Oil Biofuel Research Articles

Pembuatan Biofuel dengan Proses Pirolisis Berbahan Baku Plastik Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) pada Suhu 250 °C dan 300 °C

<em>The level of fuels’ consumption as an energy source in the world is currently experiencing huge increase. When the use of the oil as fuels is not managed properly, it can be sure that the oil will run out and triggered the world’s energy crisis. Currently, plastik waste become a serious problem that can lead into the environment contamination if not properly managed. One of the solution to overcome the energy crisis and environmental polution is to find and create a renewable energy such as biofuel. The research was conducted in order to know the effect of combustion temperature on pyrolisis process based on the Low Density Polythylene (LPDE) plastic material to produce biofuel. The eraly stages of the research was start with pyrolisis process of the LDPE plastic which comes from the bottle and glass logo waste with the reactor temperature of 250 ºC and 300 ºC. The weight of each material was 2 kg. After getting the crude oil, the researcher examined the crude oil characteristic from pyrolisis process using viscosity test, density test, caloric value test, and flash point test. From the test results, the test results that the gigher the temperature in the pyrolisis reactor, the production of the biofuel oil from pyrolisis were more and have a better quality. The result of the experiment pointed out that the higher the pirolysis reactor temperature , the greater the yield and the better quality. The pyrolisis result was crude oil with each of the weight was 240 ml on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 260 ml on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The viscosity test showed the results 3.128 mm²/s on the 250 ºC reactor temperature and 2.698 mm²/s on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The density on the 250 ºC reactor temperature was 0.9984 and 0.9085 on the 300 ºC reactor temperature. The caloric value test on the 250 ºC reactor temperature showed the results 9084.101 kal/g on the first test and 8765.253 kal/g on the second test. Whereas the caloric value test on the 300 ºC reactor temperature were 9588.312 kal/g on the first test and 9507.779 on the second test. The results of the crude oil flash point test on 250 ºC and 300 ºC showed the same temperature result at 28.5 ºC. From the characteristic test results it can be concluded that the crude oil from the pyrolisis process has approaching the kerosene characteristic and entered into the fuel category.</em>

Opportunities and challenges for sustainable production of A. aculeata through agroforestry systems

Macaw palm is regarded as one of the most promising alternative raw materials for the production of oil for biofuels and other uses. The potential yield up to 6000kg of oil per hectare, and the quality of the oil, makes it a suitable feedstock for biofuel production, whether for biodiesel or bio-kerosene. The diversification of oilseed crops consists in a goal not only for Brazil, but for many Latin American countries. While the palm oil is an important component of the food industry, it is not expected a significant destination of macaw palm oil for this purpose. Hence, its deployment for energy production would not compete directly with food production. Additionally, in comparison with oil palm, macaw palm has the advantage of a broader geographical distribution, being suitable for cultivation in different regions. However, in order to exploit this potential, a few short and long-term challenges must be overcome. In the short term, productivity gains are possible through improvements on fruit processing, which positively reflect on the quantity and quality of the oil extracted both from the pulp and the kernel. Moreover, properly characterization and study of all co-products in the chain is required, aiming at add value to the fractions and increase the efficiency of the process. Medium to long-term approaches include the development of new varieties of the palm need through a broad genomic selection for different regions, as a component of the domestication process. In a scenario of cultivation, the adoption of agroforestry systems should be studied and encouraged, though both food and energy can be produced at the same area, in a more sustainable way. Long term studies are also required to assess socio-economic and environmental impacts of different exploitation systems of macaw palm, whether through extractive activities or cultivation.

