Biodiesel Program Research Articles

Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as Biodiesel Feedstock in Malaysia: A Concise Review

Fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation have prompted the search for alternatives from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is the most efficient alternative to fossil fuel substitution because it can be properly modified for current diesel engines. It is a vegetable oil-based fuel with similar properties to petroleum diesel. Generally, biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly efficient alternative for fossil fuel substitution. In Malaysia, oil palm is considered as the most valuable commodity crop and gives a high economic return to the country. However, the ethical challenge of food or fuel makes palm oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible feedstock like Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.). It is an inedible oil-bearing crop that can be processed into biodiesel. It has a high-seed yield that could be continually produced for up to 50 years. Furthermore, its utilization will have zero impact on food sources since the oil is poisonous for human and animal consumption. However, Jatropha biodiesel is still in its preliminary phase compared to palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia due to a lack of research and development. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the potential of Jatropha curcas as an eco-friendly biodiesel feedstock to promote socio-economic development and meet significantly growing energy demands even though the challenges for its implementation as a national biodiesel program might be longer.

A system dynamics approach to biodiesel fund management in Indonesia

Indonesia, which is strongly supportive of renewable energy development, meets its obligation to extensively employ renewable energy through the mandatory mixing of palm oil-derived biodiesel with diesel, a fossil fuel. The success of the program is inseparable from the government's provision of incentives which involve paying the difference in cost between biodiesel and diesel through export taxes collected from producers of palm oil and its derivatives. However, the increase in the government's mandatory target is not in line with the higher revenue obtained with the result that under current policy conditions the government will not be able to provide incentives for the B30 plan during the next few years. This research presents a dynamic simulation modelling of Indonesia's biodiesel program and analyzes the policy applied in support of that program. A system dynamics model is proposed to enable decision-makers to understand the relationship between the different variables inherent in the system and the impact of different variables on the continuity of the biodiesel program in Indonesia. The system dynamics model consists of three sub-models: the palm oil production sub-model, the biodiesel demand and production sub-model and the biodiesel fund management sub-model. Fund management of biodiesel is specifically discussed, starting with the source of funds, through fund management, to the impact of fund availability on the biodiesel mandatory program's continuity. The simulation shows that increasing palm oil production capacity is insufficient in order to ensure the success of the government program. Simulations indicate that the biodiesel program will operate optimally if two prerequisites are satisfied; first, that the levy policy adopted is not dependent upon crude palm oil (CPO) prices and, second, that the provision of incentives is limited solely to those required by the prevailing Public Service Obligation (PSO).

Strategic Investment And Excess Capacity: The Case Of Malaysian Palm Biodiesel Industry

With the growing demand of palm biodiesel worldwide, the government has recently announced the implementation of palm biodiesel programme effective July 2014. The implementation will boost the palm biodiesel industry and heighten the demand for palm biodiesel in the domestic market as well as in the international market. This paper thus examines the relationship between the use of strategic investment in excess capacity and the industry entry condition, using logit model. This study covered study period from year 2006 to 2013. The results from this study will further help policymakers to develop policy that is parallel with the condition of the industry.

A cadeia produtiva agroindustrial do biodiesel no Brasil

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva agroindustrial do biodiesel no Brasil no contexto da implementação do Programa de Biodiesel, ponderando o nível de capacidade produtiva industrial instalada no território brasileiro entre os anos 2005 e 2017. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho tem natureza descritiva, exploratória e explicativa mediante o levantamento bibliográfico, documental e análise do banco de dados da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). Os resultados apontam que a cadeia agroindustrial avançou significativamente entre os anos analisados, considerando a quantidade de usinas instaladas e suas capacidades produtivas instaladas, acompanhado da expansão da produção e do mercado de biodiesel. No entanto, observou-se uma forte concentração produtiva nas regiões Centro-Oeste e Sul, distorcendo o contexto da proposta de promover o desenvolvimento regional em regiões mais pobres, como Nordeste e Norte, uma vez que se evidenciou uma baixa dinâmica agroindustrial com pouca participação da produção nos estados. Além disso, a principal oleaginosa utilizada como matéria prima no processo produtivo do biodiesel é a soja, o que necessita pensar em políticas públicas de expandir a participação de outras oleaginosas que sejam eficientes tecnicamente e competitivas no mercado e que sejam compatíveis no contexto de produção regional.
 Palavras-chave: Cadeia Produtiva Agroindustrial. Estrutura Produtiva. Política Pública. PNPB. Biodiesel.

