Fabrication Of Biodegradable Research Articles

Geo-based fabrics: using earthen materials for wearables

ABSTRACT Over 50% of synthetic textiles in existence originate from polyester derived from petroleum oil. Synthetic textiles make up over 65% of global circulating textiles and the industry is known for being highly pollutant, resource wasteful, and responsible for nearly 10% of global carbon emissions annually. One prominent solution to the industry’s negative environmental impact is to develop alternative textiles for garment and architectural fabric applications. This paper presents a novel development of earth – and bio-based wearable textiles coined as BioMud Fabric which consists entirely of bio-based materials; 65% of which is clay-rich raw soil. More specifically, the material integrates raw soil with naturally occurring bio-based plastics to create a flexible, lightweight and biodegradable fabric. The research methodology includes a mix-design analysis, using electron microscopy, and a macro-scale structural characterisation using tearing tests. The final demonstrations showcase speculative design applications which serve to expand the possibilities of the material through fashion.

Technology Innovation Is the Key to Triumph for the Glaring Future of the Fashion Industry

Over the last decade, the fashion industry has been at the forefront of the latest technology. From the introduction of sewing machines for stitching fashion products to biodegradable fabrics to fashion renting apps to needle-free sewing, the fashion industry has seen a lot of changes over the last few years. Evolution in fashion begins with the introduction of artificial intelligence. Technology in fashion is at its profuse self in the current sphere. Technology comprises Artificial intelligence that is enhancing the production capacity of the fashion manufacturing industry, secondly, it comprises Augmented reality which positively boosts the customers' shopping experience and lastly, the virtual outlook increases the remunerative economy in the fashion industry. When one thinks of evolution, artificial intelligence is the latest introduction to the world of technology. Technology in fashion has never been more abundant than it is now. Artificial intelligence is optimizing vast production lines, augmented reality is enhancing the customer experience, and the virtual world is creating lucrative new revenue streams [1]. In the fashion industry, one of the most observable transposes is due to e-commerce. The convenience of online shopping is becoming very appreciated. Fashion companies have started incorporating innovative digital ways to reach their targeted audience. The advanced technologies include virtual fitting rooms which help customers in making more spontaneous decisions in their purchase as they can preview the product and exactly see how that product looks on their body type [2]. Artificial intelligence is used in the design process in a fashion that makes it much easier, like using AI to resize a garment digitally without actually making the garment, digitally changing the color, and also AI can create a visual background to give the buyer the precise judgment about the overall look of the garment. This saves time and resources, which in turn helps in reaching a wider range of customers [3] Another evolution with technology is the introduction of 3d printing and robotics, which cannot accelerate the rate of production. Design software, computerized laser-cutting machines, and digital pattern-making are some of the new manufacturing techniques in the fashion industry.

Research on recycling barriers of biodegradable textile in the clothing industry and the future development

Biodegradable fibers have the advantage of sustainable development from the source. Realizing the sustainable development of the whole life cycle of clothing is the future trend. Nowadays, with increasingly high requirements for an ecological environment, the development of biodegradable fiber will become the mainstream of fiber research and development. However, there are many barriers preventing the total degradation of biodegradable fabrics. This paper explores recycling barriers of biodegradable textiles in the clothing industry, discusses the recycling barriers from four aspects: technical, economic, environmental and social, and analyzes the development direction of biodegradable fabric recycling in the future and puts forward some suggestions, including developing advanced biodegradable fabric recycling technologies; creating economic models conducive to recycling; providing suitable degradation sites; strengthening institutional cooperation and improving consumer recycling behavior. This paper is conducive to promoting the development and application of biodegradable textile in clothing industry, and proposes further research for the widespread and high-quality use of biodegradable fabrics.

