Biomechanical Phenomena Research Articles

Impact of Geometric Attributes on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Rupture Risk: An InVivo FSI-Based Study.

Reported in this paper is a cutting-edge computational investigation into the influence of geometric characteristics on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) rupture risk, beyond the traditional measure of maximum aneurysm diameter. A Comprehensive fluid-structure interaction (FSI) analysis was employed to assess risk factors in a range of patient scenarios, with the use of three-dimensional (3D) AAA models reconstructed from patient-specific aortic data and finite element method. Wall shear stress (WSS), and its derivatives such as time-averaged WSS (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), relative residence time (RRT) and transverse WSS (transWSS) offer insights into the force dynamics acting on the AAA wall. Emphasis is placed on these WSS-based metrics and seven key geometric indices. By correlating these geometric discrepancies with biomechanical phenomena, this study highlights the novel and profound impact of geometry on risk prediction. This study demonstrates the necessity of a multidimensional assessment approach, future efforts should complement these findings with experimental validations for an applicable approach for clinical use.

Can the Countermovement Jump or Squat Jump predict the kinematic performance of the rear Bandal Chagi kick?

This study aimed to measure the associative and predictive strength of biomechanical variables of the countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ), and performance of the bandal-chagi kick performed with the dominant (D) rear lower limb in elite Taekwondo Athletes. For this, a total of 27 international level athletes (15 males and 12 females) performed the CMJ and SJ on two force platforms. The bandal-chagi was monitored using a motion capture system (VICON). The main results indicated that non-dominant (ND) Stiffness for the CMJ showed predictive power alone (p=0.048) or in combination with eccentric breaking rating of force development (RFD) (p=0.031) for total hip angular speed. Takeoff peak force/BM for the SJ predicted total time (p=0.002). Concentric RFD/BM predicted total linear foot acceleration, either alone (p=0.001) or with vertical speed at takeoff (p=0.042). The total hip angular acceleration predictor was takeoff peak force D alone (p=0.019) or in combination with peak power/BM (p=0.041). In conclusion, CMJ and SJ tests showed specific associations with TKD kick performance. These analyses in this study indicated that they are good predictors for TKD athletes, producing results consistent with the participants’ levels. Keywords: Martial arts, Biomechanical Phenomena, Time-motion studies, Kinanthropometry, Motion Capture.

Mechanical Characterization of the Erythrocyte Membrane Using a Capacitor-Based Technique.

Pathological processes often change the mechanical properties of cells. Increased rigidity could be a marker of cellular malfunction. Erythrocytes are a type of cell that deforms to squeeze through tiny capillaries; changes in their rigidity can dramatically affect their functionality. Furthermore, differences in the homeostatic elasticity of the cell can be used as a tool for diagnosis and even for choosing the adequate treatment for some illnesses. More accurate types of equipment needed to study biomechanical phenomena at the single-cell level are very costly and thus out of reach for many laboratories around the world. This study presents a simple and low-cost technique to study the rigidity of red blood cells (RBCs) through the application of electric fields in a hand-made microfluidic chamber that uses a capacitor principle. As RBCs are deformed with the application of voltage, cells are observed under a light microscope. From mechanical force vs. deformation data, the elastic constant of the cells is determined. The results obtained with the capacitor-based method were compared with those obtained using optical tweezers, finding good agreement. In addition, P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes were tested with the electric field applicator. Our technique provides a simple means of testing the mechanical properties of individual cells.

Developing Advanced Patient-Specific In Silico Models: A New Era in Biomechanical Analysis of Tooth Autotransplantation

IntroductionAs personalized medicine advances, there is an escalating need for sophisticated tools to understand complex biomechanical phenomena in clinical research. Recognizing a significant gap, this study pioneers the development of patient-specific in silico models for tooth autotransplantation (TAT), setting a new standard for predictive accuracy and reliability in evaluating TAT outcomes. MethodsDevelopment of the models relied on 6 consecutive cases of young patients (mean age 11.66 years ± 0.79), all undergoing TAT procedures. The development process involved creating detailed in silico replicas of patient oral structures, focusing on transplanting upper premolars to central incisors. These models underpinned finite element analysis simulations, testing various masticatory and traumatic scenarios. ResultsThe models highlighted critical biomechanical insights. The finite element models indicated homogeneous stress distribution in control teeth, contrasted by shape-dependent stress patterns in transplanted teeth. The surface deviation in the postoperative year for the transplanted elements showed a mean deviation of 0.33 mm (±0.28), significantly higher than their contralateral counterparts at 0.05 mm (±0.04). ConclusionsBy developing advanced patient-specific in silico models, we are ushering in a transformative era in TAT research and practice. These models are not just analytical tools; they are predictive instruments capturing patient uniqueness, including anatomical, masticatory, and tissue variables, essential for understanding biomechanical responses in TAT. This foundational work paves the way for future studies, where applying these models to larger cohorts will further validate their predictive capabilities and influence on TAT success parameters.