Renewable Energy Production, Growth of Sustainable Entrepreneurs and Inclusivity: The Case of India's Biodiesel Programme

The biodiesel programme introduced by the Government of India in the beginning of this century represents a unique case of the development of numerous sustainable entrepreneurs, substantial employment generation for the poor and reduction of carbon footprints without compromising food security and thus promote equity and social justice. It is estimated that a 20% biofuel blending through domestic feedstock production would create 6.37 million sustainable entrepreneurs and185.15 million man-days per year by 2020. Given the availability of wasteland in the country this target is achievable. The two most important factors that restrained the success of the programme are the uncertainties in yield and seed prices for the farmers. As the domestic price of petroleum is linked to global crude price, any decline in the price of crude in the world market would reduce the feedstock prices in the local market. It therefore requires fixing minimum support prices for seeds and stabilizing yield at higher level through R&D. Given all this potential benefits and the recent trend of jobless growth in the country the programme deserves to be implemented more vigorously.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated analogs associated to particulate matter emission from a Euro V-SCR engine fuelled with diesel/biodiesel blends

Among the new technologies developed for the heavy-duty fleet, the use of Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) aftertreatment system in standard Diesel engines associated with biodiesel/diesel mixtures is an alternative in use to control the legislated pollutants emission. Nevertheless, there is an absence of knowledge about the synergic behaviour of these devices and biodiesel blends regarding the emissions of unregulated substances as the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitro-PAHs, both recognized for their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on humans. Therefore, the goal of this study is the quantification of PAHs and Nitro-PAHs present to total particulate matter (PM) emitted from the Euro V engine fuelled with ultra-low sulphur diesel and soybean biodiesel in different percentages, B5 and B20. PM sampling was performed using a Euro V – SCR engine operating in European Stationary Cycle (ESC). The PAHs and Nitro-PAHs were extracted from PM using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor and quantified by GC–MS. The results indicated that the use of SCR and the largest fraction of biodiesel studied may suppress the emission of total PAHs. The Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) was lower when using 20% biodiesel, in comparison with 5% biodiesel on the SCR system, reaffirming the low toxicity emission using higher percentage biodiesel. The data also reveal that use of SCR, on its own, suppress the Nitro-PAHs compounds. In general, the use of larger fractions of biodiesel (B20) coupled with the SCR aftertreatment showed the lowest PAHs and Nitro-PAHs emissions, meaning lower toxicity and, consequently, a potential lower risk to human health. From the emission point of view, the results of this work also demonstrated the viability of the Biodiesel programs, in combination with the SCR systems, which does not require any engine adaptation and is an economical alternative for the countries (Brazil, China, Russia, India) that have not adopted Euro VI emission standards.

A comparative study of stability characteristics of mahua and jatropha biodiesel and their blends

Now-a-days biodiesel is gaining attention for its positive impact on the environment. The vegetable oils are major sources of biodiesel. For biodiesel programme in India, jatropha (Jatropha curas) has been identified as one of the most suitable tree borne non-edible oil seed. But its major drawback is its poor oxidation stability. The mahua (Madhuca indica) is another tree borne non-edible oil seed found in India and its production potential is about 60 MT per annum. Its oil content is around 35–40% and its calorific value is close to that of mineral diesel. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study and compare the oxidation and storage stability of mahua biodiesel with that of jatropha biodiesel and mineral diesel. To improve the oxidation stability, the biodiesels have been blended with mineral diesel and it has been found that 20% blended jatropha biodiesel (JB20) and 30% blended mahua biodiesel (MB30) satisfy the EN-590 limit of 20hrs. When both the biodiesels are blended in different proportions, the 50:50 mixtures by volume satisfy the EN-14214 limit of 6hrs. For the storage stability study, the different biodiesel samples have been stored in a specified conditions for 8 fortnights (120days) period and the different properties like density, kinematic viscosity, flash point and acid number of the samples have been measured. It has been found that the rate of change in values of the properties is higher in case of jatropha biodiesel and its blends than that of mahua biodiesel and its blends.