Electromagnetic Interference shielding performance of PEDOT incorporated biodegradable jute fabrics

The rapid increase in the necessity for wireless communication and the quick development of electronic devices are growing every day. Plastics and materials which are not environment friendly are dominating the electronic industry. As a part of the technological revolution, new challenges such as environmental pollution and electromagnetic pollution are also arising. Concept of establishing sustainable future significantly require eco-friendly, biodegradable and economic materials with versatile applications. Biodegradable fabrics with excellent electronic properties are imperative for next generation due to the great demand for sustainable electronic materials. Conducting fabrics with promising electrical properties and biodegradability can replace many electronic components and thus have much potential to retard the challenges. Among various techniques to develop conducting fabrics or textiles, incorporation of conducting polymers into the fabric matrix is one of the most preferred methods. Our present work explores the possibility of designing a conducting fabric using biodegradable jute fabric. Conducting polymer PEDOT is incorporated into jute fabric by the method of in-situ polymerization with various molarities. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were analyzed. DC conductivity of the fabric found to be dependent on the molarity of PEDOT and maximum conductivity and EMI shielding efficiency was observed for jute incorporated with 1 M PEDOT. The outstanding electrical and EMI shielding properties of the novel fabric make it promising for developing sustainable materials in electronic and telecommunication industry.

Single fibre coating of cellulose acetate fibres for hydrophilic modification using carboxymethylated starch

Hydrophilic bio-based and biodegradable fabrics and fibres can be an alternative to petroleum-based fabrics and fibres. Hydrophilic modifications of conventional textile structures by compositing can be introduced on a fabric as well as on a fibre level. Here, the coating of hydrophobic cellulose acetate multifilaments with carboxymethylated starch (CMS) pastes is reported. The CA fibres were drawn through starch preparations with varying degrees of substitution for coating. To ensure CMS anchorage, citric acid was added to cross-link the hydrophilic starch preparation itself and to the substrate. Cross-linking and CMS gel viscoelasticity were determined using a heated FT-IR stage and a rheometer respectively. The composites were also characterised for citric acid elution, as their degree of swelling in water vapour. As the amount of crosslinker increased, the gel viscoelasticity increased, but so did the citric acid elution in swelling media. Through several drying and swelling steps, the hydrophilic CMS structures lose their swelling ability. Coated fibres were also tested in a fine wash. The hydrophilic coating is depleted.An estimate of the chemical consumption for the production of such composites is given and compared with related approaches. As the chemical modification only affects the sheath, the chemical consumption can be reduced.

Mesta (Hibiscus sabdariffa) and polylactic acid thermally bonded fabric for sustainable shopping bags: modeling and optimization of functional properties

A thermally bonded biodegradable fabric has been developed using mesta and polylactic acid fibers. The central composite rotatable design has been adapted to understand the effects of the independent variables, that is polylactic acid content, roller temperature and roller pressure on useful functional properties such as bursting strength, bending load, tensile stress relaxation, tensile creep, rate of absorption, absorption capacity, porosity, abrasion resistance, and surface friction. Considering the linear, quadratic, and two-way interactive effects of independent variables, the second-order polynomial has been suggested for each property which proves good association except for absorption capacity and abrasion resistance. The effect of independent parameters has been studied and optimized from contour diagrams. The optimized process parameters for 140 g/m2 fabric are polylactic acid content 30%, mesta content 70%, roller temperature 170°C, and roller pressure 150 N/cm2, which can be used successfully as a shopping bag. The shopping bag was prepared from developed fabric. Its performance test shows no deformation for up to 14 days in the hanging test, resistance up to 10 wetting-drying cycles proves reusability, it sustains up to four drops, and has a slight strength loss in 30 days of atmospheric exposure.

Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials from Agricultural Biomass

This study utilised maize husk fibres and pulp to prepare a biocomposite fabric for foodpackaging. The optimum conditions for extracting maize husk fibres were determinedexperimentally to be 5 g/l of sodium hydroxide concentration at 100 °C for 60 minutes and liquor ratio of 1:20. The fabric was manufactured by solution casting of maize husk pulp on a web prepared by aligning maize husk and sisal fibres using a deckle and frame. The sisal fibre content was varied from 5 to 50% at ratios ranging from 95:5 to 50:50 (maize: sisal fibres). The biodegradable fabric was characterised using three mechanical properties: tear strength, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance. The tear strength ranged from 0.79 MPa to 3.93 MPa whereas the tensile strength ranged from 13.35 MPa to 56.46 MPa, which conforms to the data available from literature. Abrasion tests verified that there was no mass loss at 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 cycles. Overall, the study findings show that maize husk fibres can replace up to 80% of sisalfibres in materials for food packaging applications without compromising their quality.
 Keywords: Maize husk fibre, biocomposite, sisal fibres, food packaging.

