Bioremediation of drainwater from soilless cultivation by Tetradesmus obliquus and Raphidonema monicae: growth performance and biochemical composition from lab to industrial scale

Intermittent fasting preserves the function and histological structure but induces oxidative stress in the salivary glands of male Wistar rats.

Enhancing Wolffia globosa cultivation: Feasibility of aerated suspended-growth systems as alternative cultivating option and the influence of abiotic factors on biomass production, CO₂ capture, and biochemical composition

Quantitative profiling and comparison of biochemical, mineral, and nutritional compositions of common and stone oysters from Weizhou Island in Beibu Gulf

Energy metabolism manipulation strategy, enhancing fat metabolism while reducing the dependence on glucose, is beneficial to improve exercise performance. The multi-ingredient supplements (MIS) mixed with valine, isoleucine, leucine, β-alanine, creatine, L-carnitine, quercetin, and betaine were found to be able to improve the endurance performance of mice, which was associated with a shift of energy substrates from glucose to fatty acids. Thus, we hypothesized that the MIS regulating lipid metabolism contributes to enhancing exercise endurance in mice. The present study aimed to explore the alterations in the biochemical composition of mice treated with the MIS using a metabolomics strategy after they were subjected to endurance exercise. The serum metabolite profile was investigated using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that significant changes in lipid metabolism were observed in the MIS-treated mice during endurance exercise compared with the vehicle control. Specifically, the MIS treatment reduced glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, long-chain fatty acids, and inflammatory signaling arachidonic acid derivatives, and increased medium-long-chain acylcarnitine levels relative to the exercised group. Furthermore, the levels of dimethylglycine (DMG), citrate (CA), glycerol, creatine, and corticosterone were also increased after the MIS supplementation, which was associated with the changes in the pathways of serotoninergic synapses, CA cycles, and amino acid metabolisms. In conclusion, the MIS tested in this study effectively alters serum metabolomics profiles, which provides further evidence to support a shift in energy substrate utilization contributing to the ability of the MIS to improve exercise performance.

The biochemistry of wheat grain determines the efficiency of cereal processing. However, there remains scarcity of studies dissecting how genotype influences acceptability in distilled beverage production. This work explored three types of wheat: soft PBW 930, medium-hard PBW 826, and hard PBW1 Chapati, probing how grain composition influence starch hydrolysis and fermentation performance at laboratory, bench, and pilot scales. The kernels underwent RSM-optimized liquefaction and saccharification accompanied by fermentation and distillation. Soft wheat with low-protein (10.4%) and phenolic content (349mgGAE/100g) recorded near-complete starch hydrolysis. The medium-hard variety with moderate protein underperformed fermentatively at all scales, indicating its biochemical composition limits starch accessibility. Hard wheat with higher protein (12.5%) and bold kernels sustained fermentation over extended periods at pilot scale, giving highest ethanol yield (41.2% ABV). The efficiency of fermentation was mechanistically related to these physico-chemical properties. Multivariate analysis revealed that specific compositional characters like starch fraction and granule accessibility, protein:starch ratio, and phenolic to phytic-acid burden together explained the majority of variation in saccharification and sugar conversion. These quantitative linkages allow for predictive selection of cultivars and targeted process adjustments to maximize ethanol yield and resource efficiency at industrial scale. To our knowledge, this is the first multivariate, multi-scale study to prove that wheat genotype directly influences the chemistry of distilled spirits and successfully highlights that genotypes significantly influence both processing efficiency and product quality, providing beverage manufacturers with practical guidelines for raw material selection and process tailoring in craft and premium distilled spirit development. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This work shows how the inherent biochemical make-up of wheat like its starch and protein levels to gluten strength and phytic acid content shapes the course of fermentation and distillation. The study acts as a practical guide for choosing wheat cultivars that deliver consistent sugar release and higher ethanol yields by linking these traits with measurable process outcomes at different scales. For industry, the findings provide distillers with a scientific basis to fine-tune raw material use and enzyme strategies, while also informing wheat breeders in developing varieties better suited for efficient and sustainable beverage production.