The organizational arrangement of castor bean family farmers promoted by the Brazilian Biodiesel Program: A competitiveness analysis

The organization of family farmers into associations or cooperatives gains importance within the biodiesel industry in Brazil. This research evaluates the competitiveness of the castor bean agricultural production sector, organized around the biodiesel agro-industrial system (AIS). This research presents some of the challenges in the way of enjoying the benefits of the National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB), concerning the sectoral coordination of small castor bean producers in Minas Gerais and Bahia states and the position of the biodiesel and ricin chemical industries. Desk research, document analysis, and interviews with stakeholders are used to that end. The main results are: the detailing of the institutional environment around the PNPB; the mapping of the biodiesel AIS and of the castor bean organizational arrangement promoted via PNPB, as well as their contractual relations. It appears that the organizational arrangements of castor beans (OACB) exist only as a geographical concentration of producers and cooperatives. Although there are transactions, relations are still too fragile for the cooperation and coordination of collective actions. As part of a sectoral strategic agenda, however, there are actions that can be encouraged for building a horizontal coordination among producers.

A design of experiments approach to the sensitivity analysis of the life cycle cost of biodiesel

Economic feasibility is one of the major factors that has to be considered in the decision to continue with alternative fuel development. Economic feasibility of these alternatives can be assessed through life cycle costing, which is dependent on volatile parameters such as feedstock price, operating rate, capacity, interest rate and conversion efficiency. Uncertainty analysis is necessary to determine the robustness of the life cycle cost estimates. In this study, design of experiments was demonstrated to be an effective approach to analyze the sensitivity of life cycle cost to these parameters. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis can be done based not only on the individual effects, but also on the interactions of parameters. Data from the biodiesel program of Vietnam were used as a case study. The results show that operating cost and feedstock price have the most significant effects on biodiesel cost followed by capacity, interest rate and conversion efficiency. Interactions were observed between conversion efficiency and feedstock price; interest rate and operating rate; and feedstock price and interest rate. The regression equation obtained from sensitivity analysis shows that the cost of jatropha biodiesel is 0.72–1.02 US$/L, the cost of fish oil biodiesel is 0.45–0.87 US$/L, and the cost of waste cooking oil biodiesel is 0.42–0.61 US$/L. Although the framework developed in this study was used specifically in the life cycle costing of biodiesel, it can be readily applied to other low-carbon energy systems in the future.

Biodiesel program in Brazil: learning curve over ten years (2005–2015)

AbstractThe biodiesel blending mandate was launched at 2005 in Brazil, by a governmental program based mainly on sustainability concerns, especially toward social and environmental aspects. Since 2007, B7, i.e., 7% biodiesel in diesel, in volume terms, has been mandatory, and B10 is the next target. In this context, this paper aims to evaluate the biodiesel program along the ten years from 2005 to 2015 in Brazil, considering the evolution of the estimated costs and the auction prices intending to verify some tendency in a learning curve perspective. A decreasing tendency of the biodiesel production costs and prices was observed, with a reduction of the profit margin in recent years, suggesting a learning trend. The Progress Ratio (PR) of the whole period was 101.7%, but in the 2011–2015, it was estimated at 59.3%. Relevant technology changes in biodiesel production process were not verified, but the increased competitiveness in the market, the gains of scale of plant profiles, and mainly the decrease of soybean oil prices explain this evolution. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Formulating a Long Term Strategy for Sustainable Palm Oil Biodiesel Development in Indonesia

