Oil Biofuel Research Articles

Optimization of CRDI engine operating parameters using response surface methodology utilizing lemon peel oil biofuel enriched with hydroxy gas

The current study aims to optimize the operational variables of a CRDI engine in Dual-Fuel Mode (DFM). Hydroxy gas (HHO) was generated through water electrolysis using a concentric four-cylinder dry cell electrolyzer with NaOH catalyst, and it was introduced into the inlet manifold as the primary fuel. The pilot fuel consisted of Lemon Peel Oil (LPO) and pure diesel directly injected into the cylinder. An experimental matrix comprising 17 distinct runs was designed using Design of Experiments (DoE), utilizing Box-Behnken Design (BBD) based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The RSM model was created depending on the experimental data, and then operating parameters were optimized utilizing the desirability technique. The optimal engine operational variables were identified for the B25 LPO mixture with a constant HHO gas flow rate of 0.5 LPM, a Compression Ratio (CR) of 21.5, an Injection Pressure (IT) of 450 bars, and an inlet air temperature of 87℃. The optimized results were 30.18 % for Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), 9.532 g/kW-hr for Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission, 0.253 g/kW-hr for Unburned Hydrocarbon (UHC) emission, and 23.510 g/kW-hr and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission, yielding a total desirability of 0.7641. Empirical validation of the optimized responses at these input conditions demonstrated their conformity to acceptable error ranges.

Predict the characteristics of the DI engine with various injection timings by Glycine max oil biofuel using artificial neural networks.

Glycine max oil biofuel (GMOB) is a product of the transesterification of soybean oil. It contains a substantial amount of thermal energy. In this study, the result of varying fuel injection timings on the performance, ignition, and exhaust parameters of a research engine with single-cylinder, four-stroke with direct injection (DI) diesel was experimentally investigated and optimised using artificial neural networks (ANN). The results demonstrated that a 20% fuel blend with 24.5° before top dead centre (b TDC) decreased brake thermal efficiency (BTE), NOx emissions, and exhaust cylinder temperature but improved fuel consumption, carbon dioxide emissions (CDE), and smoke emissions. With 26.5° b TDC, the BTE was found to be approximately 5.0% higher while the fuel consumption was approximately 2.0% lower than with the original injection timing of 24.5° b TDC. At 26.5° b TDC, the NOx emission was approximately 8.6% higher, and the smoke emission was approximately 4.07% lower than at the original injection timing (24.5° b TDC).

Predict the characteristics of diesel engine using glycine max oil biofuel

Significant research is devoted to the transformation of Glycine max oil (soybean oil) into biofuel. An exhaustive investigation into the performance, combustion and emission analyses of glycine max oil biofuel (GMOB) in the context of optimization studies involving variable engine factors such as load, injector timing and so forth, has yet to occur. This study endeavors to fill the gap in the academic literature regarding comprehensive engine investigations of GMOB. In this study, five distinct mixtures of GMOBs are combined with diesel: DS1—0% biofuel with 100% diesel, DS2—5% biofuel with 95% diesel, DS3—20% biofuel with 80% diesel, DS4—40% biofuel with 60% diesel and DS5—100% biofuel and 0% diesel. Using standard ASTM limits, the properties of the biodiesel samples were evaluated and confirmed (the kinematic viscosity at 40°C for GMOB is 4.6 mm2/s, whereas that of unadulterated diesel is 3.0 mm2/s). Utilizing the combustion, emission and performance characteristics of a compression ignition engine, the blend, load and injection timing (IT) were optimized. At 100% load, an upward trend in indicated thermal efficiency is observed for both diesel and biofuel blends. Furthermore, the volumetric efficiency of all biofuel blends was enhanced through the implementation of advanced IT (24.5° b TDC). Additionally, smoke emission is observed to increase by 18.5°–24.5° b TDC across all mixtures. Biofuel mixtures exhibit a negligible minimum rate of pressure increase per degree.

Evaluation of wheat germ oil biofuel in diesel engine with hydrogen, bioethanol dual fuel and fuel ionization strategies

