Elucidating the biological characteristics of overweight populations based on urine Raman spectroscopy and bioinformatics analysis.

Complete mitochondrial genome pathological characteristics and scanning electron microscopic observations of Armillifer moniliformis isolated from Manis javanica.

The dilemma of cancer biomechanics assessment: Living soft matter from a rheological perspective.

Bioactive human placental ECM hydrogels crosslinked with tannic acid enhance stability and antioxidant properties for diabetic wound healing.

Injectable carbon nanotube-reinforced calcium phosphate bone cements with high-strength and improved osteogenesis for bone regeneration.

A new era in targeted sEH therapy: strategic evolution from inhibition to protein degradation.

Rare histological variants of prostate cancer-including ductal adenocarcinoma, intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), neuroendocrine carcinoma, basal cell/adenoid cystic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, and stromal tumors-exhibit highly diverse biological behaviors and distinct molecular features. Accurate pathological recognition is essential, as these entities frequently diverge from conventional acinar adenocarcinoma in morphology, genomic alterations, therapeutic responsiveness, and clinical outcomes. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) and ductal adenocarcinoma often display genomic instability and aggressive clinical behavior, including enrichment for homologous recombination repair (HRR) defects and hypoxia-related pathways. Neuroendocrine subtypes, including de novo and treatment-related NEPC as well as double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC), are characterized by androgen receptor (AR) independence, RB1/TP53 loss, low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) production, and poor prognosis, reflecting lineage plasticity under therapeutic pressure. Other rare tumors-such as basal cell carcinoma/adenoid cystic carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and stromal tumors (STUMP and prostatic stromal sarcoma)-demonstrate unique pathological patterns and limited responsiveness to standard systemic therapies, underscoring the importance of tailored diagnostic and management strategies. This review integrates the histopathological, molecular, and emerging spatial transcriptomic insights across this spectrum of rare and treatment-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. By highlighting shared mechanisms such as genomic instability, androgen receptor (AR) pathway bypass, and microenvironmental remodeling, we outline key diagnostic considerations and evolving therapeutic implications relevant to precision oncology.

Effectiveness comparison of first-line CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with hormone-positive HER2-negative advanced breast cancer according to tumor histology: a sub-analysis of the real-world, multicenter, Italian study PALMARES-2.

From innate immunity to precision cancer therapy: the clinical advancement of NK cell therapy.

Advancements in cancer stem cell therapy: The effective integration of traditional Chinese medicine and nanotechnology.

We describe clinical and biologic characteristics of neuroblastoma in older children, adolescents, and young adults (OCAYA); describe survival outcomes in the post-immunotherapy era; and identify if there is an age cut-off that best discriminates outcomes. Patients diagnosed with neuroblastoma at ≥547 days between 2003 and 2022 from the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Data Commons were compared by age subgroups. Recursive partitioning, dividing younger versus older at all monthly cut-points between 18 months and 15 years, was undertaken using Cox regression models of event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and OS post-relapse (OSPR). Kaplan-Meier curves of clinical/biologic subgroups were compared with log-rank tests. 7,835 patients met inclusion criteria: 18 months to <5 years (n=5841), 5 to <10 years (n=1488), 10 to <15 years (n=357), and ≥15 years (n=149) at diagnosis. Younger patients were more likely to have MYCN amplification (18 months to 5 years: 31%; 5-10 years: 15%) than older (10-15 years: 8%; ≥15 years: 7%) (p<0.0001), metastatic disease (p<0.0001), and high mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI) (p<0.0001) and less likely to have diploid tumors (p<0.001). Repeatedly dichotomizing the cohort, younger patients had superior EFS and OS (p<0.05) for all cut-offs ≤40 months (hazard ratios: 1.1-1.3). Among high-risk OCAYA (International Neuroblastoma Staging System [INSS] Stage 4; n=5005 [64% of cohort]), those diagnosed 2010-2022 had superior EFS/OS versus 2003-2009 in each age group (p<0.0001). OSPR remained poor for all OCAYA (5-year OSPR 14%±0.7%). For patients ≥547 days old, any age cut-off ≤40 months discriminated younger (superior EFS/OS) versus older patients; no cut-off was optimal. OCAYA diagnosed 2010-2022 (post-immunotherapy era) had superior outcomes versus 2003-2009. Stratification by comprehensive molecular biomarkers will likely best inform novel therapeutic strategies for OCAYA.

Integrative analysis of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA profiles to reveal ceRNA regulation in geese ovarian development from the birth /laying to ceased periods.

