Biodiesel In Diesel Engine Research Articles

EVALUATING PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION, AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE PLASTIC OIL BLENDS IN CRDI DIESEL ENGINES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

As fossil fuels run out quickly, researchers studying engines are increasingly interested in alternative fuels. This paper covers the use of plastic paralysis oil as biodiesel in diesel engines. This was done using a four-stroke, multi-cylinder CRDI diesel engine running between 2000 and 2500 rpm. From zero loads to fifty percent load, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were computed for a variety of load scenarios. The analysis revealed that the blend D80WPO20 at 2000 rpm reduced hydrocarbon emissions from 0.059 g/kW to 0.045 g/kW, which is lower than that of 25% diesel at 26 kW. At high speed, the blend D80WPO20 at 2000 rpm gave the maximum BTE of 34.53%. The nitric oxide (NOx) emissions from D50WPO50 and diesel at a 26 kW load are 6.48 g/kWh and 5.37 g/kWh, respectively, according to reports. Data envelopment analysis, a multi-response linear programming optimization tool, was used to evaluate the output and emissions of DI diesel engines using waste plastic oil mixtures.

Experimental study on energy and environmental impacts of alcohol-blended water emulsified cottonseed oil biodiesel in diesel engines

The increasing concern over environmental pollution and energy security has intensified the search for alternative fuels. This study explores the impact of 1-pentanol blends on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of water-emulsified Gossypium hirsutum (cottonseed) oil biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Cottonseed oil was converted into biodiesel via transesterification, and its elemental, chemical, and physicochemical properties were thoroughly analyzed. A key contribution of this work is the formulation of a fuel blend comprising 30 % cottonseed oil biodiesel (COB) by volume mixed with diesel fuel, further emulsified with 10 % water by volume. The water-emulsified biodiesel was then enhanced with a 10 % volume concentration of 1-pentanol. The energy and environmental performance of these test fuels were evaluated in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine under various operating conditions. The study's findings reveal that the alcohol-blended, water-emulsified biodiesel significantly improves combustion efficiency and reduces emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. Notably, the addition of 10 % 1-pentanol to the water-emulsified biodiesel led to a 14.3 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and a 12.8 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. Furthermore, there was a 3.2 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 1.4 % decrease in specific fuel consumption. This research demonstrates that blending alcohol with water-emulsified biodiesel not only enhances combustion efficiency but also offers a promising strategy for reducing the environmental impact of diesel engines and potentially lowering fossil fuel dependence by 50 %.

Retracted: Reduction of Carbon-Based Emissions using MgO Nanoparticle with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

Retracted: Reduction of Carbon-Based Emissions using MgO Nanoparticle with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

Enhancement of the applicability of Jatropha biodiesel in a diesel engine using n-heptanol and multiwalled carbon nanotube additives

ABSTRACT Jatropha is a promising ecological fuel source for diesel engines owing to its benefits, including sustainability, accessibility, and reasonable price. Nevertheless, some disadvantages, like a slightly low heating value, high latent heat of vaporisation, and high viscosity, hinder its wide application in diesel engines. Thus, the current study intended to enhance the usability of Jatropha biodiesel in diesel engines by using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with four dosages of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L added with a blend of 80% Jatropha biodiesel and 20% n-heptanol (JH). The peak cylinder pressure and heat release rate for the JH blend were reduced by 3% for both. At the same time, they were boosted by 4% for both due to the addition of MWCNTs to the JH blend. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was reduced by 5% for the JH blend compared with diesel, while the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was raised by 4%. The BTE and BSFC were enhanced by 4% for JH-MWCNT blends compared with the JH. The NOx, smoke opacity, CO, and UHC were diminished on average by 25%, 40%, 30%, and 15%, correspondingly, for the JH blend associated with diesel.