The Impact of Biodegradable Geotextiles on the Effect of Sodding of Difficult Terrain

Difficult terrain is characterized by deteriorated conditions for plant adaptation, e.g., owing to poor substrate, substantial land slope, or intensive insolation. In terms of plant adaptation, difficult terrain includes newly created ski slopes, any kind of embankment, scarps, levees, and etc. Application of grasses is an effective and economic method of stabilization of the ground. However, sowing of grass-legume mixtures to sod these areas does not typically produce adequate effects. Application of a new generation of protective fabrics with the addition of bird feathers may be a remedy to these problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of biodegradable fabrics for covering difficult areas to improve the habitat conditions for plants. To evaluate this issue, an area characterized by difficult conditions for plant development was selected. Five types of protective fabrics were applied. The main factor influencing the efficiency of the sodding of difficult terrain was the application of fabrics that were capable of absorbing water, which were then given to plants over a longer period of time. Vegetation grew easiest through the geotextile made of sheep wool with the addition of bird feathers. Fabrics manufactured from problematic waste materials contribute to an ecological effect as well as an economic effect resulting from lower costs of waste management as well as the income from selling the innovative product.

A Review on Properties and Application of Bio-Based Poly(Butylene Succinate).

Researchers and companies have increasingly been drawn to biodegradable polymers and composites because of their environmental resilience, eco-friendliness, and suitability for a range of applications. For various uses, biodegradable fabrics use biodegradable polymers or natural fibers as reinforcement. Many approaches have been taken to achieve better compatibility for tailored and improved material properties. In this article, PBS (polybutylene succinate) was chosen as the main topic due to its excellent properties and intensive interest among industrial and researchers. PBS is an environmentally safe biopolymer that has some special properties, such as good clarity and processability, a shiny look, and flexibility, but it also has some drawbacks, such as brittleness. PBS-based natural fiber composites are completely biodegradable and have strong physical properties. Several research studies on PBS-based composites have been published, including physical, mechanical, and thermal assessments of the properties and its ability to replace petroleum-based materials, but no systematic analysis of up-to-date research evidence is currently available in the literature. The aim of this analysis is to highlight recent developments in PBS research and production, as well as its natural fiber composites. The current research efforts focus on the synthesis, copolymers and biodegradability for its properties, trends, challenges and prospects in the field of PBS and its composites also reviewed in this paper.

Preparation and characterization of solvent-free fluids reinforced and plasticized polylactic acid fibrous membrane

In this paper, the electronspun Polylactic acid (PLA)/TiO2 nanofluids (nfs) fibrous membrane with good toughness, hydrophilicity and antibacterial activities are fabricated by taking full advantages of solvent-free TiO2 nfs with amphiphilicity and ionic conductivity. The resulting PLA/TiO2 nfs fibrous membrane exhibits excellent mechanical performance with a tensile strength and elongation at break of 3.68 MPa and 97.32 MPa at 5 wt% loading, respectively, which is 4 and 8 times higher than that of pure PLA, respectively. Additionally, TiO2 nfs can migrate onto the surface of PLA fibers during electrospun process, which significantly enhanced hydrophilicity, antistatic property, moisture sorption capacity and wicking properties of PLA fabrics. Meanwhile, the membrane also showed ultrafast water filtration of 3500 L m−2 h−1 driven by gravity force, which is 10–12 times higher than that of commercial ultrafiltration membrane. After ion-exchange reaction with salt solution, excellent antibacterial activity (against E. coli and S. aureus was 95% and 99.9%, respectively) and separation efficiency (above 90% on E. coli) of the obtained fabrics are also achieved. Overall, organic nfs are an idea candidate for fabricating hydrophilic PLA based biodegradable fabric that can be applied in contaminated water treatment, antibacterial textiles and biodegradable absorption materials.