This study aims to evaluate the biochemical and sensory characteristics of cocoa beans from six families of hybrids (Theobroma cacao L.) originating from seed fields of the National Center for Agronomic Research (CNRA) in Cote d Ivoire. Analyses focused on pH, biochemical composition (lipids, ash, proteins, fibers, phenolic compounds), as well as the sensory profile of the cocoa mass from commercial beans. The results reveal significant inter-hybrid variability: beans pH ranged from 5.09 to 5.65; lipid and protein contents varied between 46.58 60.97% and 11.09 ,14.27%, respectively. Ash and fiber contents ranged from 2.1,2.9% and 13.79 17.67%, respectively. The concentration of phenolic compounds was between 1237.42 and 1334.2 mg GAE/100 g. Sensory analysis highlighted profiles dominated by medium cocoa intensity, low acidity, moderate bitterness and astringency, with some fruity and floral notes detected. Among the genotypes studied, F8 and F26 appeared the most promising: F8 for its biochemical richness and aromatic intensity, and F26 for its high lipid content. Such hybrids would be highly valued in the chocolate industry and other cocoa-derived products. These findings underscore the competitive potential of Ivorian cocoa hybrids in providing high-quality seed material.

The present study aimed to investigate the differential responses of several wheat cultivars under saline conditions through two complementary experiments, a laboratory-based Petri dish test and a field trial. Therefore, the effects of salinity levels (control, 4, 8, and 12 dS·m-1) were firstly studied on seed germination indices and some growth-related parameters of six bread wheat cultivars/new promising lines (e.g., cultivars of Chamran-2, Mehrgan, Marvdasht, and Narin, as well as new promising lines of MS-89-13 and MS-90-13) using a factorial based on the completely randomized design in the Petri test for ten days in three replications. Subsequently, different responses of the superior cultivars/lines selected were evaluated under both normal and saline field conditions through a combined analysis using a randomized complete block design, conducted over the 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 growing seasons with three replications. The Petri data showed that salinity levels negatively influenced germination indices, with the highest germination percentage, optimal T50 values, longest shoot length, and highest leaf protein content observed under the control (non-saline) treatment across all cultivars. Among cultivars, the Chamran-2 cultivar achieved the highest germination percentage, shoot length, and leaf protein content, and the lowest T50 value. Additionally, the minimum values of root length and root length stress tolerance index traits were observed for the interaction of MS-89-13 promising line × 12dS·m-1 salinity level. Field experiment data revealed that the highest values for plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain and biological yields, pigment contents, grain protein, wet gluten, and gluten index were recorded in plants grown under normal conditions during the second year of the study. Chamran-2, and then Mehregan had more proper conditions and had longer plants, heavier grain weight, and higher grain and biological yields. However, the maximum values for wet gluten and gluten index were obtained for Mehregan and Narin cultivars, respectively. The highest straw yield was obtained under the Chamran-2 cultivar × Normal farm × Second year interaction. The highest catalase activity was recorded for saline conditions and the first year of the experiment, and the highest superoxide dismutase activity was observed for the Narin cultivar × Saline conditions × Second year interaction. Eventually, considering the predominant characteristics of the field experiments, Chamran-2 and Mehrgan cultivars can be cultivated in the southern regions of Iran and similar areas as a reference.

Background/Objective: Malnutrition is common in hospitalized patients and worsens clinical outcomes, particularly in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), in which inflammation and metabolic disruption contribute to nutritional decline. Thus, identifying simple and accessible markers is essential for early detection and intervention to prevent further deterioration. This study aimed to investigate biochemical and body composition changes during COVID-19 hospitalization and identify key features of hospital-acquired nutritional status disorders. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single-center, observational study of 66 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 between December 2020 and June 2021. Biochemical markers and body composition parameters were measured at admission and at discharge. Deterioration of nutritional status was defined as a weight loss of more than 3% during hospitalization. Results: A total of 66 patients (61% male, aged 56.7 ± 13.4 years; 39% female, aged 58.8 ± 12.0 years) were included. Deterioration of nutritional status was observed in 20 (30%) individuals, more likely in men (OR 7.94, 95% CI: 1.28–49.08) and patients with longer hospitalization (OR 1.30 per day, 95% CI: 1.08–1.57). Weight loss was primarily characterized by a reduction in adipose tissue mass, whereas lean tissue mass did not change significantly. Traditional biochemical markers of malnutrition, including low albumin, prealbumin, or cholesterol levels, were not present in this cohort. Conclusions: Our study highlights the significant burden of nutritional deterioration in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and demonstrates its atypical presentation, which may limit the effectiveness of standard malnutrition assessment tools.