Combining metabolic evolution and systematic fed-batch optimization for efficient single-cell oil production from sugarcane bagasse

We developed in this study an efficient production process of SCO from sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates using Y. lipolytica. We described a dynamic flux balance model strategy based on a genome-scale metabolic model of Y. lipolytica and SCO fermentation kinetics that applied for rational design of optimized fed-batch process with high single cell oil accumulation. Furthermore, metabolic evolution approach with buoyancy screening was implemented for selecting a high lipid producing yeast strain. The efficient conversion process combined model-based fed-batch process design and evolution-based strain optimization enabling high SCO titer of 45 g/L and 0.25 g-SCO/g-glucose yield from hydrolysates, a 6-fold improvement in titer and 1.4-fold improvement in yield over batch wild-type process. Through this combinatorial optimization effort, we demonstrated the cost-effective, lignocellulose-based SCO process that could meet techno-economic feasibility providing a sustainable alternative to vegetative oils for biofuels and oleochemicals synthesis.

Simulasi Model Matematik Dampak Penerapan Kebijakan Mandatori Blending Biodiesel-Solar terhadap Kebutuhan Lahan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit dan Tingkat Emisi CO2

<p>The implementation of the mandatory policy of mixing (blending) between biofuels into the fuel has an impact on the icreasing of biodiesel needs, increasing the oil palm plantation area and environmental impact in the form of CO2 emissions by the year 2025. This study aimed to identify the level of each factor needs as well as the impact on the environment. Through the analysis of the design of mathematical models, it is known that the gradually until 2030 has been an increased need for biofuels amounted 14.79 million KL. In an effort to meet the needs of the necessary biofuel oil palm plantations of 35,2 million hectares and an increase in CO2 emissions of 5,41 Gg t CO2.</p><p>Keywords: Biodiesel, CO2 Emission, Land Area, Mandatory Policy. Biodiesel, CO2 Emission, Land Area, Mandatory Policy</p>

Behenic acid pyrolysis to produce diesel-like hydrocarbons

In order to obtain diesel-like bio-fuel oil, behenic acid was selected to carry out fast pyrolysis. The decomposition temperature of behenic acid was in the range of 250–450°C at 20k/min according to TG experiment. The bio-fuel oil mainly contained alkane, alkene and fatty acid. Components of products were C13–C20 hydrocarbon. Little fraction of aromatic compounds was found in bio-fuel oil. According to ESI FT-ICR MS analysis results, the oxygen containing compounds in bio-fuel oil were mainly O2–O4 classes, with the O3 being the major class. According to GC–MS and ESI FT-ICR MS results, it was found that the carbon chain of behenic acid was cracked to form short carbon chain carboxyl firstly. And then decarboxylation reaction carried out. In other means carboxyl groups were more stable than carbon chain of fatty acid. The probable mechanism of O4 species was free radical reaction. The recommended pyrolysis path was also proposed. Diesel-like bio-fuel oil can be obtained using behenic acid catalytic cracking.

An Investigation of Viscosities, Calorific Values and Densities of Binary Biofuel Blends

Straight vegetable oil (SVO) biofuel is a promising alternative to petroleum diesel fuel primarily due to its comparable physical properties to that of petroleum diesel fuel. However, the relatively higher viscosity of SVO limits its direct application in diesel engine. To resolve this issue, binary biofuel blends was introduced in this study to reduce the viscosity of SVO. In this work, a novel biofuel namely Melaleuca Cajuputi oil (MCO) was used and blended with refined palm oil (RPO). A total of four blends with the mixing ratios of 20%, 40%, 50% and 60% of MCO were prepared. Various key properties of dynamic viscosity, calorific value and density of the blends were measured and benchmarked against the biodiesel standards based on ASTM D6751. It was found that viscosity and density of the blends decreased with the increase of MCO fraction. Meanwhile, the calorific value of the blends increased linearly as the MCO fraction increased. The blend of 40RPO60MCO was found to have comparable key properties of viscosity, calorific value and density to those of petroleum diesel fuel and ASTM D6751 standard.