<p class="abstract-1"><strong></strong>Indonesia, the largest producer of palm oil, has been developed palm oil biodiesel as renewable energy in the last decade. Indonesia biodiesel development policies aim to increase domestic value added of palm oil product and reduce the reliance on fossil fuel. Indonesia has embarked on a comprehensive palm oil biodiesel program since 2006 and targeted the 20% biodiesel blend (B20) in 2016. This article explores the strategy formulation by accommodate the stakeholder perspective in the problems and the solutions. This research analyzes the information from in depth interview with biodiesel stakeholders (government, industry and researcher) in Indonesia by combine Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis with a Multi Actor Analysis approach. The results show the problems of biodiesel development are mainly on the high production cost due to high price of raw material, production technology and distribution infrastructure. The government policy, technology development and raw material supply are the driving forces of the biodiesel development in Indonesia. In the long term strategy, government of Indonesia should secure the biodiesel raw material, develop an environmental friendly technology in biodiesel processing, and accommodate any improvement idea from other stakeholders.</p>

Analysis of national Jatropha biodiesel programme in Senegal

Growing Jatropha curcas for energy applications has been established through several initiatives in Senegal. The government of Senegal launched the National Jatropha Programme (NJP) in 2006 with the goal of planting 321,000 ha of Jatropha curcas, with an average of 1000 hectares (ha) in each rural locality. This paper reviews existing policies with relevance to Jatropha curcas L production in Senegal. It assesses the NJP implementation, identifies potential gaps and provides recommendations with regards to planning, institutional management, regulation, and implementation. The potential of Jatropha and other biodiesel crop options, based on findings from an agro-environmental mapping exercise have been shown. Findings show that prior policies in agricultural and energy sectors had been instrumental in developing the NJP. It highlights significant challenges in the value chain, the implementation of NJP and on the importance of using empirical assessment of evidence to inform on the biodiesel crop type compared to a focus on only one crop, Jatropha. Agro-environmental mapping was identified as useful technique prior to biodiesel cultivation. The work reported here indicates Jatropha having the largest suitability of land areas equating to almost thirty times (30) the original estimations in the NJP followed by Pongamia and sunflower with 6,796,000 ha and 5,298,900 ha respectively. Recommendations are provided suggesting, scientifically sound analysis from agro-environmental mapping to inform on the suitability of areas for Jatropha cultivation and on environmentally, socially and culturally sensitive areas. Policy options have been suggested for environmentally benigned sustained biodiesel activities in Senegal.

Evaluation of Oilseeds for Biodiesel Production

Biofuels are less polluting alternatives because they are not fossil fuels. In Brazil, the biodiesel program aims to incorporate raw vegetable material into conventional diesel oil (2 to 5%) or even replace it entirely as a fuel for adapted diesel engines. As Brazil is one of the largest producers of soybeans in the world, soybeans are the oleaginous plant most used for biodiesel production in Brazil, even if they don’t constitute the best option in relation to the yield of oil produced. The oil content of soybeans is about 19%, while canola and sunflower feature, respectively, 38 and 42% oil. The productivity of oil (in terms of kg/ha) of both canola and sunflower also surpasses soybeans. In addition to the three already mentioned oils (canola, sunflower and soya), coconut and corn oils were studied, totaling five oils. Transesterification was used with ethanol via basic catalysis using sodium hydroxide catalyst. The reaction time was 30 minutes, with the original oils heated to 50C; however, the reactions were carried out at room temperature. The synthesis with coconut oil had the lowest yield; the others (canola, sunflower, maize and soya) achieved yields on the order of 70%.

Bioenergy as a means to social and economic development in Guinea-Bissau: a proposal for a biodiesel production and use program

Given that agro-industrial activity is widely seen as a means of promoting development and the production of bioenergy has come to be considered a means of both fostering socioeconomic development and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the production of biodiesel would appear to be a means of promoting development in developing countries. The situation of Guinea-Bissau suggests the country may benefit from a biodiesel production program. Thus, this paper uses Brazil’s experience with biodiesel as a basis for proposing a framework for a Biodiesel Program in Guinea-Bissau. The proposed framework includes the following elements related to public policy, regulations, organizations and mechanisms: (i) introduction of biodiesel through the creation and implementation of laws and regulations; (ii) an Inter-ministerial Executive Committee to plan, coordinate and manage the program; (iii) promotion, incentives and support for agricultural and agro-industrial production by providing tax benefits for specific links of the chain, creating incentive programs for different oilseeds and establishing programs that support family farming; and (iv) the creation and installation of representative bodies for the stakeholders involved in the chain, such as small farmers cooperatives, national association of biodiesel producers, R&D and rural extension programs.