The work has been done with the objective of overcoming the sustainability and environmental degradation pertaining to the increasing consumption of diesel fuel. This can be done by replacing it with vegetable oils because they are renewable and eco-friendly. In this regard, initially, this study investigated the performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine fuelled by neat wheat germ oil (WTGO). The results proved that the performance of WTGO was way inferior to that of sole diesel due to its very high viscosity nature. The BTE given by WTGO at full load was 2.1% lesser than diesel. Apart from NOx and CO2, other emissions like CO, smoke, and HC were higher for WTGO in comparison to diesel. To improve the performance and emission of WTGO, various fuel modification methods were employed with it, and the results of those methods were compared with neat diesel and WTGO. The methods adopted in this study are: i) Trans-esterified WTGO (biodiesel), ii) Fuel ionization using a magnetic field (Permanent and electrical type), iii) Dual fuel mode: WTGO operated in combination with ethanol and hydrogen. Among these, dual fuel operation of WTGO and hydrogen resulted in maximum brake thermal efficiency, followed by dual fuel operation with ethanol (30% energy share), fuel ionization (both types), and WTGO biodiesel. The WTGO, with a 15% hydrogen energy share, showed the highest BTE of 29.8%, which was higher than neat diesel (28.7%) and WTGO (26.6%). The same method reduced the HC and CO emissions by 39.3% and 40.5%, respectively, when compared to neat WTGO. All methods decreased the smoke emission, and the lowest was recorded by WTGO biodiesel, which was lesser by 21.7% and 6.1% compared to WTGO and diesel, respectively. The peak heat release rate and pressure were higher for all fuel modifications as compared to neat WTGO, but only WTGO and 15% hydrogen energy share of dual fuel operation exhibited higher peak values than diesel. The neat WTGO experienced the most delayed start of combustion, and it was improved with the implication of the above methods. The operation of WTGO in dual fuel mode resulted in the least delay for the start of combustion but was not equivalent to neat diesel. Finally, it is recommended that using hydrogen in dual fuel mode is the best way to achieve maximum performance with WTGO as a fuel for diesel engines without any major modifications to the engine.

The Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass Hydrolysates for Microbial Oil Production Using Yeasts and Microalgae

The use of food‐based biomass and arable land for bio‐oil and biofuel production could compromise global food security. Therefore, renewable and environmentally friendly oils for biofuels from oleaginous microorganisms such as yeasts and microalgae (heterotrophic and mixotrophic) are gaining interest within the scientific community. These microorganisms have shorter cultivation times and higher lipid productivity when compared to higher plants/food crops/autotrophic microorganisms. Despite many advantages, the high carbon requirements and production cost are limiting factors that hinder their deployment at a commercial scale. Lignocellulosic waste substrates are abundant and inexpensive materials that are rich in organic carbon in the form of cellulose and hemicellulose, which release bioavailable forms of sugars upon hydrolysis. Recent studies have shown the tremendous potential of the hydrolysates of these substrates to be utilized as carbon sources for biomass production and the accumulation of lipids in oleaginous hetero‐/mixotrophic microorganisms. Therefore, this review highlights the potential use of lignocellulosic biomass as a low‐cost carbon substrate for the cultivation of hetero‐/mixotrophic microalgae and yeast for microbial oil production for commercial applications. It also examines the current status, challenges, and future prospects for the utilization of lignocellulose biomass.

An experimental evaluation of novel biofuel and biodiesel from Ziziphus mauritiana seeds in DICI engine

The engine community is searching for novel fuels concerning sustained availability with superior properties to traditional engine fuels. From the seeds of Ziziphus mauritiana, vegetable oil is extracted and transesterified for improvement in its properties as engine fuel. The properties of the oil qualify it for engine applications. This investigation has been carried out on a 5.2 kW, 1500 r/min, eddy current loading compression ignition engine. Engine runs at different loads on neat Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel and on Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel. Both fuels developed power at all loads of the engine. Z iziphus mauritiana oil has a lesser calorific value, elevated density, viscosity, and least brake thermal efficiency, highest emissions except for NOx. Z iziphus mauritiana oil properties were improved through transesterification. At maximum load, compared to Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel, Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel has a percentage variation of 2.1%, 6.0%, 24.4%, 14.5%, and 31.4% increase in brake thermal efficiency, peak pressure, heat release rate, NOx, and carbon dioxide, respectively. A percentage variation of 40%, 26.1%, 33%, and 4% reduction in ignition delay, CO, HC, and smoke is observed, respectively for Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel operation. Compared to Ziziphus mauritiana oil biofuel, the Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel produced better results with lesser and nearly equal diesel emissions except NOx and smoke. Therefore, Ziziphus mauritiana biodiesel fuel can be used as a replacement fuel.

Exploring the Impact of Al2O3 Additives in Gasoline on HCCI-DI Engine Performance: An Experimental, Neural Network, and Regression Analysis Approach.