This study examined the effects of dietary aniseed, thyme, and basil essential oils (EOs) on growth, health, and tissue integrity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Juvenile carp (102 ± 2.8 g) were fed for 12 weeks four isonitrogenous diets: a control and three diets supplemented with 0.2% aniseed (V1), thyme (V2), or basil (V3) oils. Growth performance was not significantly affected (p > 0.05). Flesh biochemical composition improved, with higher protein in V1 (17.85 ± 0.22%) and lower fat in V3 (1.78 ± 0.21%) compared to the control. Hematological parameters and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) indicated enhanced immune and oxidative status, while MDA (malondialdehyde) levels decreased. SOD activity increased in treated groups, reaching 4.329 U mg−1 protein in muscle and 4.908 U mg−1 protein in liver in V2, compared to 2.775–3.677 U mg−1 protein (muscle) and 3.508–4.349 U mg−1 protein (liver) in controls. CAT activity was highest in the same group 57.045 U mg−1 protein versus 31.403 U mg−1 protein in controls. Microbiological assessment revealed reduced total aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae counts in EO-fed fish. Histological analysis showed healthier hepatic and intestinal structures, reduced vacuolation, intact epithelium, and abundant goblet cells in EO-treated groups.

Royal jelly, owing to its rich biochemical composition, is widely used in apitherapy and human nutrition. To enhance its production, honeybee colonies are often supplemented with industrial carbohydrate sources. This study aimed to investigate how different locations (Doğanşehir and Uluköy) and carbohydrate types influence the biochemical composition of royal jelly, including sugar content, enzymatic activity, and phenolic compounds. The results revealed that both location and carbohydrate source significantly affected the biochemical profile of the samples. The Doğanşehir-glucose-fed group exhibited the highest 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid (10-HAD) content (2.77%, w/w; p < 0.001), whereas the Doğanşehir-control group had the lowest (1.41%, w/w; p < 0.001). Environmental conditions in Doğanşehir appeared to promote 10-HDA production, and glucose feeding proved to be an effective strategy for optimizing it. Although glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels were similar between locations, maltose content differed significantly. The highest glucose ratios were detected in the Doğanşehir bee-feed group (3.82%) and the Uluköy bee-feed group (3.57%). Invertase activity (4.51 ± 1.34 U/mL) and catalase activity (21.78 ± 0.80 U/mL) were highest in glucose-fed bees, whereas these parameters were lowest in the sucrose-fed group (0.72 ± 0.16 and 11.25 ± 2.66 U/mL, respectively; p < 0.01). Glucose feeding markedly increased the levels of invertase, catalase, total protein, amino acids, proline, and 10-HDA in royal jelly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, both environmental factors and carbohydrate-based feeding exert significant effects on the biochemical composition of royal jelly.

The Dahlia species has remarkable therapeutic potential due to its biochemical composition, which includes inulin, phenols, amino acids, and organic acids. This medicinal potential has sparked increased interest among various research groups. Thus, plant extracts of Dahlia sp. are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in preclinical and clinical studies, demonstrating their effectiveness and qualities in this field of research. At the same time, selenium nanoparticles extracted from Dahlia pinnata Cav. have significant anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. Currently, most of the medical research is conducted in the preclinical stage. These medicinal properties and biomedical applications make the genus Dahlia highly studied, not for its amazing phenotypic diversity, but for its therapeutic potential, which is still unknown and can describe new research opportunities in the treatment of severe human conditions such as type 2 diabetes.

Abstract EU policies on nature restoration and sustainability open the door for Fucus cultivation, however, based on the applications of the biomass, industry will have to explicitly account for spatiotemporal fluctuations in biochemical profiles. In general, brown seaweeds show high levels of biochemical variation, adjusting polysaccharide, protein, lipid, and secondary metabolite profiles in response to physiochemical factors and biological interactions, which vary geographically and seasonally. Therefore, in this study we examined the fine-scale spatial variability in two high value components, the total phenolic and protein content of Fucus serratus across three sites in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland at two timepoints. We assessed how sampling either homogenised bulk or point sampling of thalli could impact detection of variability on an inter- and intra-site scale in August 2024 and February 2025, finding a significant effect on the detection of fine-scale variation in biochemical composition. Homogenised bulk samples were able to display clearer relationships, with February collected samples always possessing a higher protein and phenolic content than August samples. Point sampled thalli displayed high variability, capturing the fine-scale intra-site and intra-specific variation. Homogenisation of biomass delivered a more reliable and reproducible assessment of F. serratus biochemical composition at fine-scale, balancing sensitivity to broad patterns (such as seasonal shifts) with robustness against the high variability observed in single-thallus measurements. Developing this sampling protocol can help deliver actionable, site-scale predictions of yield and metabolite trends, ensuring consistent bioproduct quality.

Biochemical profile of fetal fluids in alpacas (Vicugna pacos) during pregnancy and immediate postpartum.

Along the French-English Channel coast, fibre flax is traditionally cultivated in spring during a short window from March to July. However, increasingly frequent and severe spring droughts, driven by climate change, cast doubt on the sustainability of this practice. One possible adaptation, inspired by the winter cultivation of oilseed flax and tested over several years, involves extending the growing cycle by cultivating fibre flax in winter. In this system, seeds are sown in autumn, and the crop is harvested in early June. After four consecutive years of monitoring yield and fibre mechanical properties, a selected spring flax variety was grown both in winter 2022/2023 and in spring 2023 for direct comparison. This period included a mild winter favourable for winter crops, and a spring drought that severely impacted spring crops. Plants from the winter crop produced twice as many fibres at mid-stem height as the spring crop, but the mechanical properties of the elementary fibres remained similar in both. However, the elementary fibres in the lower stems of the winter crop averaged only 15 mm in length, compared to 33 mm for the spring crop, which benefited from higher temperatures. Regarding biochemical composition, lignin content in winter flax scutched fibres was significantly higher than in spring flax, at 4.2% versus 2.7%. Cultivating a spring flax variety in winter is thus feasible under favourable conditions, but the resulting fibres are shorter and more lignified, which may pose technical challenges during spinning and could require separating fibres from the lower stems of winter plants to ensure consistent fibre quality. In the final section of the paper, strategies to adapt flax cultivation to climate change are proposed, drawing on the experimental results and current meteorological projections, providing guidance for optimizing crop performance.

Background . Autologous adipose tissue transplantation is becoming increasingly popular in reconstructive surgery, but the main unsolved problem at the moment is the high percentage of partial volume loss due to autograft resorption. The aim . Evaluation of the viability of adipocytes under incubation in solutions of different biochemical compositions, and clinical testing of the effectiveness of an optimized fat graft. Materials and methods . The comparative spectral analysis of the content of ions (mainly oxygen) in the cytoplasm of fat cells grown from solution samples on a solid substrate using a scanning electron microscope in low vacuum was performed. The composition in 3 samples that spent 6 h in artificial solutions was investigated. The EDAX TEAM program was used to analyze the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy data. Results. Statistical and morphological analysis of the obtained results revealed differences in the composition of viable cells in the studied samples, varying up to 50 %. The most effective was the solution with dimethyloxobutylphosphonyldimethylate, which demonstrated an optimal level of oxygen ion content (O), as well as pronounced integrity of the cell membrane compared to other samples during electron microscopy and histological examination. Conclusion . One of the key factors is the medication support of the autograft during the initial stages of engraftment after transplantation. By measuring the ionic content of the intracellular matrix, we were able to examine in vitro the effect of solutions of different substances to achieve this goal. For autograft preservation, the best option is a solution with a membrane protector dimethyloxobutylphosphonyldimethylate for its ability to preserve cell homeostasis.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the antioxidant capacity, biochemical composition, nutrient content, and morphological traits of 30 Turkish cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) genotypes, specifically focusing on the leaves. Significant genetic variability was observed among the genotypes. Genotype “44–14” exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (78.50%), total phenolics (238.69 mg GAE 100 g− 1), and total flavonoids (59.54 mg QE 100 g− 1), while genotype “44–22” recorded the lowest values (36.50%, 109.42 mg GAE 100 g− 1, and 16.66 mg QE 100 g− 1, respectively). Nutrient analysis revealed calcium concentrations ranging from 9704 to 22,992 mg kg− 1 (genotypes “44–20” and “44–09”, respectively), magnesium levels between 2032 and 4292 mg kg− 1 (genotypes “44–20” and “44–17”, respectively), and potassium content from 862 to 2730 mg kg− 1 (genotypes “77–09” and “44–05”, respectively). Morphological traits varied significantly, with leaf length ranging from 16 to 47 mm (genotypes “44–03” and “44–16”, respectively), and leaf width spanning 44 to 79.54 mm (genotypes “44–03” and “44–07,” respectively). A strong association was observed between antioxidant activity and total phenolics. The first six principal components with an eigenvalue greater than one were considered, accounting for 78.82% of the total variation. This study emphasizes the novelty of investigating leaves, whereas previous research has primarily concentrated on fruits. The findings highlight the untapped potential of cornelian cherry leaves as a valuable source of antioxidants, phenolics, and essential nutrients, with promising applications in breeding programs, nutraceuticals, and the development of functional foods.

Muga, the golden silk, is the world’s costliest natural fiber, produced by the sericigenous insect Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Saturniidae: Lepidoptera). Among the host plants, Som (Persea bombycina Kost.) and Soalu (Litsea polyantha Roxb.) serve as primary food sources, while Dighloti (Litsea salicifolia), Mejankari (Litsea cubeba), and others act as secondary and tertiary hosts. Due to its superior nutritional profile, Som is the most preferred host, significantly influencing larval growth, grainage efficiency, and cocoon quality in Muga silkworms. Although seasonal variability in Muga crop performance is well-documented, limited research has been conducted on the impact of plantation structure; particularly plant height, on host plant quality and subsequent silkworm productivity. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the influence of five distinct height categories of Som plantations: Short Plant (T1, 6–10 ft), Medium Tree (T2, 20–25 ft), High Tree (T3, 25–30 ft), Wild/Un-pruned Tree (T4, &gt;30 ft), and the recommended Control (Small Tree, 10-15ft) on morpho-physiological, biochemical, and economic traits. Results revealed that T2 (Medium Tree) showed significantly superior outcomes across most parameters. T2 showed significantly higher values for studied morpho-physiological parameters, where leaf area was recorded as 52.4 cm2, fresh leaf weight 580g, dry leaf weight 158g, moisture percentage 72.76%, moisture retention capacity 70.2% and stomatal frequency as 242 per mm2. Female and male larval weights in T2 were highest at 16.21 g and 14.01 g, respectively, compared to the lowest values in T4 (7.24 g and 5.12 g). Fecundity peaked at 168 eggs/khorika in T2 and declined to 69 eggs/khorika in T4. Biochemical parameters in T2 leaves were also optimal, with crude protein at 20.5%, total lipid 5.3%, crude fiber 13.8%, and total ash 6.1%. Cocoon quality traits followed a similar trend: cocoon weight (3.42 g), shell weight (0.48 g), shell ratio (14.03%), and effective rate of rearing (ERR%) (74.6%) were highest in T2, highlighting its superiority over taller, unpruned plantation types. The study conclusively demonstrates that maintaining Som plantations at a height of 20–25 feet (T2, medium height) significantly enhance leaf biochemical composition, supports better larval growth, and leads to improved cocoon yield and grainage performance in Antheraea assamensis. These findings underscore the importance of plantation architecture in host plant management and provide a practical, cost-effective recommendation for maximizing productivity in sustainable Muga sericulture. Integrating this strategy with existing practices could revolutionize silkworm host plant cultivation and ensure higher economic returns for rearers in the Muga-producing regions of India.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are essential for maintaining the structural integrity and function of biofilms. In this study, the influence of nutrient composition on biofilm formation and EPS production by Burkholderia pseudomallei was assessed using a quantitative assay after cultivation in brain heart infusion (BHI), Luria-Bertani (LB), and modified Vogel and Bonner medium (MVBM) for 2, 4 and 6 days. Biofilm biomass, the percentage of EPS in the biofilm matrix, and the biochemical composition of EPS were analyzed. The functional groups of EPS were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the microstructural features of the EPS were examined using scanning electron microscopy. We found that B. pseudomallei cultured in MVBM exhibited the highest biofilm biomass, despite having the lowest proportion of EPS within the biofilm matrix. In contrast, cultures in LB medium produced the lowest biofilm biomass but contained the highest percentage of EPS. These observations indicate that growth under high carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, as in MVBM, favors biofilm biomass accumulation, whereas low C/N ratio conditions, such as LB and BHI, are associated with a high relative EPS content. Despite these differences, the carbon content of the EPS remained consistent across all media. Notably, the EPS derived from cultures grown in BHI, a nitrogen-rich medium, contained the highest protein content, which corresponded with noticeable amide peaks in FTIR spectra. Collectively, these findings enhance our understanding of how environmental C/N ratios influence B. pseudomallei biofilm development and EPS composition, with implications for bacterial persistence and adaptability in the environment.

Controlled environment agriculture technologies are traditionally applied to higher plants to enhance growth and cultivation periods, but such a concept has seldom been applied to seaweed aquaculture. A new dimension has been opened, wherein preliminary investigations in Ulva ohnoi revealed that continuous exposure (24 h) of light modulates chlorophyll-a fluorescence, carbohydrate content, and biochemical composition affecting the daily growth rate. DGR (daily growth rate) increased 2.6 times under continuous illumination for 24 h compared to the 12 h L/D photoperiod. Mg and carbohydrate contents were raised by 1.1 and 1.2 times, respectively, under continuous illumination. DGR formed a strong positive correlation with carbohydrate, protein, carotenoid, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, C, H, and Mg levels. A short cultivation cycle (15 days) was proposed to enable a consistent, continuous high growth and to avoid the induction of reproduction. The feedstock demand for bio-products, aquaculture feed, biomaterials, functional food, and food additives is registering unprecedented feedstock demand for Ulva. However, further detailed studies are desired to understand the seasonality and economic viability of scaling up this technique for commercial implementation.