Introduction: Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly, non toxic method for formulating Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (HApNPs) and functionalising them using plant derivatives, such as Rose hip Seed extracts (Rh). Rose hip seeds have demonstrated osteogenic properties, making them ideal for synthesising a nanoparticle bone graft substitute capable of inducing bone formation. Aim: To evaluate the osteogenic potential of Rose hip seed functionalised HApNPs. Materials and Methods: The present study was an in-vitro investigation conducted in the Department of Orthodontics, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from December 2022 to December 2024. synthesis of Rose hip Seed Extract-functionalised HApNPs (RhHApNPs) was carried out. The nanoparticles were subjected to physical characterisation, including HApNPs Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis. Biological characterisation involved a haemolytic test, while chemical characterisation included the Calcium Mineralisation Assay, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity test, and collagen estimation test. The outcomes of these tests were represented graphically using Origin software. Results: The FESEM analysis revealed elongated, hexagonal, and spherical-shaped RhHApNPs, with a particle size range of 10-50 nm. EDX analysis demonstrated characteristic elemental peaks for Ca, P, O, and C in RhHApNPs. The XRD test indicated 55.6% crystallinity. ATR-FTIR analysis identified peaks of PO4³- , along with the presence of other functional groups. The blood compatibility test results showed that the rate of haemolysis was below 5%, indicating good blood compatibility. RhHApNPs exhibited greater mineralisation density compared to non RhHApNPs, evidenced by higher Optical Density (OD). The ALP Activity test showed increased levels of ALP expression in RhHApNPs compared to non functionalised counterparts. The collagen estimation assay revealed collagen formation over NIH 3T3 cell line culture. Conclusion: The newly synthesised RhHApNPs were elongated, hexagonal, and spherical, with a size range of 10-50 nm, demonstrating a Ca/P weight % of 1.99 and a crystallinity of 55.6%. The RhHApNPs also exhibited good haemocompatibility and increased osteogenic activity when compared to non functionalised HApNPs.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, with excellent optoelectronic properties and ultrathin structural features, have emerged as promising candidates for constructing optoelectronic synapse devices (OSDs). However, these 2D OSDs rely on van der Waals heterostructures formed by stacking multiple 2D materials or hybrid stacks of 2D and organic materials, a process that significantly complicates device fabrication. In this work, we simplify the structure of 2D OSDs to a monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with a Fe:LiNbO3 crystal as the substrate. A monolayer MoS2 was transferred onto the surface of Fe:LiNbO3 with a pair of electrodes. Under the illumination of a 632.8 nm optical signal, a spatial electric field distribution was generated on the Fe:LiNbO3 surface due to the photovoltaic effect, which modulates the band structure of MoS2, thereby realizing the optical signal perception and storage. This MoS2/Fe:LiNbO3 structure exhibits remarkable optical synapse-like properties, including both long-term and short-term synaptic plasticity, with a paired-pulse facilitation index of 1.32. Based on this, the flicker fusion visual characteristics in biology were simulated, and the critical fusion frequency was measured to be 0.5 mHz. The result indicates the device has advantages in perceiving low-frequency signals below 0.5 mHz in multifrequency environments. Meanwhile, the MoS2/Fe:LiNbO3 structure, serving as a visual neural synapse, exhibited excellent noise filtering ability for input signals. After a noisy data set was processed by the device for 1546 s, the accuracy of image recognition training increased significantly from the original 88.7% to 99.5%. This work simplifies the structure of 2D OSDs, benefiting the construction of visual optoelectronic synapse devices.

To validate a previously published CT-based severity score of ischemic colitis and to propose a potential improvement by assessing severity using clinical, biological, and CT criteria. This retrospective single-center study included 174 patients (mean age, 73 ± 12 years; 85 men) with ischemic colitis diagnosed between 2014 and 2023. All underwent contrast-enhanced CT. Severe ischemic colitis was defined by death within 1 month, necrosis at colonoscopy, surgery, or superior mesenteric artery stenting. Clinical, biological, and CT features were compared between severe and non-severe cases. The Montpellier CT severity score was applied to the cohort. Logistic regression was used to test additional CT predictors and to propose a modified score. Among 174 patients, 97 (56%) had non-severe and 77 (44%) had severe ischemic colitis. The Montpellier score showed 68% sensitivity, 81% specificity, and an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71-0.85). Multivariate analysis identified decreased wall enhancement, right colon involvement, and peritoneal effusion as additional severity predictors. A modified score including decreased wall enhancement achieved 71% sensitivity, 80% specificity, and an AUC of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.73-0.86). CT-based severity scoring was useful in predicting severe ischemic colitis. Montpellier score and modified Montpellier score (adding the decreased wall enhancement criterion) appeared to be reliable tools in practice. Question Severe ischemic colitis remains difficult to diagnose, and CT imaging provides objective criteria to differentiate between mild and life-threatening forms. Findings A validated CT-based severity score accurately stratifies patients and improves diagnostic performance in clinical practice. Clinical relevance CT-based severity scoring helps identify patients with ischemic colitis who are at high risk of adverse outcomes, supporting timely surgical decision-making and improving clinical management.

Biocontrol validation of a strictly lytic phage A511 and a commercial phage PGL show reduction of Listeria monocytogenes in raw Scottish Salmon fillet post-harvest.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play critical regulatory roles in cancer drug response. However, most existing methods are limited to predicting a single type of ncRNA, failing to fully capture the complex semantic associations between multimodal biological features, and thus exhibit weak generalizability and robustness. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes NCRDLLM, a unified framework that leverages large language models (LLMs) to predict associations between three types of ncRNA (circular RNA, microRNA, and long noncoding RNA) and drugs. The method integrates 19,020 experimentally validated associations and 120,009 disease association records. Three types of multimodal features are constructed: sequence features extracted using pretrained foundation models RNA-FM and ChemBERTa, structural features generated through Graph2Vec for RNA secondary structures and AttentiveFP combined with ECFP for drug molecules, and association features obtained via disease-associated coding and semantic similarity. These features are subsequently mapped into the hidden space of LLaMA-3.2-3B through adapter modules, with LoRA employed for parameter-efficient fine-tuning. Experimental results demonstrate that NCRDLLM achieves AUC-ROC values of 0.9665, 0.9832, and 0.9676 on miRNA-drug, lncRNA-drug, and circRNA-drug data sets, respectively. Ablation studies confirm the contribution of each module, while literature evidence and tissue-specific expression profiling further support the biological relevance of the predictions. NCRDLLM provides an effective strategy for identifying potential ncRNA-drug response associations.

Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells are widely used as an in vitro model system and have undergone extensive adaptation during long-term culture. Understanding how their transcriptional programs differ from in vivo tissues is essential for interpreting their biological characteristics and experimental utility. This study aimed to characterize transcriptomic differences between Drosophila S2 cells and newly hatched larval tissues, with a focus on identifying metabolic, regulatory, and proliferative features associated with the long-term maintenance of S2 cells in vitro. RNA sequencing was performed on S2 cells and newly hatched larvae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using edgeR (FDR < 0.05, |log2FC| ≥ 1). Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to investigate functional changes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed based on STRING data to identify hub genes, and selected genes were validated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 5,937 DEGs were detected between S2 cells and larval tissues. S2 cells displayed pronounced upregulation of genes linked to amino acid metabolism, lipid biosynthesis, cell cycle progression, protein turnover, and RNA interference pathways, whereas genes associated with development and differentiation were broadly downregulated. PPI analysis highlighted 10 hub genes-including P5CS, GluProRS, ND-ACP, Ubi-p63E, and Dcr-2-that represent central nodes in metabolic regulation, protein homeostasis, transcriptional control, and stress response. These features collectively reflect a transcriptional state shaped by long-term in vitro adaptation. This comparative analysis provides a comprehensive overview of transcriptomic and regulatory differences between S2 cells and in vivo larval tissues. The results clarify key molecular characteristics of S2 cells and offer a useful reference for their application in functional genomics, metabolism research, and cell-based assays.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is an emerging biomarker detectable in various bodily fluids, with promising implications across a wide range of clinical domains. Its minimally invasive nature, short half-life, and ability to reflect tissue-specific genetic and epigenetic alterations position cfDNA as a key tool in women's health diagnostics. This narrative review aims to explore the biological characteristics, release mechanisms, and clinical utility of cfDNA in gynecological cancers, pregnancy-related disorders, and assisted reproductive technologies (ART), highlighting current applications, benefits, limitations, and future perspectives. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Relevant peer-reviewed articles from January 2005 to March 2025 were analyzed to summarize advances in cfDNA detection techniques, clinical applications, and emerging technologies in women's health. In gynecology, cfDNA-especially circulating tumor DNA-has shown promise in early cancer detection, mutation analysis, and disease monitoring. In prenatal medicine, fetal cfDNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma enables highly accurate, noninvasive screening for chromosomal abnormalities and pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction. In reproductive medicine, cfDNA derived from follicular fluid and embryo culture media may serve as a novel biomarker for assessing oocyte and embryo quality. cffDNA offers a noninvasive method for fetal genetic evaluation in pregnancy loss cases, enabling the detection of chromosomal abnormalities to inform clinical management. Technological innovations such as fragmentomics, methylation analysis, and artificial intelligence are enhancing the analytical power and clinical relevance of cfDNA. cfDNA offers a transformative, noninvasive approach for improving diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized care in women's health. While clinical implementation still faces technical and standardization challenges, emerging tools and multi-omics integration are expected to strengthen the role of cfDNA in precision medicine. Future large-scale studies and validation across diverse populations are essential to support its routine clinical adoption.

The limited tissue penetration depth of optical probes based on 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone (HPQ) hindered dynamic monitoring of the actual distribution and metabolism of them in deep tissues. Herein, using fibroblast activating protein (FAP)-activatable dual-modal probes as a prototype, we explored the potential of HPQ as a core scaffold for in vivo imaging probes via stepwise biological characterization. The tumor-to-muscle uptake ratios (T/M) of LWF-1, LWF-2, and LWF-3 were consistently above 4.05 during in vivo fluorescence imaging with sustained tumor visualization exceeding 48 h. All 68Ga-radiolabeled probes exhibited a maximum tumor uptake of up to 12.83 ± 9.37%ID/g in model mice, with the T/M of [68Ga]LWF-3 remaining above 4.89 throughout the PET scanning. The ex vivo biodistribution study revealed that [177Lu]LWF-3 reached the peak uptake in the tumor at 4 h postinjection (10.41 ± 0.68%ID/g). Accordingly, structural design and optimization governing their in vivo metabolism are critical for acquisition of ideal HPQ-based probes.