Upgrading of Malaysian palm oil biofuel industry: Lessons learned from the USA and Germany’s policies

AbstractAs one of the leading global producers of palm oil, Malaysia has the potential to play a pivotal role in global palm oil diesel production. However, such potential will be difficult to exploit based on the industry’s current scenario. The new framework, known as “Strategic Dimensions and Implementation of the National Biofuel Policy in Malaysia”, is vague and the current level of implementation is limited. Thus, a comprehensive and well-structured policy framework for Malaysia’s palm oil biofuel industry is not only important in ensuring that its products, such as biodiesel, meet global standards but also to provide greater benefit to the industry as a whole. This paper presented a brief overview of German rapeseed biodiesel and US corn ethanol policies, aimed at providing a new perspective that can be adopted to reshuffle the existing policies governing the Malaysian palm oil biofuel industry. Throughout this paper, different strategies and policies designed to protect the biofuel industry in the...

MIKROALGAE SEBAGAI SUMBER ENERGI TERBARUKAN YANG RAMAH LINGKUNGAN

Microalgae as biomass are a potential source of renewable energy and they can beconverted into energy such as biofuel oil and gas. This paper presents a briefreview on the main conversion process of microalgae becoming energy. Sincemicroalgae have high water content, then not all biomass energy conversion processescan be applied. By using thermochemical process it can be produced oil and gas,and by using biochemical process it can be produced ethanol and biodiesel. Theproperties of microalgae product is almost similar to offish and vegetables oil andtherefore it can be considered as a substitute of fossil oil.

Biomass and oil production by Chlorella vulgaris and four other microalgae — Effects of salinity and other factors

Five nominally freshwater microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Choricystis minor, Neochloris sp., Pseudococcomyxa simplex, Scenedesmus sp.) with a known ability to produce high-levels of lipids for possible use as fuel oils were evaluated for their ability to thrive and produce lipids in seawater and brackish water. Only C. vulgaris was found to thrive and produce lipids in full strength seawater. Seawater tolerant strains of C. vulgaris are unusual. Lipid productivity in nutrient sufficient seawater exceeded 37mgL−1d−1 and was nearly 2-fold greater than in freshwater. Although other microalgae such as C. minor had higher lipid productivities (e.g. 45mgL−1d−1), they did not thrive in seawater. The lipid content of the C. vulgaris biomass was nearly 16% by dry weight. The calorific value of the seawater-grown C. vulgaris biomass exceeded 25kJg−1. Compared to continuously illuminated cultures, a 12/12h light-dark cycle reduced lipid productivity of C. vulgaris by ∼30%, but did not affect the lipid content of the biomass. Biomass yield on phosphate was nearly 27% higher in seawater compared to in freshwater. While C. vulgaris has been extensively studied in freshwater, it has not been examined to any detail in full strength seawater. Studies in seawater are essential for any future large scale production of algal oils for biofuels: seawater is available cheaply and in large amounts whereas there is a global shortage of freshwater.

Policies for healthy and sustainable edible oil consumption: a stakeholder analysis for Thailand.

Palm oil is a cheap and versatile edible oil in widespread use as a food ingredient that has been linked to negative health and environmental outcomes. The current study aimed to understand the prospects for future health-focused policy development to limit food use of palm oil and promote a greater diversity of oils in Thailand's food system. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders. The interviews probed views on the economic, health and environmental dimensions of the issue, the prospects for health-focused policy development and the policy development process. Transcripts were analysed using a health policy analytical framework. Thailand. Stakeholders from a range of ministries, regulatory agencies, the private sector, non-governmental organizations and academia. There are several impediments to the emergence of strong regulation, including the primacy of economic considerations in setting policy, doubt and misperception about health implications and a complex regulatory environment with little space for health-related considerations. At the same time, some sections of the food industry producing food for domestic consumption are substituting palm with other oils on the basis of consumer health perceptions. Strong regulation to curb the growth of palm oil is unlikely to emerge soon. However, a long-term strategy can be envisaged that relies on greater policy support for other indigenous oils, strategic rebalancing towards the use of palm oil for biofuels and oleochemicals, and harnessing Thailand's food technology capabilities to promote substitution in food production in favour of oils with healthier fatty acid composition.