A preliminary study on the preparation of seamless tubular bacterial cellulose-electrospun nanofibers-based nanocomposite fabrics

Due to various production stages involved, textiles and clothing industry is known for causing carbon dioxide emissions, water pollution, soil erosion and huge waste generation. It is a need of the hour to seek for natural, renewable, and bio-degradable fabrication materials and environmentally friendly production methods. This study proposes an eco-friendly approach to prepare bacterial cellulose/electrospun nanofibers membrane-based hybrid non-woven fabrics using in-situ self-assembly method. This fabrication method enables bacterial cellulose cultivation on nanofibrous membrane support to create custom-made seamless tubular hybrid fabrics in desirable dimensions, to be used for various textile applications with minimized material wastage. As-prepared nano-composite fabric was characterized using SEM, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR. FTIR and X-ray diffraction results confirmed the presence of bacterial cellulose in the composite structure. SEM analysis showed as the bacterial cellulose cultivates, its nanofibrils penetrate and grow into empty voids of membrane's structure, which results in secure binding and interlocking of electrospun nonofibers. Sample thickness and weight gain measurements after the modification were found to be approx. 33.90% and 39.02%, respectively. Reduced surface hydrophobicity, water uptake, and increased tensile strength might contribute towards better fabric performance and comfort. Overall, this study suggests an eco-friendly approach to prepare nano-composite fabrics that might be used for bio-textiles and related applications.

A modern development of bioactive wound dressing material using Chaetomorpha linum seaweed/cotton blended fabric

PurposeMedical textiles is a vibrant emerging field in the area of technical textiles and its category is based on its performance and biofunctional properties for hygienic and health care products. Biodegradable fabrics are widely used for medical textiles in recent years. Seaweeds provide a wide range of therapeutic possibilities for human beings both internally and externally due to the presence of bioactive compounds. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approachThis present study investigates the development of bioactive gauze fabric from Chaetomorpha linum seaweed/cotton blended fibres and also analysed the characteristics of Chaetomorpha linum seaweed/cotton blended gauze fabric and 100 per cent cotton gauze fabric. The effect of fibres on physical properties of fabric such as tensile strength, air permeability, wickability, water drop test and colour fastness properties were analysed. The antibacterial properties and antioxidant activity were assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, AATCC 100 and EN ISO 20645 test methods.FindingsThe experimental results indicate that the maximum antioxidant activity of 103.28±1.23 per cent inhibition was achieved at minimum concentration (500 µg/ml) of the blended fabric extract, and maximum antibacterial reduction of 95 per cent and zone of inhibition of about 26 mm were achieved in a blended fabric. The tensile strength, percentage of elongation and air permeability were more or less the same in both gauze fabrics. It is also found that Chaetomorpha linum seaweed/cotton blended gauze fabric exhibit better wickability and water absorbency properties than 100 per cent cotton gauze fabric. The colour fastness properties to washing and rubbing showed excellent results in the blended gauze fabric, and it is used for making wound dressing materials.Originality/valueThis bioactive gauze fabric was used for non-implantable materials such as wound healing, face mask, surgical gowns and hygienic textiles in recent years.

Low-cyclic Fatigue Test of Adhesive Bond Reinforced with Biodegradable Fabrics

To improve mechanical properties of adhesive bonds and to reduce an amount of an adhesive spherical particles or fibres are used. Glass and carbon fibres are mostly used types of fibres, however, they are not environmental friendly. So biodegradable materials, namely jute, cotton and linen were used for experiments. The aim of the experiment is to clarify the fatigue behaviour of structural two-component epoxy adhesive applied to a constructional steel S235J0. The fabrics were composed of jute, cotton and linen in a plain weave and the weights in grams 140g/m2 for cotton, 261g/m2 for linen and 305g/m2 for jute were used. The specimens for quasi-static and lap shear strength tests were made in accordance with EN 1465:2009. It is obvious from the experiment results that it came to the improvement of the quasi-static loading at adhesive bonds reinforced with linen, the increase of static strength was about 28 % compared with bonds without fabric layer.