InvestigatingJatrophaprunings as a feedstock for producing fermentable sugars and chemical treatment for process optimization

Jatropha curcas has been considered as a material of choice in India for the production of bio-diesel and a very large area has been planted in India. For better growth, Jatropha plants need extensive pruning once a year, and the pruning of a healthy two year old plant on an average gives about 4–6 kg of lignocellulosic material (LCM). Jatropha prunings can be available in significant amount on annual basis. These prunings have no other use and this material has potential to be an economical and suitable LCM for conversion to fermentable sugars, as these contain considerable amount of holocellulose. In this study, acid pretreatment of Jatropha pruning was carried out using dilute sulfuric acid. A wide range of variables, i.e., acid concentrations from 2.50% to 10.0%, temperature from 120 to 180 °C, and reaction time of 5–45 min were studied. Three response factors, namely, maximum xylose release, minimum inhibitors, and maximum enzymatic digestibility, were optimized by application Taguchi design. Pretreatment efficiency was determined by enzymatic saccharification and physico-chemical properties of both native and pretreated biomass analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This study provides insights into the intricacies involved in conversion of this biomass to fermentable sugars. These studies indicate that Jatropha prunings can be converted economically into ethanol and can provide additional support to Jatropha based bio-diesel programme.

Chlorophyll Fluorescence as an Indicator of Cellular Damage by Glyphosate Herbicide in <i>Raphanus sativus</i> L. Plants

The fodder radish is an important alternative late summer crop in central-western Brazil. The fodder radish has a short growing cycle, is highly productive and possesses qualities that enhance its cultivation potential as an alternative in Brazil’s Biodiesel Program. However, drift of herbicides, such as glyphosate, may hinder the development of fodder radishes. Studies of chlorophyll fluorescence can provide measurements that help assess the effect of herbicide, being good indicator of the damage to photosynthetic apparatus promoted by herbicide. This study was carried out to analyze the effects of glyphosate by measuring chlorophyll a fluorescence, cellular membrane stability and chloroplast pigment contents in fodder radish plants. This experiment used a randomized block design in which the treatments consisted of the following 6 different doses: control, 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900 g i.a. ha-1 of the recommended 480 g&middotL-1 dose of glyphosate acid equivalent. The plants were sprayed 30 days after emergence and were assessed every 48 hours. The characteristics evaluated, including chlorophyll a fluorescence, chloroplast pigments and the rate of electrolyte leakage, indicated that radish plants are sensitive to glyphosate because the treatments resulted in reduced levels of photosynthetic efficiency and increased damage to cellular membranes, which led to a reduction in the chloroplast pigment content.

Prospects and current status of B5 biodiesel implementation in Malaysia

This paper addresses B5 biodiesel programs in Malaysia, global challenges on the production of palm oil. Protective measures for future efficiency as well as continued viability of this renewable energy sector are also discussed. Crude palm oil (CPO) prices are currently suppressed because of high palm oil inventory. Malaysian government has taken a pro-active step in implementing the B5 biodiesel for transportation and industrial sectors through the introduction of B5 biodiesel. The B5 Biodiesel Program which was initially targeted at selected government agencies has been fully implemented for subsidized sectors in the Central Region. The promotion of B5 development is highly attractive due to its potential local feedstock from palm oil industry and the availability of production technologies that offer opportunities for the sustainable development in energy entrepreneurships. Nationally, produced B5 will improve the access to alternative energy services and is expected to help in improving productivity and sustainability. Despite successful local B5 implementation, Malaysia is recently facing global challenges on the biodiesel production which currently remains stagnant due to weak domestic demand and uncompetitive export tax structure.