Thermal Cracking of Jatropha Oil with Hydrogen to Produce Bio-Fuel Oil

This study used thermal cracking with hydrogen (HTC) to produce bio-fuel oil (BFO) from jatropha oil (JO) and to improve its quality. We conducted HTC with different hydrogen pressures (PH2; 0–2.07 MPa or 0–300 psig), retention times (tr; 40–780 min), and set temperatures (TC; 623–683 K). By applying HTC, the oil molecules can be hydrogenated and broken down into smaller molecules. The acid value (AV), iodine value, kinematic viscosity (KV), density, and heating value (HV) of the BFO produced were measured and compared with the prevailing standards for oil to assess its suitability as a substitute for fossil fuels or biofuels. The results indicate that an increase in PH2 tends to increase the AV and KV while decreasing the HV of the BFO. The BFO yield (YBFO) increases with PH2 and tr. The above properties decrease with increasing TC. Upon HTC at 0.69 MPa (100 psig) H2 pressure, 60 min time, and 683 K temperature, the YBFO was found to be 86 wt%. The resulting BFO possesses simulated distillation characteristics superior to those of boat oil and heavy oil while being similar to those of diesel oil. The BFO contains 15.48% light naphtha, 35.73% heavy naphtha, 21.79% light gas oil, and 27% heavy gas oil and vacuum residue. These constituents can be further refined to produce gasoline, diesel, lubricants, and other fuel products.

Variable oil properties and biomethane production of grease trap waste derived from different resources

Restaurant grease trap waste (GTW) is a potentially feasible energy source that can be used as an alternative to liquid fossil fuels and natural gas. However, GTW must be collected from many different resources for energy production because restaurants in Japan only produce an average of 486 kg GTW per year. This study investigated the variation in oil properties and methane generation potential of 44 GTW samples from 13 types of restaurants during different seasons. The GTW samples had high variation in oil content and oil properties. Biofuel oil was extracted from most GTW samples at a high efficiency (more than 80 wt%). In contrast, the methane yield varied little among de-oiled GTW samples. All types of GTWs are potential sources of biomethane generation. GTW samples are classified into five major oil property clusters according to solid chemical stability. Oil properties depend little on the season and heavily on the restaurant type.

EFFECT OF STERCULIA FOETIDA BIODIESEL ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS

In the present work, transesterified new biodiesel of sterculia foetida oil is mixed with diesel and the engine performance, combustion and emission was analysed. The primary objective work is to produce a new alternate and biodegradable fuel for compression ignition engine. The biofuel oil is an extract from sterculia foetida seed and transesterfied with 20 % methanol and 2 % KOH. The transesterfied biofuel concentrations were varied at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% with diesel viz. B25, B50, B75 and B100. The engine is operated at different load conditions with different concentration of fuel. The experiments are conducted and the fuel blend B25 produces maximum of brake thermal efficiency in comparison with other biodiesel blends and produced maximum heat release and minimum emission produced at B25 biodiesel blend.

A study of the combustion chemistry of petroleum and bio-fuel oil asphaltenes

The combustion of heavy fuel oils such as Bunker C and vacuum residual oil (VRO) are widely used for industrial applications such as furnaces, power generation and for large marine engines. There is also the possible use of bio-oils derived from biomass. Combustion of these oils generates carbonaceous particulate emissions and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) that are both health hazards and have an adverse effect on the climate. This paper explores the mechanism of the formation of fine particulate soot and cenospheres. The chemical structure of petroleum asphaltene have been investigated via pyrolysis techniques. The results are consistent with a structure made up of linked small aromatic and naphthenic clusters with substituent alkyl groups, some in the long chains, with the building blocks held together by bridging groups. Other functional groups also play a role. The corresponding bio-asphaltene is made up of similar aromatic and oxygenated species and behave in an analogous way.