Optimizing the effect of using novel hydrogen enriched nano particles added emulsified waste mango seed biodiesel in diesel engine

Restricted fossil fuel resources, increased liquid fuel prices, and the pollution range of conventional fuel direct the research into novel technology. The application of biodiesel enhances engine characteristics. In this work, different concentrations of hybrid nanoparticles, namely Aluminum oxide and Titanium oxide (25 ppm, 50 ppm, and 75 ppm), were introduced as nanoadditives. In addition, 10 % share of hydrogen gas by volume was given to analyze the engine characteristics of hydrogen-fueled single cylinder diesel engine. The entire testing was conducted on a constant water content (10 % vol.) emulsified Mango Seed Methyl Ester (MSME) as base fuel blend. The experiment has been planned in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on Box Behnken Design (BBD) approach. The variable input parameters, engine load, speed and nanoparticles (NP) concentrations are optimized using RSM and Deep Recurrent Neural Network based Honey Badger Algorithm (DRNN-HBA). The addition of nanoparticles improved the thermal property of the fuel blend, thereby increasing Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) for the B20W10 fuel blend with nanoparticles. A maximum BTE of 32 % is achieved by adding 75 ppm nanoparticle to the fuel blend with some counter effect on NOx emission at maximum load. The optimized outcomes are 58 % engine load, 1800 rpm engine speed and 75 ppm NP concentration (B20W10NP75). The proposed DRNN-HBA prediction model achieved better regression correlation (above 0.99) for combustion and emission results with very lesser Root Mean Square Error (RMSE ≤ 6.6) compared to conventional DRNN and RSM.

Environmental Effect of Zinc Oxide Metal Nano Additives in Microalgae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

We investigated how to extract energy from algal oil and convert it to biodiesel by transesterification in this study. In addition to performing engine performance tests with varying quantities of fuel mixture, parameters such as power, hourly torque consumption, specific consumption, and emissions of dioxide and monoxide were evaluated as an alternate solution to the pollution problem caused by fossil fuels. A 5.2 kW diesel engine powered the engine. The production of algal oil-based biodiesel was carried out effectively. The algal oil extraction procedure resulted in the production of biodiesel, which was then blended with commercial diesel in the amounts of 20, 40, and 60%. The engine performance testing revealed no statistically significant difference between the power and torque delivered by the various commercial diesel blends. Both hourly and particular consumption showed an increase of 15% and 20%, respectively, regarding commercial diesel consumption. However, the most significant advantage is the reduction in pollutant emissions, as demonstrated by the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by more than 20% in any mixture of commercial diesel and biodiesel when compared to commercial diesel.

Utilization of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in Biodiesel Production and Property Enhancement

In today’s world, the applications of nanotechnology and nanomaterials are attracting interest in a wide variety of study domains because of their appealing qualities. The use of nanotechnology and nanomaterials in biodiesel processing and manufacturing is a focus of research globally. For accelerating the progress and development of biodiesel production, more focus is being given to the application of advanced nanotechnology for maximum yield in low cost. Hence, this paper will discuss the utilization of numerous nanomaterials/nanocatalysts for biodiesel synthesis from multiple feedstocks. This study will also focus on nanomaterials’ applications in algae cultivation and lipid extraction. Furthermore, the current study will comprehensively overview the nanoadditives blended biodiesel in diesel engines and the significant challenges and future opportunities. Moreover, this paper will also focus on human and environmental safety concerns of nanotechnology-based large-scale biodiesel production. Hence, this review will provide perception for future manufacturers, researchers, and academicians into the extent of research in nanotechnology and nanomaterials assisted biodiesel production and its efficiency enhancement.

Effects of Aloe Vera Biodiesel Blends with TiO2 on the Emission and Performance Characteristics of a DI Diesel Engine

Concerns about the effect of activities that need the use of alternative fuels, as well as a growth in demand for clean energy, have made biofuels research more well-known, and so began the search for oilseed plants that can be used to make biodiesel. Present research was carried out the aloe vera oil is used as a biodiesel in diesel engine. Because aloe vera oil having higher calorific value compare to other sources. Potassium hydroxide catalyst was used for transesterification process, which has lesser cost and more availability. And also, in this work conducted diesel engine experiments using four different biodiesel blends (B20, B40, B60, B100) and diesel fuel. Additionally, to reduce the emission nano particles (TiO2) was blended with optimal biodiesel blend (B20). The performance and emission characteristics were conducted with different biodiesel blends. In this blends, B20+ TiO2 blend gives good performance and reduction in emissions compared to other biodiesel blends.

Dual fuel combustion of 1-hexanol with diesel and biodiesel fuels in a diesel engine: An experimental investigation and multi criteria optimization using artificial neural network and TOPSIS algorithm

The use of renewable biofuels namely higher alcohol and biodiesel in diesel engines under dual fuel combustion (DFC) mode gains importance because of reduced usage of diesel and enhanced performance and emission characteristics. In this DFC study, 1-hexanol (HX) is injected at various premixed energy ratio (PER) of 10%, 20% and 30% in the intake port, while diesel/waste cooking oil biodiesel is directly injected as in the conventional combustion mode (CCM). The experiments are carried out using diesel (D100), B20, B50 and B100 in CCM as well as DFC mode at various engine loads. The comparison between CCM and DFC reveals that the DFC mode with PER of 10% increases the BTE at all loads. The DFC decreased the NOx emission at lower loads and increased it at high loads, while a decline in smoke emission along with an increase in CO (except at rated load) and HC emission are observed at all the loads. A maximum reduction in NOx emission is observed from the DFC of diesel-1-hexanol by 37.81%, 26.68%, and 3.01% at 25, 50 and 75% loads respectively, while it increased by 13.3% at 100% load compared to its CCM. The required data set for the optimisation are predicted using an artificial neural network (ANN) model trained by the measured data with higher R2 values in the range of 0.993–0.996, 0.9892 and 0.985–0.996 for performance, combustion and emission parameters respectively. To optimise the fuel combination and the PER of 1-hexanol for an effective operation of DFC at various loads, a multi-objective decision-making optimization technique TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) is adopted. The optimal conditions in terms of overall improved performance and emission are the CCM of D100 for 25% and 50% loads and the DFC of B50 and B70 with 30% PER of 1-hexanol for 75% and 100% loads respectively. This concludes the ability of the DFC of renewable biofuels to diminish fossil diesel usage as well as harmful pollutants.

The Simulation of Combustion Characteristics from Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel in Different Engine Rotation

The combustion characteristics of fuel are important to understand. Diesel engines can ruin by using fuel from diesel and biodiesel. The characteristics between biodiesel and diesel fuel are different. Diesel fuel has low viscosity, high volatility, low density, and cetane number is around 48. However, biodiesel has high density, low volatile, high viscosity and has higher cetane number than diesel fuel. Using biodiesel can reduce the particulate matter from the engine. This happened because biodiesel has high oxygen content and can reduce emissions. These are some advantages of using biodiesel in diesel engines. In this research, the simulation of the combustion characteristics were investigated by diesel-rk simulation. The fuels are diesel fuel and biodiesel made from soybean methyl ester (SME). In this simulation, pure diesel fuel (DF), SME100, SME20 (20%SME blends to 80%DF) and SME40 (40%SME blends to 60%DF) are investigated. The combustion was set up with 1500, 1800, and 2000 rpm. The results show that in all engine rotations, DF has higher Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) than SME. Moreover, the NO2 emission from DF is lower than SME. However, the particulate matter in SME40 can reduce up to 16.1% compared to DF. Moreover, the higher the engine rotates, the emissions from NO2 and PM from SME20, SME40, and DF can be reduced. It can be confirmed that the higher rotation in the engine can decrease the emissions in the engine. In addition, biodiesel can be replaced with diesel fuel and it is environmentally friendly.

Enhancement of energy conversion and emission reduction of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in diesel engine using reactivity controlled compression ignition strategy and TOPSIS optimization

The present investigation mainly focuses on the abatement of NOx and soot emissions and enhancing the performance of the CI (Compression Ignition) engine through RCCI (Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition) strategy with low reactive gasoline as an inducted fuel. The high reactive biodiesel extracted from Calophyllum inophyllum feedstock was an ignition source of RCCI combustion. Investigational results have revealed that combustion of RCCI has shown an enhancement of about 0.2–1.2%, 4.9–13.6%, and 11.3–44.6% for Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), maximum in-cylinder combustion pressure (Pmax), and Net Heat Release Rate (NHRR), respectively at full load when compared to biodiesel blends. Similarly, RCCI strategy significantly reduces the emissions of NOx and soot by 24.40–43.74% and 31.28%–52.57% respectively at maximum loads. On the other hand, emissions of CO and HC are higher than the biodiesel at all loads. However, an upsurge in gasoline injection from 3 ms to 5 ms in RCCI mode decreases Pmax, NHRR, BTE, and NOx and soot emissions. This is mainly attributed to the superior cooling effect of gasoline and longer ignition delay. Multi-response optimization is performed with TOPSIS, B10 + 3 ms GF, and 100% load is identified as an optimal operating condition.

Performance and emissions characteristics of biodiesel in diesel engine

The climate and fuel supply have been problematic emphasis on alternative fuels for combustion engines. Different research studies tested various alternative fuels. In this connection, biodiesel is the most promising diesel fuel based on a literature survey. In this paper, the prospects and potential for the use of biodiesel and increasing biodieseldiesel blending are studied by a fixed compression ratio, Optimum blending and enhanced performance engine parameter and pollution control should be proposed based on experiments. Experiments for a set compression ratio (17:1) undertaken utilising biodiesel cotton seed oil (CSME) diesel blends, i.e. B0, B10, B20, B30, without full loading rates, compared to the base cases (e.g. diesel engine fuel). The parameters may evaluate the fuel consumption and thermal efficiency of the brakes, Unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides in emission of carbon monoxide. The results concluded that, B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel) is the most efficient compared to other mixtures.

Impact of exhaust gas recirculation and split injection strategy combustion behavior on premixed charge compression ignition engine fuelled with moringa oleifera methyl ester

Influence of split injection strategy of moringa oleifera methyl ester and its blends with exhaust gas recirculation on diesel engine combustion, performance and emission characteristics using common rail direct injection (CRDI) system were investigated in this work. In split injection strategy, the pilot (PIT) and main injection timings (MIT) were fixed between 35 °CA – 40 °CA bTDC and 15 °CA –25 °CA bTDC, respectively. The minimum and maximum nozzle opening pressure were fixed as 300 and 600 bar with an interval of 100 bar. In addition, 10% to 30% of EGR flow rate was introduced with an interval of 5%. Experimental results reveal that B100-10%-90% has achieved maximum brake thermal efficiency of 35% at PIT of 35 °CA bTDC, MIT of 25 °CA and NOP of 300 bar. Usage of pure moringa oleifera biodiesel in diesel engine under split injection strategy results in better combustion characteristics due to premixed and diffused heat release rate phasing with lower peak cylinder pressure. In addition, B100-10%-90% emits maximum nitric oxide emission of 1520 ppm, and least unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission of 4 ppm and 0.01% vol respectively at 600 bar NOP with PIT of 35 °CA and MIT of 25 °CA. Moreover, Nitric oxide emission is reduced as the EGR rate gradually increases from 10% to 30%; on the other side, brake specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbon emissions are marginally increased. This research depicts that split injection strategy and EGR technique have simultaneously lowered the nitric oxide and smoke emissions while improving engine performance.

Multi-objective Optimization of High-speed Solenoid Valve for Biodiesel Electronic Unit Pump

Background: A larger response delay of a high-speed solenoid valve will cause inaccurate fuel injection timing and imprecise cycle injection quantity, resulting in diesel engine emission and increased fuel consumption. Objective: Biodiesel as an ideal alternative fuel has exceptional advantages in energy conservation, emission reduction, and low-carbon environmental protection; however, matching with Electronic Unit Pump (EUP) and its impacts on solenoid valve operation need to be further studied. Methods: In the present work, a numerical model of EUP fueled with biodiesel was established in an AMESim environment, which was validated by the experiment. Then, combined with the Design of Experiments (DOE) method, key parameters influencing the solenoid valve response delay were predicted: armature residual air gap, spring preload, poppet valve half-angle, valve needle diameter, and poppet valve diameter. Results: taking the response delay time of solenoid valve as targets, multi-objective optimization model for high-speed solenoid valve was established using NSGA-II (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II) genetic algorithm in modeFRONTIER platform. Conclusion: The optimized results showed that the delay time of the solenoid valve closing is reduced by 6%, the opening delay time is reduced by 20.8%, the injection pressure peak is increased by 1.8MPa, which is beneficial to accurate injection quantity and the application of biodiesel in diesel engines.

Retracted] Nanometal‐Based Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle with C. vulgaris Algae Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

Many researchers are interested in biofuels because it isenvironmentally friendly and potentially reduce global warming. Incorporating nanoparticles into biodiesel has increased its performance and emission characteristics. The current study examines the influence of magnesium oxide nanoadditions on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine that runs on C. vulgaris algae biodiesel. The transesterification process produced methyl ester from C. vulgaris algae biodiesel.The morphology of nanoadditives was studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The fuel sample consisted of biodiesel blends with and without magnesium oxide nanoadditives. The fuel properties of the prepared C. vulgaris methyl ester were found to conform with the ASTM standards. The experimental results were determined by running a single‐cylinder four‐stroke diesel engine at different load conditions. When compared to B20, a B20 blend containing 100 ppm magnesium oxide nanoparticles enhanced brake thermal efficiency while reducing specific fuel consumption, according to the research. When MgO nanoparticles were introduced to B20, engine emissions of HC, CO, and smoke were decreased.

Retracted: Reduction of Carbon-Based Emissions using MgO Nanoparticle with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel in Diesel Engine

Because biofuels are ecologically beneficial and might possibly lessen global warming, many academics are interested in studying them. Nanoparticles have been added to biodiesel to improve its performance as well as emissions. Diesel engine that operates on waste cooking oil biodiesel is the subject of the present research, which evaluates the impact of MgO nanoadditives on performance and emissions. Transesterification was done to convert waste cooking oil biodiesel into methyl ester. In the present study, SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope), and EDX spectroscopy are used for investigation of nanoadditives. The sample contained biodiesel blends with and without nanomagnesium oxide, as well as a combination of the two. According to the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials), the biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil met all fuel standards. The results of the testing were obtained by running a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine under a variety of loads. Using SEM analysis, the diameter of nanoparticles is found to be 20 nm to 38 nm. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been shown to include the elements oxygen, iron sulphide, silicon dioxide, and sodium. Oxygen accounted for about 50.74 percent of the samples, magnesium accounted for 45.36 percent, silicon dioxide accounted for 3.24 percent, and sodium accounted for 0.66 percent using EDX spectra. Magnesium oxide develops in unique shapes, with diameters varying from 9.24 to 14.94 nm, as seen in the TEM picture. An investigation found that B20 using 100 ppm MgO nanoparticles increases BTE (brake thermal efficiency) by 2.1 percent while simultaneously reducing SFC (specific fuel consumption) which was found to be ranging from 0.54 to 0.38 kg/kWh, respectively. B20 nanoparticles were used to reduce the amount of HC, CO, and smoke emitted by engines.

Comparative Evaluation on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Crude Palm Oil Blends

Vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted much attention all over the world, and it is also expected to achieve the goal of global carbon neutrality in the future. Although the product after transesterification, biodiesel, can greatly reduce the viscosity compared with vegetable oil, the high production cost is one of the reasons for restricting its extensive development. In addition, based on the current research on biodiesel in diesel engines, it has been almost thoroughly investigated. Therefore, in this study, crude palm oil (CPO) was directly used as an alternative fuel to be blended with commercial diesel. The combustion, engine performance and emissions were investigated on a 4-cylinder, turbocharged, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fueled with different diesel-CPO blends according to various engine loads. The results show that adding CPO to diesel reduces the maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate to 30 Nm and 60 Nm. The most noteworthy finding is that the blend fuels reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke, simultaneously. On the whole, diesel fuel blended with 30% CPO by volume is the best mixing ratio based on engine performance and emission characteristics.

Investigate the performance analysis of karanja biodiesel in diesel engine

The current work shows that the performance characterization of the blended fuel in diesel engines improves and lowers Hydrocarbon and Carbon monoxide. The karanja seeds oil used to mix the diesel with various percentage. The setup was created to investigate the performance function, combustion range, and emission characteristics of diesel engines using Pongamia methyl ester. Under various load circumstances, the combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure and heat release rate, peak heat release rate, ignition delay, combustion duration, and exhaust gas emissions of NOx, CO, CO2, HC, smoke, and O2 have been studied.

Biodiesel from Crude Tall Oil and Its NOx and Aldehydes Emissions in a Diesel Engine Fueled by Biodiesel-Diesel Blends with Water Emulsions

Using biodiesel in diesel engines is beneficial for reducing emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matters (PM). Biodiesel is usually produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. When produced from plant oil or woody plant sources, biodiesel can reduce a significant amount of carbon dioxide on a life cycle basis. The objective of this study is to produce biodiesel from a non-conventional woody plant source that is, crude tall oil, which is a dark brown viscous liquid extracted and processed in wood pulping plants. It contains a high percentage of fatty acids. From raw crude tall oil, tall oil fatty acids were separated and were successfully used for the production of biodiesel in this study. Although biodiesel produces lower CO, HC and PM than petroleum diesel fuel, it produces higher oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions in diesel engines. Water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends are investigated in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine in this work to understand their potential for NOx reduction. When using 10% water in the emulsions, NOx was reduced by nearly 15%. In aldehyde emissions, B100 showed 35% lower aldehydes and B100 with 10% water emulsion produced nearly 90% lower aldehydes than diesel fuel—a substantial reduction. Therefore, this study accomplished the desired goal of producing biodiesel from a non-conventional source, which satisfies ASTM biodiesel standard and results in lower NOx and aldehydes emissions with water emulsifications of diesel-biodiesel blends in a diesel engine compared to that of diesel fuel.

Optimization of Operating Parameters of Diesel Engine Powered with Jatropha Oil Diesel Blend by Employing Response Surface Methodology

Biodiesel is promoted as an appropriate alternative fuel for use in compression ignition (CI) engines as it is non-toxic, biodegradable, and sulphur-free and does not require any change in current engines design. The key objective of this experimental study is to evaluate the best operational parameters of engine referring to performance and emissions of Jatropha biodiesel powered CI engine by employing response surface methodology (RSM). In order to achieve maximum brake power (BP), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) and unburnt hydrocarbon (HC) emissions the optimization model is used. Effects of different factors such as fuel injection pressure (FIP), engine compression ratio (CR), and load on thermal performance have been studied in a single cylinder diesel engine. Experiments design was based on L20 orthogonal array Central composite design (CCD) method. RSM was employed to test the suitability of biodiesel in diesel engines and models were developed by using experimental results. Based on the optimization, the optimum engine parameters found were 18 CR, 180 bar FIP and 8.11 kg engine load. Under these settings, the optimum responses were found as 2.21 kW, 28.24%, 25.3 ppm and 174.6 ppm for BP, BTE, HC, and NOx, respectively. Meanwhile, R 2 (coefficient of determination) values were found as 99.96%, 99.93%, 98.5%, 99.14%, and 99.78%, for BP, BTE, net heat release rate (NHRR), HC, and NOx, respectively.