Biodegradable Plastic and Fabric Mulch Performance in Field and High Tunnel Cucumber Production

Polyethylene mulch use is common in vegetable production, but disposal of mulch is problematic for growers and of significant environmental concern. Biodegradable fabrics and plastic films are compostable and can be incorporated into the soil at the end of the growing season, but questions remain about the durability, performance, and rate of decomposition of these products after soil incorporation. Three trials were conducted in field and high tunnel cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cropping systems to compare performance and decomposition after use among two bioplastic films and four experimental spunbond, nonwoven biofabrics. Soil temperature and moisture, mulch durability and deterioration, weed suppression, and crop yield data were collected in each growing season. All biomulches were soil incorporated after the growing season and recovered up to 11 months after incorporation to estimate relative rates of decomposition. One bioplastic film increased field soil temperature by 2 °C in 2013, but temperatures under the biofabrics were not different from bare soil. Bioplastics and biofabrics increased soil moisture relative to bare soil. Bioplastic films were less durable and deteriorated sooner than biofabrics, especially in the field environment (as early as 34 days after transplanting). All biomulches suppressed weed emergence relative to bare soil, but weeds were visibly growing beneath the most translucent biofabric. Marketable yield of cucumber was trending highest in the most durable and opaque biofabric (1827 g·m−2), but was not significantly different from weed-free bare soil (1251 g·m−2). Relative rate of mulch decomposition up to 11 months after soil incorporation was not different among bioplastic and biofabric products. Results suggest that the tested biofabrics will be most useful to growers when soil warming is not necessary (e.g., warm climates), but moisture conservation and weed control are critical (e.g., organic cropping systems). Moreover, biofabrics are permeable and may be useful to growers dependent on sprinkler irrigation or rainfall to meet crop water demands.

Hand evaluation of clothing fabrics from new biodegradable fibres

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to perform instrumental comparison of hand parameters of knitted fabrics produced from different biodegradable fibres and to analyze peculiarities of hand parameters' extent influenced by fabric structure and chemical softening.Design/methodology/approachThe hand of five types of different biodegradable fabrics was evaluated. Experiments were performed using a method based on the principle of specimen biaxial punching deformation when a disc‐shaped specimen is extracted through a round nozzle. The Influence of fabric weave (terry and plain jersey) and finishing (padding with the silicone softener “Belfasin SI”) on the fabric hand was investigated.FindingsInvestigations have shown that weave type and finishing significantly influenced fabric hand properties. It was also stated that even tenuous differences between fabric parameters could be obtained by one numeral value of complex hand rate Q.Practical implicationsExperiments have shown that KTU–Griff–Tester is a simple, reliable instrumental device suitable to obtain quantitative information about fabric mechanical properties. Evaluation of finishing influence on a fabric hand could be precisely expressed by one parameter Q.Originality/valueIn the present research quantitative evaluation of new fabrics from biodegradable fibres hand was performed. Comparison between new biodegradable and traditional cotton fabrics has shown that new biodegradable fibres which are generally used for underwear, sportswear and for medical application are characterized by soft hand, as a result a good affinity with skin.

The Sustainable Green Fashion Marketing Strategies according to Classification of Green Fashion Marketing of Domestic Fashion Companies

This study was an exploratory research to classify the types of green fashion marketing of the fashion companies in South Korea and analyse the present cases of each type. To analyse the current cases of green fashion marketing strategies, we researched all sorts of newspapers, magazines, publications of fashion companies, and web sites from 2008 to 2009. As a result, we categorized 5 types of green fashion marketing as follows ; eco-friendly fabrics (natural fabrics, recycled fabrics, biodegradable fabrics), re-use or re-form(reuse after cleaning and/or repairing and reformation through transformation and combination of raw materials), green certifications(ISO 14001, GOTS, OES, etc.), eco-friendly management and operation, and green marketing promotions. Based on the results, we proposed the green marketing strategies for fashion companies to progress toward the proper direction of green marketing. First of all, companies should escape from the narrow view point limited to the product itself. Then they have to focus on developing and execution of sustainable merchandising, manufacturing, logistics, and waste strategies.