Brazilian biodiesel: The case of the palm's social projects

The Brazilian biodiesel program has created great demand for biodiesel. The production of oleaginous derived biodiesel produced by small-scale farmers is a key objective of PNPB. The Social Fuel Seal is one of the instruments for achieving this goal. Five years after the mandatory implementation of program, Brazil is among the world's leading producers of biodiesel. However, the goal of the productive insertion of small-scale farmers in Brazil's less favored regions has not been fully achieved. The Brazilian government has faced difficulties to promote regional development based on PNPB, consequently not reaching the audacious goals that were set at the beginning of the program. In this context of difficulties, the productive arrangements with palm oil should be emphasized. This paper submits in detail the model developed by Agropalma – in partnership with public agencies – together with family farming in the North of the country. These social projects are taken as reference and can promote social inclusion in the country's national biodiesel productive chain. Moreover, this case can serve as an assessment tool for other countries that seek to invest in the production of biodiesel with the concern for the social production inclusion of disadvantaged small-scale family farmers.

Socioeconomic and environmental impacts of biofuels: evidence from developing nations

Foreword Stephen Polasky Part I. Global Overview: 1. Biofuels at the confluence of energy security, rural development and food security: a developing country perspective Per Stromberg and Alexandros Gasparatos 2. The interrelations of future global bioenergy potentials, food demand and agricultural technology Karl-Heinz Erb, Andreas Mayer, Fridolin Krausmann, Christian Lauk, Christoph Plutzar, Julia Steinberger and Helmut Haberl 3. Air pollution impacts of biofuels Kristina Wagstrom and Jason Hill 4. Water for bioenergy: a global analysis Winnie P. Gerbens-Leenes, Arjen Y. Hoekstra and Theo H. van der Meer 5. The challenges of estimating tropical deforestation due to biofuel expansion Yan Gao, Margaret Skutsch and Omar Masera Part II. The Case of Brazil: 6. The Brazilian bioethanol and biodiesel programs: drivers, policies and impacts Alexandros Gasparatos, Matteo Borzoni and Ricardo Abramovay 7. Power, social impacts, and certification of ethanol fuel: view from the northeast of Brazil Markku Lehtonen 8. Implications of global ethanol expansion on Brazilian regional land use Amani Elobeid, Miguel Carriquiry and Jacinto F. Fabiosa Part III. Asia: 9. Biofuel expansion in southeast Asia: biodiversity impacts and policy guidelines Janice S. H. Lee, John Garcia-Ulloa and Lian Pin Koh 10. Jatropha production for biodiesel in Yunnan, China: implications for sustainability at the village level Daisuke Sano, Jane Romero and Mark Elder Part IV. Africa: 11. Biofuels and Africa: impacts and linkages at the household-level Siwa Msangi 12. Energy security, agro-industrial development and international trade: the case of sugarcane in southern Africa Bothwel Batidzirai and Francis X. Johnson 13. Environmental and socio-economic considerations for jatropha growing in Southern Africa Graham P. Von Maltitz, Anne Sugrue, Mark B. Gush, Colin Everson, Gareth D. Borman and Ryan Blanchard Part V. Synthesis: 14. Biofuels in developing countries: a synthesis Alexandros Gasparatos and Per Stromberg.

Design of Resource Use: Case of Jatropha Based Biodiesel in India

The biofuel program was promoted around the globe with mandate of decreasing the dependency on petroleum oil, reducing green house gas emissions, increasing agricultural profitability and as option for rural employment and development. There existed acceptable and popular perception that biofuel production is more economical to reduce petroleum oil dependency and green house gas emission primarily. However, this scalar approach is not found to be uniformly applicable across the world. The exploration of political economy of different regions provides varying priorities for promotion of biofuel program based on the context, type of feedstock under use, technologies employed and the health of the economy.The issue was not very different for India. The policy document of government of India mentioned that local level institutions would be given responsibility for resources planning and development through the involvement of panchayat, providing first hand right of resources to local user and priority to local energy use and self sufficiency. However, at the same time policy remained silent on technology inputs, research and development support and institutional support for achieving objectives set for the local level sustenance for resource use and design. And it remained biased toward transport sector with announcement of mixing of biofuel with petroleum oil. Based on the meta-analysis of the existing literature this study raised basic questions toward the policy aim and ambition of jatropha based biodiesel program in particular for India and biofuel program across world in general.