This study delves into the influence of incorporating alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles with waste cooking oil (WCO) biofuels in a gasoline engine that employs premixed fuel. During the suction phase, gasoline blends with atmospheric air homogeneously at the location of the inlet manifold. The biodiesel, enhanced with Al2O3 nanoparticles and derived from WCO, is subsequently directly infused into the combustion chamber at 23° before the top dead center. The results highlight that when gasoline operates in the homogeneous charge compression ignition with direct injection (HCCI-DI) mode, there is a notable enhancement in thermal efficiency by 4.23% in comparison to standard diesel combustion. Incorporating the Al2O3 nanoparticles with the WCO biodiesel contributes to an extra rise of 6.76% in thermal efficiency. Additionally, HCCI-DI combustion paves the way for a reduction in nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions, whereas biodiesel laced with Al2O3 nanoparticles notably reduces hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide discharges. Predictive tools such as artificial neural networks and regression modeling were employed to forecast engine performance variables.

Experimental study on the effects of injection timing using reuse of waste energy as a fuel on a diesel engine

<p><span>In the course of this study, an eco-friendly alternative fuel was manufactured by transesterifying waste oils with the help of alcohol and a catalyst. As required by the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) requirements, we conducted an analysis on the acquired waste cooking oil biofuel (WOB) to determine its most important properties. We were successful in producing three separate fuel mixes, which we will refer to as BF100WOB0 (100% diesel), BF80WOB20 (80% diesel and 20% biofuel), and BF0WOB100 (100% biofuel) respectively. This research used a diesel engine with direct injection; the engine had a single cylinder, and the computer that operated it was located in the cabin. The results showed that the BF80WOB20 had a 3.8% increase in fuel consumption and a 1.4% loss in thermal efficiency while it was at a temperature of 26.5° b top dead center (TDC) conditions with low injection time led to decreased levels of both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hartridge smoke level (HSL) emissions. The addition of 20% WOB to the fundamental fuel improved the engine combustion characteristics at 26.5° b TDC. This improvement occurred at the same time.</span></p>

Feasibility study on bio-heavy fuel as an alternative for marine fuel

Bio-heavy fuels are considered suitable as environmentally friendly, carbon-neutral alternative fuels. To verify whether bio-marine oil blended with biofuel oil can be used in ships, this study confirmed the effects of bio-marine oil on engine performance, durability, and emissions through three shore-based tests. Subsequent 10-day tests onboard an operating commercial vessel confirmed the feasibility of long-term use and compatibility with onboard ship equipment. The shore-based tests comparing bio-marine oil and the fuel tested by engine manufacturers revealed no differences in engine performance and durability. When bio-marine oil was used, CO2 emissions decreased by 16 % (well-to-wake) compared with those for the reference fuel. However, NOx emissions increased by 17 %; the fuel injection timing was adjusted to meet the International Maritime Organization emission regulations, decreasing the NOx emissions by 13 %. The onboard test results revealed no anomalies during storage and purification using the ship's facilities. When the fuel was transferred at a temperature of less than 50 °C, the particle filter installed on the vessel was clogged. No particular problems were observed during the continuous engine operation for 9 days. A comparison of the engine performance before and after using this fuel confirmed that the engine performance remained unchanged.

Design modifications and scale-up of a novel soxhlet apparatus: Optimization of batch extraction of a biofuel oil from Crotalaria juncea seeds

Till date, a soxhlet extractor is found to be the most versatile equipment for extracting oil from oil-bearing seeds. Use of a conventional soxhlet apparatus is limited by the long extraction time to complete a certain quantity of transfer of solute due to inefficient contact between the extractant and solute. A novel design of a modified soxhlet apparatus, including an additional packed column inserted within the soxhlet thimble, is proposed to overcome the limitations. It is evident from the study that cylindrical and annular packed columns (inserted within the thimble) perform better as compared to the elliptical ones. An annular packed bed ensures better oil yield in comparison to the cylindrical one due to enhancement of mass transfer by multiple factors. In order to commercialize the production of juncea seed oil, an effective modeling, based on a comprehensive dimensional analysis (following similarity criteria), is applied for a scale-up. Four key dimensionless groups, namely, soxhlet specific shape factor (Ss), Reynolds number (Res),Froudenumber(Frs) and Peclet number (Pes) are identified. Oil yield is represented by another dimensionless group, soxhlet specific Stanton number (Sts). A multiple-factor regression analysis, using Central Composite Design (CCD) based response surface methodology, is used to develop some rational correlations of various combinations of the dimensionless groups. Necessary and sufficient understanding of the effects of the dimensionless groups [Ss, Res,Frs, and Pes] on the oil yield is important to choose proper scale-up criteria. A novel dimensionless number, the soxhlet number, S, is evolved. S determines the soxhlet performance in terms of oil yield. Maximization of S gives forms a basis of scale-up. This specific approach of scaling-up a soxhlet apparatus can be utilized in commercializing the production of juncea oil.