Appetizer on soft matter physics concepts in mechanobiology.

Mechanosensing, the active responses of cells to the mechanics on multiple scales, plays an indispensable role in regulating cell behaviors and determining the fate of biological entities such as tissues and organs. Here, I aim to give a pedagogical illustration of the fundamental concepts of soft matter physics that aid in understanding biomechanical phenomena from the scale of tissues to proteins. Examples of up-to-date research are introduced to elaborate these concepts. Challenges in applying physics models to biology have also been discussed for biologists and physicists to meet in the field of mechanobiology.

A structural bio-chemo-mechanical model for vascular smooth muscle cell traction force microscopy.

Altered vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contractility is both a response to and a driver for impaired arterial function, and the leading experimental technique for quantifying VSMC contraction is traction force microscopy (TFM). TFM involves the complex interaction among several chemical, biological, and mechanical mechanisms, making it difficult to translate TFM results into tissue-scale behavior. Here, a computational model capturing each of the major aspects of the cell traction process is presented. The model incorporates four interacting components: a biochemical signaling network, individual actomyosin fiber bundle contraction, a cytoskeletal network of interconnected fibers, and elastic substrate displacement due to cytoskeletal force. The synthesis of these four components leads to a broad, flexible framework for describing TFM and linking biochemical and biomechanical phenomena on the single-cell level. The model recapitulated available data on VSMCs following biochemical, geometric, and mechanical perturbations. The structural bio-chemo-mechanical model offers a tool to interpret TFM data in new, more mechanistic ways, providing a framework for the evaluation of new biological hypotheses, interpolation of new data, and potential translation from single-cell experiments to multi-scale tissue models.

Comparison of discrete and continuous analysis approaches for evaluating gait biomechanics in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundAberrant gait biomechanics contribute to post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis development following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Walking gait biomechanics are typically evaluated post-ACLR by identifying discrete, peak values in the load acceptance phase of gait (i.e. first 50 %). As these approaches evaluate a single time instant during the gait cycle, functional data analysis (FDA) techniques that evaluate the entire stance phase waveform are becoming more common in the literature. However, it is unclear if these analysis approaches identify the same biomechanical phenomena. Research questionThe purpose of this study was to determine whether four gait biomechanics analysis approaches identify the same aberrant gait characteristics in individuals with ACLR. MethodsTwenty-four individuals with ACLR and 24 healthy controls completed gait analyses on an instrumented treadmill. Four analysis approaches were employed to compare the vertical ground reaction force and sagittal knee angles and moments during the first 50 % of the stance phase between groups and between limbs in the ACLR cohort: 1) comparison of peak values from individual trials (Peak), 2) comparison of peak values from time-normalized ensemble waveforms (Ensemble Peak), 3) FDA via functional ANCOVA (FANCOVA), and 4) FDA evaluating overlap of the 95 % confidence intervals for each waveform (FDA-CI). ResultsThe Peak, Ensemble Peak, and FANCOVA approaches identified highly similar group and limb differences in the biomechanics outcomes with respect to both magnitude and temporal location. However, the FANCOVA approach indicated that these differences were distributed across large portions of the load acceptance phase and that differences existed outside the first 50 % of stance. The FDA-CI approach was generally not effective for identifying aberrant gait biomechanics. SignificancePeak and FANCOVA approaches to gait analysis provide similar findings. Future research is necessary to determine if the additional information afforded by FANCOVA provides insight regarding the mechanical pathogenesis of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis.

Influence of the biomechanical environment on the femoral stem insertion and vibrational behavior: a 3-D finite element study.