발전용 바이오중유의 혼합비율에 따른 배출가스 특성 연구

As our government is actively introducing the RPS (Renewable Portfolio Standards) as a national renewable energy obligation policy, power producers are using the various renewable energy to meet the RPS supply quota since 2012. Recently, it is appling to use power bio-fuel oil in bio-fuel oil demonstration project with power companies. In general, power bio-fuel oils are composed of mixture products of vegetable oil, animal fat, fatty acid ester and waste oil. It is already developing for a power plant as a renewable energy abroad. In Korea, it is studying a 100% combustion and blended combustion of heavy fuel oil and bio-fuel oil. In this study, we investigated fuel characteristics of mixed power bio-fuel oil and its emission performance. Especially, it was reduced emissions of bio-oil in industrial boilers due to bio-fuel properties as compare with fuel oil.

A Study on the Performance Evaluation and Quality for Power Bio-Fuel Oil

A Study on the Performance Evaluation and Quality for Power Bio-Fuel Oil

Governança Corporativa Induz Melhor Desempenho e Inibe Alavancagem: Evidência da Indústria Brasileira de Petróleo & Gás

Purpose. This study analyzes the oil industry, gas and biofuels in order to identify associations between corporate governance practices with capital structure, risk and performance.Methodology. These data were verified through 3SLS models (Three-Stage Least Squares). For this, we used a data set composed of 19 companies, for a panel data analysis in the period 2005-2009.Findings. The results suggest a negative association between leverage and corporate governance company level, supporting the substitution hypothesis, according to which the leverage works as a governance substitute. Also they did not reject the hypothesis that the greater the governance practices, greater market performances and accounting of these companies, as well as reduces the market risk.Limitations. The main limitation of this research is the sample size, 19 companies, with particular focus on an industry, reducing the generalizability of the results.Originality/Value. This study sought to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between corporate governance, capital structure, performance and risk; specifically for the oil, gas and biofuels in Brazil, an important and understudied emerging market.

Research of some design factors’ influence on the parameters of diesel engine operating on mixed biofuel

Benefits of application of biofuels produced on the basis of plant oils in diesel engines are shown. Specific features of fuel spraying process in diesel engine operating on rape oil biofuels are considered. Necessity of coordination between the length of spraying fuel jets and the combustion chamber dimensions is shown. Calculation research is conducted for the Д-245.12С diesel engine with various shapes and sizes of combustion chamber, as well as for the parameters of diesel engine with asymmetrical fuel injectors positioning. A method for optimization of fuel injector positioning in combustion chamber is suggested, taking into consideration the indices of fuel efficiency and exhaust gases toxicity.

The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Informational Efficiency: Evidence from Price-Volume Relationship in Crude Palm Oil Futures Market

As a source of energy of biofuel and edible oil, the fluctuation of crude palm oil prices is the concern of producers and manufacturers. However, little is known about the impact of global financial crisis on informational efficiency of crude palm oil (CPO) futures market. Hence, this study aims to examine information spillover between the CPO futures price changes and volume during the pre-crisis, crisis and post-crisis periods. Result of augmented analysis provides three findings: First, in pre-crisis period, trading volume transmits information to return, in contrast return dominates this role in the post-crisis period. This asymmetric information flow supports the “heterogeneity of traders” hypothesis. Second, the volatility persistence of augmented model is relatively higher than univariate model during the post-crisis, this shows that informational efficiency has decreased after the crisis. Third, inconsistent time span observed in cross-correlation function also supports the noise traders’ hypothesis in the CPO futures market. This study observes that traders have acquired new behavior in the post-crisis period by relying on returns as the proxy of information flow.

EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION ANALYSIS OF CI ENGINE USING NON EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS BIODIESEL AND THEIR BLENDS WITH DIESEL

Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel.