. The results of this study provided valuable information on the biosorption of heavy metals by activated sludge that may contribute in wastewater treatment.

Biosorption of heavy metal ions by brown seaweeds from southern coast of Korea

Heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, and Cr2O72−) were biosorbed by brown seaweeds (Hizikia fusiformis, Laminaria japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida) collected from the southern coast of South Korea. The biosorption of heavy metal ions was pH-dependent showing a minimum absorption at pH 2 and a maximum biosorption at pH 4 (Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, and Cr2O72−) or pH 6 (Cu2+). Biosorption increased most noticeably for pH changes from 2 to 3. In the latter pH range, biosorption increased, because a higher pH decreased the electrostatic repulsion between metal ions and functional groups on the seaweed. In the pH range of 2 ∼ 4, biosorption of negatively-charged chromium species (Cr2O7−2) followed the pattern of positively-charged metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+). This suggests that the most prevalent chromium species were positively-charged Cr3+, reduced from Cr6+ in Cr2O7−2. Whereas positively-charged heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, and Cu2+) reached a plateau after the maximum level, biosorption of chromium ions decreased noticeably between pH 5 and 8. Kinetic data showed that biosorption by brown seaweed occurred rapidly during the first 10 min, and most of the heavy metals were bound to the seaweed within 30 min. Equilibrium adsorption data for a lead ion could fit well in the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models with regression coefficients (R2) between 0.93 and 0.98.

Research Progress on Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions by Agricultural Waste Materials

This article has described the biosorption of heavy metal ions using agricultural wastes as a potential adsorbent. The modified methods, the characterization methods, the parameters influence, the adsorption kinetics, the adsorption isotherms, the adsorption thermodynamics and the regeneration of biosorbents have also been discussed. Moreover, the future development of biosorbents has been prospected.

Analysis of temperature-dependent biosorption of Cu2+ ions on sunflower hulls: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism of the process

The waste material originating from food industry, i.e. sunflower hulls was used for the biosorption of heavy metal ions (Cu2+) from aqueous solutions. A series of kinetic and equilibrium experiments has been conducted at various temperatures (20–55°C). The results of the kinetics have been presented in the form of various models based on the order of reaction or diffusion. Equilibrium experimental points have been described by means of four isotherms. The sorbent showed the maximum sorptive capacity amounting to 57.14mgg−1 at 30°C and pH 5.0. The analysis of the results yielded by the experiments shows that binding of Cu2+ ions is a complex and multi-stage process. While copper ions are bound, the ions of light metals, such as Na, K, Mg, Ca, are released. The analysis of the thermodynamic parameters showed that the process is spontaneous, feasible and endothermic within the set temperature range (20–50°C). The application of a temperature higher than 50°C negatively affects the sorptive capacity, which may be put down to the damage caused to the structure of the biosorbent.

Fundamental aspects of biosorption of lead (II) ions onto a Rhodococcus opacus strain for environmental applications

Lead is present in different types of industrial effluents, being responsible for environmental pollution. Biosorption of heavy metal ions by biological material is a promising technology with a potential for treating mineral processing wastewater. In this fundamental work, the biosorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using the bacteria Rhodococcus opacus was investigated as a function of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The equilibrium studies showed that the biosorption is well described through the Langmuir isotherm model in comparison to the Freundlich model in the concentration range studied (20–200 mg/L). The biosorption capacity obtained from Langmuir equation increased from 86.2 to 95.2 mg/g as the temperature was increased from 15 to 35 °C. Experimental data were also tested in terms of biosorption kinetics using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The result showed that the biosorption processes of lead ions followed well pseudo-second-order kinetics and the adsorption rate constant increased with increasing temperature. The activation energy of biosorption ( E a) was determined (30.4 kJ/mol) using the pseudo-second-order rate constants. The positive values of both Δ H 0 and Δ S 0 obtained suggest that the biosorption of lead (II) ion on the R. opacus was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Biosorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by red macroalgae

Biosorption is an effective process for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The biomass of marine algae has been reported to have high biosorption capacities for a number of heavy metal ions. In this study, four species of red seaweeds Corallina mediterranea, Galaxaura oblongata, Jania rubens and Pterocladia capillacea were examined to remove Co(II), Cd(II), Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution. The experimental parameters that affect the biosorption process such as pH, contact time and biomass dosage were studied. The maximum biosorption capacity of metal ions was 105.2 mg/g at biomass dosage 10 g/L, pH 5 and contact time 60 min. The biosorption efficiency of algal biomass for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater was evaluated for two successive cycles. Galaxaura oblongata biomass was relatively more efficient to remove metal ions with mean biosorption efficiency of 84%. This study demonstrated that these seaweeds constitute a promising, efficient, cheap and biodegradable sorbent biomaterial for lowering the heavy metal pollution in the environment.

Mathematical modeling of heavy metal ions (Cd 2+, Zn 2+and Pb 2+) biosorption by chemically modified short hemp fibers

Biosorption, an innovative and low-cost effective method for removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters, primarily depends on the diffusion of metal ions through the porous structure of sorbent and the resistance effects arise as the result of electrostatic repulsive interactions between ions within the sorbent. Herein, the biosorption of heavy metal ions (Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Zn 2+) from aqueous solution by lignocellulosic material (chemically modified hemp fibers) was investigated, in order to develop a mathematical model that would describe the phenomenon of different ions transport through porous fiber matrices. Obtained results show that the biosorption process is very fast at the beginning and mainly determined by diffusion of the ions through the porous fiber structure. However, over a period of time the biosorption slows down due to the increase of the resistance to the further transport of metal ions through the fibers (i.e. the electrostatic repulsive interactions between ions into the fibers increase with the increase of the ion concentration in the fibers). The effective diffusion coefficient of metal ions through the fibers, the profile of heavy metal ion concentration in the fibers and the effectiveness of sorption were determined by a mathematical model based on the second Fick's low. Proposed mathematical model is used to optimize the biosorption of heavy metal ions by connecting the model parameters with the fiber performances.

Biosorption of Heavy Metal Ions: Ion-Exchange versus Adsorption and the Heterogeneity of Binding Sites

Surface heterogeneity-related effects have been studied in the context of biosorption systems designed for the removal of bivalent heavy metal ions from aqueous systems. The research was focused on incorporating these effects into the concept of the ion-exchange (IE) constant. Cases of both correlated and uncorrelated values of the affinity constants towards metal ions and protons were considered. When strong correlations were assumed, the dispersion of the IE constant was smaller (or, in the limiting case, the same) in comparison to the dispersions of the affinity constants. In contrast, when no correlation was assumed, the dispersion of the IE constant was greater than those corresponding to any of the affinity constants. The dispersion of the IE constant could be additionally enhanced by the existence of multi-dentate binding modes related to the metal ions.

Copper Biosorption on Magnetically Modified Yeast Cells Under Magnetic Field

Brewer's yeast (bottom yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. uvarum) cells were magnetically modified using water-based magnetic fluid stabilized perchloric acid. The magnetically modified yeast cells were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cu2+ biosorption properties of magnetically modified yeast cells from synthetic solutions were utilized in a continuous magnetic system. The Cu2+ ion-binding capacity decreased drastically with the increase of the flow rate. The maximum Cu2+ biosorption capacity was obtained to be 1.2 mmol/g at 25°C. Biosorption of Cu2+ increased with increasing pH and then reached almost a plateau value around pH 4.0. The yeast biomass can be easily regenerated by 0.1 M HNO3 with higher effectiveness. Biosorption of heavy metal ions from artificial wastewater was also studied. The biosorption capacities are 0.92 mmol/g for Cu2+, 0.52 mmol/g for Hg2+, and 0.28 mmol/g for Ni2+. Magnetically-modified yeast cells exhibits the following metal ion-affinity sequence: Cu2+ > Hg2+ > Ni2+.

Biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ onto the immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) was investigated in this study. Adsorption kinetics, isotherms and the effect of pH were studied. The results indicated that the biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae was fast at initial stage and then became slow. The maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on immobilized S. cerevisiae were observed at pH 4 for Cd2+ and Cu2+. by the pseudo-second-order model described the sorption kinetic data well according to the high correlation coefficient (R 2) obtained. The biosorption isotherm was fitted well by the Langmuir model, indicating possible mono-layer biosorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ on the immobilized S. cerevisiae. Moreover, the immobilized S. cerevisiae after the sorption of Cd2+ and Cu2+ could be regenerated and reused.

Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies of the biosorption of cadmium (II) from solution by Stereophyllum radiculosum

Biosorption of heavy metal ions can be an effective process for the removal of Cd(II) from wastewater. In this study, the batch removal of Cd(II) from dilute aqueous solution using Stereophyllum radiculosum as the biosorbent has been investigated. The Cd(II) uptake was dependent on the initial pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature. The residual Cd(II) in the solution was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The optimum pH for the biosorption was pH 6. Maximum biosorption was obtained after 60 min of the process. Kinetic study showed that the pseudo-second-order rate equation best described the biosorption process. The adsorption isotherms obtained fitted well into the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm. The Freundlich equation obtained was log Ⲅ = 2.6924 logC e + 0.1131, while the Langmuir equation obtained was 1/Ⲅ = 0.0008/C e + 17.41. The correlation factors obtained were 0.0995 and 0.9904, respectively. The free energy change obtained for the biosorption of Cd(II) at 300 K, initial Cd(II) concentration of 100 mg L-1 and pH 6 was -20.894 kJ mol-1. The thermodynamic study showed that the increase in temperature led to increase in the amount of the metal ion biosorbed. These results indicate that S. radiculosum has potential for the uptake of Cd(II) from industrial effluents.

Biosorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by short hemp fibers: Effect of chemical composition

Sorption potential of waste short hemp fibers for Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ ions from aqueous media was explored. In order to assess the influence of hemp fiber chemical composition on their heavy metals sorption potential, lignin and hemicelluloses were removed selectively by chemical modification. The degree of fiber swelling and water retention value were determined in order to evaluate the change in accessibility of the cell wall components to aqueous solutions due to the fiber modification. The effects of initial ion concentration, contact time and cosorption were studied in batch sorption experiments. The obtained results show that when the content of either lignin or hemicelluloses is progressively reduced by chemical treatment, the sorption properties of hemp fibers are improved. Short hemp fibers are capable of sorbing metal ions (Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Zn 2+) from single as well as from ternary metal ion solutions. The maximum total uptake capacities for Pb 2+, Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ ions from single solutions are the same, i.e. 0.078 mmol/g, and from ternary mixture 0.074, 0.035 and 0.035 mmol/g, respectively.

Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution using modified activated carbon: comparison of linear and nonlinear methods

BACKGROUND: Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solution by modified activated carbon with Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilised in Ca-alginate beads was investigated using a batch system and comparison of linear and nonlinear methods. RESULTS: The amount of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) ion sorption by the beads was as follows: activated carbon with P. chrysosporium immobilised in Ca-alginate beads (ACFCA) (193.4, 181.8, 136.6 mg g−1) > activated carbon immobilised in Ca-alginate beads (ACCA) (174.8, 162.0, 130.7 mg g−1) > P. chrysosporium (F) (148.8, 125.6, 120.4 mg g−1) > activated carbon (AC) (138.8, 112.3, 109.3 mg g−1) > plain Ca-alginate beads (PCA) (125.4, 105.2, 98.2 mg g−1). The widely used Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were utilised to describe the biosorption equilibrium process. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the immobilisation of modified activated carbon with P. chrysosporium in Ca-alginate beads is suitable for a batch system. The isotherm parameters were estimated using linear and nonlinear regression analyses. The surface charge density of the biosorbents varied with the pH of the medium; the maximum biosorption of heavy metal ions on the biosorbents was obtained when the pH was between 5.6 and 7.4. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Kinetic and Equilibrium Modeling of Pb(II) and Co(II) Sorption onto Rose Waste Biomass

An attempt was made to assess the biosorption potential of rose waste biomass for the removal of Pb(II) and Co(II) ions from synthetic effluents. Biosorption of heavy metal ions (>90%) reached equilibrium in 30 min. Maximum removal of Pb(II) and Co(II) occurred at pH 5 and 6 respectively. The biosorbent dose for efficient uptake of Pb(II) and Co(II) was 0.5 g/L for both metals. The biosorbent size affected the Pb(II) and Co(II) biosorption rate and capacity. Rose waste biomass was found effective for Pb(II) and Co(II) removal from synthetic effluents in the concentration range 10–640 mg/L. Equilibrium sorption studies showed that the extent of Pb(II) and Co(II) uptake by the rose waste biomass was better described by the Langmuir isotherm in comparison to the Freundlich model. The uptake capacities of the two metal ions were 156 and 27.15 mg/g for Pb(II) and Co(II) respectively.

Effect of different conditions on Cu(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption by dried waste tea fungal biomass

Some industrial wastewaters contain high quantities of non-toxic salts besides heavy metal ions. The presence of salt ions leads to a high ionic strength of water, which may significantly affect the performance of the biosorption process, so that the effect of salts on the biosorption of heavy metal ions should be investigated. In this study the effect of different salts concentrations (0.1; 0.5 and 1 mol L-1) and dosage of tea fungal biomass (0.15; 0.25 and 0.5 g L-1) dried at different temperatures: 20?C, 70?C, 80?C, 105?C and 125?C on Cu(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption was studied in a batch system. Biosorption at an ionic strength of 0.1 mol L-1 of all salts investigated had a decreasing effect on Cu(II) and Cr(VI) removal. It was observed that (NH4)2SO4 at the concentrations of 0.5 mol L-1 and 1 mol L-1 was more efficient than other salts for metal ions removal. In case of Cr(VI) the most efficient removal was obtained for the water with K2SO4 at a concentration of 0.5 mol L-1. The lowest biosorbent dosage (0.15 g L-1 tea fungal biomass dried at 20?C in the case of Cu(II) biosorption and at 80?C in the case of Cr(VI) biosorption) resulted in the highest metal uptake of 38 mg g-1 in case of Cu(II) and 33 mg g-1 in case of Cr(VI).

Preparation of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Their Application to Composite Biosorbent

Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were fabricated by hydrolyzing Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions with NaOH diffusing through a half-permeable membrane. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles, about 15 nm in diameter, showed ferrimagnetism with very small coercivity and remanent magnetization. The nanoparticles were combined with Sphaerotilus natans, a Gram negative bacterium used in biosorption of heavy metal ions in water, to prepare a composite biosorbent. The composite biosorbent showed excellent sorption properties to Pb2+ ion in a pH range between 6 and 8, and to Cr2O7 2- ion in a pH range below 4. The combination of Fe3O4 nanoparticles made it easy to separate the composite biosorbent from water by the use of a magnetic field and improved the sorption properties. It was also shown that the composite biosorbent was reusable after being rinsed with a dilute hydrochloric acid solution.