The long-term success of cementless surgery strongly depends on the implant primary stability. The femoral stem initial fixation relies on multiple geometrical and material factors, but their influence on the biomechanical phenomena occurring during the implant insertion is still poorly understood, as they are difficult to quantify in vivo. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship between the resonance frequencies of the bone-implant-ancillary system and the stability of the femoral stem under various biomechanical environments. The interference fit IF, the trabecular bone Young's modulus [Formula: see text] and the bone-implant contact friction coefficient [Formula: see text] are varied to investigate their influence on the implant insertion phenomena and on the system vibration behavior. The results exhibit for all the configurations, a nonlinear increase in the bone-implant contact throughout femoral stem insertion, until the proximal contact is reached. While the pull-out force increases with [Formula: see text], IF and [Formula: see text], the bone-implant contact ratio decreases, which shows that a compromise on the set of parameters could be found in order to achieve the largest bone-implant contact while maintaining sufficient pull-out force. The modal analysis on the range [2-7] kHz shows that the resonance frequencies of the bone-implant-ancillary system increase with the bone-implant contact ratio and the trabecular bone Young's modulus, with a sensitivity that varies over the modes. Both the pull-out forces and the vibration behavior are consistent with previous experimental studies. This study demonstrates the potential of using vibration methods to guide the surgeons for optimizing implant stability in various patients and surgical configurations.

Many ways to land upright: novel righting strategies allow spotted lanternfly nymphs to land on diverse substrates.

Unlike large animals, insects and other very small animals are so unsusceptible to impact-related injuries that they can use falling for dispersal and predator evasion. Reorienting to land upright can mitigate lost access to resources and predation risk. Such behaviours are critical for the spotted lanternfly (SLF) (Lycorma delicatula), an invasive, destructive insect pest spreading rapidly in the USA. High-speed video of SLF nymphs released under different conditions showed that these insects self-right using both active midair righting motions previously reported for other insects and novel post-impact mechanisms that take advantage of their ability to experience near-total energy loss on impact. Unlike during terrestrial self-righting, in which an animal initially at rest on its back uses appendage motions to flip over, SLF nymphs impacted the surface at varying angles and then self-righted during the rebound using coordinated body rotations, foot-substrate adhesion and active leg motions. These previously unreported strategies were found to promote disproportionately upright, secure landings on both hard, flat surfaces and tilted, compliant host plant leaves. Our results highlight the importance of examining biomechanical phenomena in ecologically relevant contexts, and show that, for small animals, the post-impact bounce period can be critical for achieving an upright landing.

Conveyance of texture signals along a rat whisker

Neuronal activities underlying a percept are constrained by the physics of sensory signals. In the tactile sense such constraints are frictional stick–slip events, occurring, amongst other vibrotactile features, when tactile sensors are in contact with objects. We reveal new biomechanical phenomena about the transmission of these microNewton forces at the tip of a rat’s whisker, where they occur, to the base where they engage primary afferents. Using high resolution videography and accurate measurement of axial and normal forces at the follicle, we show that the conical and curved rat whisker acts as a sign-converting amplification filter for moment to robustly engage primary afferents. Furthermore, we present a model based on geometrically nonlinear Cosserat rod theory and a friction model that recreates the observed whole-beam whisker dynamics. The model quantifies the relation between kinematics (positions and velocities) and dynamic variables (forces and moments). Thus, only videographic assessment of acceleration is required to estimate forces and moments measured by the primary afferents. Our study highlights how sensory systems deal with complex physical constraints of perceptual targets and sensors.

Determinants of the primary stability of cementless acetabular cup implants: A 3D finite element study

Primary stability of cementless implants is crucial for the surgical success and long–term stability. However, primary stability is difficult to quantify in vivo and the biomechanical phenomena occurring during the press–fit insertion of an acetabular cup (AC) implant are still poorly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the cortical and trabecular bone Young's moduli Ec and Et, the interference fit IF and the sliding friction coefficient of the bone–implant interface μ on the primary stability of an AC implant. For each parameter combination, the insertion of the AC implant into the hip cavity and consequent pull–out are simulated with a 3D finite element model of a human hemi–pelvis. The primary stability is assessed by determining the polar gap and the maximum pull–out force. The polar gap increases along with all considered parameters. The pull–out force shows a continuous increase with Ec and Et and a non-linear variation as a function of μ and IF is obtained. For μ > 0.6 and IF > 1.4 mm the primary stability decreases, and a combination of smaller μ and IF lead to a better fixation. Based on the patient's bone stiffness, optimal combinations of μ and IF can be identified. The results are in good qualitative agreement with previous studies and provide a better understanding of the determinants of the AC implant primary stability. They suggest a guideline for the optimal choice of implant surface roughness and IF based on the patient's bone quality.

Bouncing behavior of sub-four minute milers

Elite middle distance runners present as a unique population in which to explore biomechanical phenomena in relation to running speed, as their training and racing spans a broad spectrum of paces. However, there have been no comprehensive investigations of running mechanics across speeds within this population. Here, we used the spring-mass model of running to explore global mechanical behavior across speeds in these runners. Ten elite-level 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 3:37.3 ± 3.6 s; mile: 3:54.6 ± 3.9 s) and ten highly trained 1500 m and mile runners (mean 1500 m best: 4:07.6 ± 3.7 s; mile: 4:27.4 ± 4.1 s) ran on a treadmill at 10 speeds where temporal measures were recorded. Spatiotemporal and spring-mass characteristics and their corresponding variation were calculated within and across speeds. All spatiotemporal measures changed with speed in both groups, but the changes were less substantial in the elites. The elite runners ran with greater approximated vertical forces (+ 0.16 BW) and steeper impact angles (+ 3.1°) across speeds. Moreover, the elites ran with greater leg and vertical stiffnesses (+ 2.1 kN/m and + 3.6 kN/m) across speeds. Neither group changed leg stiffness with increasing speeds, but both groups increased vertical stiffness (1.6 kN/m per km/h), and the elite runners more so (further + 0.4 kN/m per km/h). The elite runners also demonstrated lower variability in their spatiotemporal behavior across speeds. Together, these findings suggested that elite middle distance runners may have distinct global mechanical patterns across running speeds, where they behave as stiffer, less variable spring-mass systems compared to highly trained, but sub-elite counterparts.

Implant insertion angle and depth: Peri-implant bone stress analysis by the finite element method.

BackgroundThe study aimed to assess the influence of different implant insertion angles and depths on the stresses produced on the surface of peri-implant bone tissue under axial and oblique loading. Material and MethodsThe entire study followed the recommendations of the Checklist for Reporting In-vitro Studies (CRIS). The implant was placed in the region of element 36, according to the following models: M1 (0 mm / 0°); M2 (0 mm / 17°); M3 (0 mm / 30°); M4 (2 mm / 0°); M5 (2 mm / 17°); M6 (2 mm / 30°). The models were subjected to loading, with intensity of 100 N. The stress assessment followed the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed. ResultsAngled implants and installed below the bone crest produced the highest stresses on the cortical bone, and the axial load presented the highest stress peaks on the buccal side of implants perpendicular to the bone crest. Regardless of the type of load (axial or oblique), inclined implants presented the highest stress peaks on the lingual side of the cortical bone. ConclusionsImplants installed perpendicular to and with a prosthetic platform at bone crest height provided the lowest stresses to peri-implant bone tissue under both axial and oblique loading. Key words:Finite element analysis, dental implants, axial loading, biomechanical phenomena.

Measurement, Analysis and Interpretation of Pressure/Flow Waves in Blood Vessels.

The optimal performance of the cardiovascular system, as well as the break-down of this performance with disease, both involve complex biomechanical interactions between the heart, conduit vascular networks and microvascular beds. ‘Wave analysis’ refers to a group of techniques that provide valuable insight into these interactions by scrutinizing the shape of blood pressure and flow/velocity waveforms. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive introduction to wave analysis, with a focus on key concepts and practical application rather than mathematical derivations. We begin with an overview of invasive and non-invasive measurement techniques that can be used to obtain the signals required for wave analysis. We then review the most widely used wave analysis techniques—pulse wave analysis, wave separation and wave intensity analysis—and associated methods for estimating local wave speed or characteristic impedance that are required for decomposing waveforms into forward and backward wave components. This is followed by a discussion of the biomechanical phenomena that generate waves and the processes that modulate wave amplitude, both of which are critical for interpreting measured wave patterns. Finally, we provide a brief update on several emerging techniques/concepts in the wave analysis field, namely wave potential and the reservoir-excess pressure approach.

The relationship between the organization of the postural system and the psychological characteristics of person

Introduction. The arbitrary control of the human posture is an important physiological function of the body. The pose includes, in fact, an integrated set of biomechanical, neurophysiological and neuropsychiatric phenomena that affect each other and are mutually compensated at each point in time. Studying the postural balance of the body can give a huge amount of information about emotions and self-perception of personality.The goal of research — is to identify the psychological characteristics of the persons with the different types of postural organization, which determine the variability of behavior in different life situations and the peculiarities of interaction with the world.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Kamchatka State University Vitus Bering in 2017–2018. The study involved 75 respondents aged 20 to 32 years, including 40 men and 35 women. Study design: open, cohort, empirical. A visual analysis of the person′s static posture was carried out using the Barre vertical to determine their postural organization type. To determine the psychological personality characteristics the following methods were used: the «Coping strategy indicator» methodology to determine the prevailing coping strategy, the Plutchik–Kellerman–Conte questionnaire «Life Style Index» (LSI) to determine the leading defense mechanisms, and their general tension, a time perspective questionnaire F. Zimbardo (ZTPI) for determining the temporal orientation of a person, the Dembo–Rubinstein technique modified by A. M. Prikhozhan for studying self-esteem and emotional saturation of life. For each of the methods, scoring was carried out and, further, a statistical analysis. Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0,05.Results. The results of the study revealed the psychological characteristics of respondents with different types of postural organization. The respondents of the front type of postural organization group are characterized by a wider range of psychological defenses, a tendency to compensation and hypercompensation. Respondents with this type of body organization evaluate themselves as confident, happy and successful, through an assessment of their involvement in life. They assess their life as filled with events, but at the same time, the self-confidence indicator in this group is lower than in groups 2 and 3. It can be assumed that the respondents in this group tend to keep their lives under control and worry about achieving future goals, and it is indicated by lower, in comparison with groups 2 and 3, indicators of self-confidence. The respondents of the posterior type of postural organization are characterized by a smaller spectrum of psychological defenses, the predominance of compensation, and the emotional richness of life is important for them. The assessment of oneself as more selfconfident is characteristically. They also consider their life not eventful enough. Respondents with a harmonious type of postural organization are characterized by the variability of protective mechanisms, a balanced time perspective, cognitive fl exibility and attitude to difficulties as an opportunity to draw experience for personal growth and development. In addition, it is likely that the harmonious type of bodily organization is an indicator of the psychological harmony of the personality, which, first of all, is manifested in building relationships in the man—world system, through an adequate assessment of oneself.Conclusion. The study confirms the fact of the individual psychological characteristics relationship with the type of postural organization. Studying the postural balance of the body can provide significant information about self-perception of the personality and the type of psychological interaction with the world. In this regard, it seems promising to expand the spectrum of the personality psychological characteristics study in conjunction with bodily organization, its features with different somatic manifestations, as well as non-verbal communication phenomena.

Intraventricular Flow Patterns in Patients Treated with Left Ventricular Assist Devices.

The success of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) therapy is hampered by complications such as thrombosis and bleeding. Understanding blood flow interactions between the heart and the LVAD might help optimize treatment and decrease complication rates. We hypothesized that LVADs modify shear stresses and blood transit in the left ventricle (LV) by changing flow patterns and that these changes can be characterized using 2D echo color Doppler velocimetry (echo-CDV). We used echo-CDV and custom postprocessing methods to map blood flow inside the LV in patients with ongoing LVAD support (Heartmate II, N = 7). We compared it to healthy controls (N = 20) and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, N = 20). We also analyzed intraventricular flow changes during LVAD ramp tests (baseline ± 400 rpm). LVAD support reversed the increase in blood stasis associated with DCM, but it did not reduce intraventricular shear exposure. Within the narrow range studied, the ventricular flow was mostly insensitive to changes in pump speed. Patients with significant aortic insufficiency showed abnormalities in blood stasis and shear indices. Overall, this study suggests that noninvasive flow imaging could potentially be used in combination with standard clinical methods for adjusting LVAD settings to optimize flow transport and minimize stasis on an individual basis.

Computational and experimental investigation on the effect of failure stress in a femur bone

The recent trends in numerical methods and computational techniques in the field of biomechanics facilitate to solve complex problems encountered in the assessment of the strength and reliability of structures and implants. In the present investigation, a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) analysis of F emur bone structure implant is done, to determine the relationships among the quantities that characterise the failure stresses. The fracture behavior of human bone during the action of unexpected cause of accidents is analyzed by the related works and numerical analysis on the model of particular bone is performed under various loading and boundary conditions. Stress fracture occurs predominantly in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot, with fewer incidents in the femur, pelvis, and lumbar spine. The combination of advanced numerical tools with the capacity of modern computers resulted in the creation of limitless possibilities towards the allowable stress and strain analysis in bone structures. The novel FEA method presented in this article can be used to identify the biomechanical phenomena occurring in femur bone structures as well as to validate the experimental results in the course of implants. It also enables the fast rehabilitation of fractured bone and shapes them optimally by taking into account of the limit tensile or compressive strengths exerted.

Differences in biomechanics of abdominal wall closure with and without mesh reinforcement: A study in post mortem human specimens

IntroductionSmall bites for the closure of the abdominal wall after midline laparotomy result in significantly less incisional hernias in comparison with large bites. However, fundamental knowledge of underlying biomechanical phenomena remains sparse. The objective of this study was to develop a digital image correlation-based method to compare different suturing techniques in terms of strain pattern after closure of a midline laparotomy in a passive model just after the time of surgery. MethodsA digital image correlation (DIC)-based method was used for the comparison of strain fields on the external surface of the myofascial abdominal wall (skin and subcutaneous fat removed) among six configurations, including an intact linea alba in five post mortem human specimens. The second configuration comprised primary mass closure with small bites (five mm between two consecutive stitches and five mm distance from the incision, 5x5 mm). The third configuration was primary mass closure with large bites (ten mm by ten mm, 10x10 mm). The fourth, fifth and sixth configuration comprised primary mass closure with large bites and the placement of a mesh in onlay position with two different overlaps and the use of glue to simulate the integration of the mesh within the soft tissue. ResultsNo visible difference was observed between 5x5 and 10x10 mm closure configurations. However, the use of mesh as suture line reinforcement highlighted a stiffer behavior of the midline area for similar intra-abdominal pressure, which was amplified when a larger mesh overlap was used. However, the whole abdominal wall showed quite similar shapes for the various configurations, except for the configuration with mesh reinforcement and the use of glue. ConclusionMesh reinforcement incited lower opening tension profiles in the midline area of the abdominal wall. following closure of the linea alba in median laparotomy. The next step should be to investigate the impact of mesh location (e.g. retromuscular) and different time points after surgery.

Finite-Element Study of Biomechanical Explanations for Bone Loss around Dental Implants.

Since the advent of osteointegrated implantology and its precepts issued by the Swedish School, assessment of peri-implant bone loss criteria has often been debated by professionals in this field. Long-term success of dental implants is highly reliant on structural and functional osseointegration between implant and surrounding intraoral tissues. In this context, the current study aims to provide biomechanical explanations for causes of bone loss around the dental implant after osseointegration by computational analysis, using a three-dimensional finite-element (FE) method. We design an approximate virtual model that includes the smooth, cylindrical dental implant and alveolar bone. We use SolidWorks software and export to ABAQUS for computational stress analysis at the bone-implant interface. The numerical model is created and loaded with a compressive occlusal force that is applied at the top of the implant platform. We thoroughly investigate the generated FE results and stress responses of the bone-implant system. The developed model is extremely useful for indicating biomechanical phenomena in the bone-implant interface that play a key part in bone loss around the dental implant. In addition, obtained results tend to deliver an improved understanding to designers in the biomedical engineering field and in dentistry.

A Systematic Review of Energy Harvesting from Biomechanical Factors

Conversion of human mechanical energy to usable electrical energy may seem like something from science fiction for the earliest generation of electronical engineers. But owing to the recent scientific advancements, it is no longer just a fiction but a reality. Researchers are working hard-time to improvise this idea by making attractive advancements in the field every day. This particular advancement gets much attention because it seems to be the most likely candidate to limit the usage of batteries, which have become a paradigm in the commercial world. Harvesting human energy can eliminate the limitations of scientific advancements in the portable and implantable devices due to the usage of batteries as their power source. There are several methods by which energy can be harvested from human activities, including but not restricted to thermoelectric generation, piezoelectric generation and triboelectric generation. These biomechanical phenomena can be tamed for commercial electricity usage under various circumstances. This paper provides a detailed review on these methods and the advancements made so far by researchers all around the globe.