Using environmentally friendly geotextiles for soil reinforcement: A parametric study

Built environment protection is important because construction represents a major contribution to climate change, resource depletion and pollution at a global level. Global strategy for more sustainable construction is a significant step towards a more successful, socially and environmental friendly atmosphere making a strong contribution to the better quality of life signaled by sustainable development strategy. The brightest sustainable strategy in ground engineering is the consideration of substituting the use of biodegradable materials as substitute to the non-biodegradable (man-made materials) in a situation where there is requirement for short-term ground improvement. The most important properties of biodegradable geotextiles such as vegetable fibres for soil reinforcement are their high initial tensile strength. Widespread use of biodegradable fabrics in ground engineering has not happened due to the limited service life of these fabrics and availability of chemical fibres, which are superior to vegetable fibres. The overall aim of this paper demonstrates the potential for the use of sustainable biodegradable vegetable fibres over man-made polymeric materials in ground improvement.

Microbially Treated Peat-Cellulose Fabric as a Biodegradable Oil-Collection Cloth

The aim of this work was to study the use of a fully biodegradable peat-cellulose fabric as a first aid in collecting and removing spilled oil. The fabric itself was made from entirely biodegradable natural components. Another aspect investigated was whether drying microbial suspension—specifically enriched for the degradation of oil hydrocarbons while maintaining a high survival rate and rapid initial growth—to the fabric would improve the degradation of absorbed oil along with the fabric. The results show that the oil absorption capacity of the biodegradable fabric was comparable to commercial products, and that the oil absorbed to the fabric degraded readily when incubated at various conditions. The microbial inoculum enhanced the degradation rate to some degree in sand, but in garden soil no significant difference existed. It was concluded that an oily fabric can be disposed of by biodegradation, e.g., by composting, but that a microbial inoculum is not essential for this purpose.

Property Change in Strength of Biodegradable Plastic Reinforced by Cotton due to Biodegradation.

In the recent study, one of the authors proposed a simple injection molding method of the fiber reinforced biodegradable composites (FRBC) using the waste of biodegradable fabrics and fibers which result from the process of manufacturing products of textile fabrics. Property change in strength of FRBC molded by the injection method due to the biodegradation was studied in this paper. The molded specimens were biodegraded in soil at 30°C with high humidity (>90%), and static tension and 3-point bending fatigue tests were carried out for FRBC such as the polybutylene succinate (PBS) reinforced by cotton(PBS/CO) at each biodegradation term. Static and cyclic strengths of PBS/CO were higher in comparison with those of PBS at the initial stage without biodegradation, but were decreased drastically with increasing biodegradation. The increase in biodegradability of PBS/CO may be caused by the lack of adhesion between cotton and matrix interface.

綿繊維屑を強化材とする生分解性複合材料の射出成形と材料特性

The material recyclability of cut waste of biodegradable fabrics generated during the manufacture of non-woven fabric as a matrix material for fiber reinforced biodegradable composite was investigated. Waste product of cotton fiber was selected as representative reinforcement and the composites were molded using a simple injection molding method. In this system, the cut waste of biodegradable fabrics with lower melting point was fed into the injection machine directly together with the waste of cotton fiber. The tensile modulus and strength of molded composites increased with increasing content of cotton fiber and were discussed based on SEM observation results of fracture surface. The results suggest that the injection molding method described herein shows promise in contributing toward the material recycle of cut waste of biodegradable non-woven fabrics and waste of cotton fiber as molding materials of fiber reinforced biodegradable composite.