Power performance and emissions analysis of outboard diesel engines by use of waste cooking oil biodiesel

Analytically determining the fuel consumption and power output of outboard engines of a higher speed little planned boat is difficult. The goal of this study is to see how waste cooking oil (WCO) affects engine efficiency and emissions when used in varying amounts in an outboard fuel engine. Use of waste cooking oil biofuel culminated in lower CO emissions but increased NOx emissions. In addition, waste cooking oil biodiesel indicates a slight increase in specific fuel consumption which may be tolerable considering the decreasing in exhaust emissions.

Impact of variable exhaust valve timing on diesel engine characteristics fueled with waste cooking oil biofuel blends: A numerical analysis

The quantity of the conventional sources of energy such as petroleum, coal, and the deposits of hydrocarbon are limited in nature. The rapid growth is observed in the industrial and transportation section due to increase in population that has compelled the mankind to look for an alternative to conventional fuels. Biodiesel can be a potential substitute due to its ease of availability, accessibility, lower cost, and nontoxic characteristics. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) as the feedstock for biodiesel due to its abundance and low prices is chosen. It has been observed that the high prices of cooking oil have compelled people to reuse it multiple times, which can have negative health consequences such as inflammation, cholesterol issues, diabetes, and cancer. However, if people can obtain WCO at a reasonable cost, they will refrain from reusing it repeatedly. This article presents a numerical method that investigates the effects of variable exhaust valve timing on the performance, emissions, and combustion parameters of WCO and its different blends in a conventional mechanical fuel injection system diesel. The study was conducted using a single-cylinder, water-cooled, in-line diesel engine running at a constant speed. As, it is not possible to determine the values of engine performance, emissions, and combustion parameters for different valve timings experimentally, a numerical method has been adopted. The valve timing range was taken as 46–66° before bottom dead center (BDC) for exhaust valve opening and 6–20° after top dead center (TDC) for exhaust valve closing and the inlet valve opening and closing are constant at 16° b TDC and 33° a BDC, respectively.

Methyl esters synthesis from Luffa cylindrica seeds oil using green copper oxide nanoparticle catalyst in membrane reactor

This study investigates the potential role of Juglans sp. root extract-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles of Luffa cylindrica seed oil (LCSO) into methyl esters. The synthesized green nanoparticle was characterized by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopies to find out the crystalline size (40 nm), surface morphology (rod shape), particle size (80–85 nm), and chemical composition (Cu = 80.25% & O = 19.75%), accordingly. The optimized protocol for the transesterification reaction was adjusted as oil to methanol molar ratio (1:7), copper oxide nano-catalyst concentration (0.2 wt %), and temperature (90 °C) corresponding to the maximum methyl esters yield of 95%. The synthesized methyl esters were characterized by GC-MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and FT-IR studies to know and identify the chemical composition of newly synthesized Lufa biodiesel. The fuel properties of Luffa cylindrica seed oil biofuel were checked and compared with the American Biodiesel standards (ASTM) (D6751-10). Finally, it is commendable to use biodiesel made from wild, uncultivated, and non-edible Lufa cylindrica to promote and adopt a cleaner and sustainable energy method. The acceptance and implementation of the green energy method may result in favourable environmental effects, which in turn may lead to better societal and economic development.

Online Big-Data Monitoring and Assessment Framework for Internal Combustion Engine with Various Biofuels

Article Online Big-Data Monitoring and Assessment Framework for Internal Combustion Engine with Various Biofuels Ming Zhang 1,*, Vikas Sharma 2, Zezhong Wang 1, Yu Jia 1, Abul Kalam Hossain 1, and Yuchun Xu 1 1 College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK 2 School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK * Correspondence: m.zhang21@aston.ac.uk Received: 14 December 2022 Accepted: 26 April 2023 Published: 30 May 2023 Abstract: As the primary power source for automobiles, the internal combustion (IC) engines have been widely used and served millions of people worldwide. With increasingly stringent environmental regulations, biofuels have been obtained more attentions and are being used as alternative fuel to power IC engines. However, there are currently no standard solutions or well-established monitoring and assessment methods that can effectively evaluate the IC engine’s performance with biofuels. The expectation for biofuels is to keep the engine’s lifetime as long as the conventional fuels, or even longer. Otherwise, their usage would be unnecessary because they would reduce the lifecycle of the engine and also cause more waste and pollution. To address this challenge, we initially designed two biofuels: waste cooking oil biofuel (WCOB) and lamb fat biofuel (LFB). Then we proposed an online big-data monitoring and assessment framework for IC engines operating with various types of fuel. We conducted comprehensive experiments and comparisons based on the proposed framework. The results indicate that LFB performs best under all the performance indicators.

Scenario of reducing carbon emission through shifting consumption of non-renewable energy to renewable energy in asia pacific 2023-2030

This research is motivated by the high level of carbon emission due to the dominance of non-renewable energy consumption in the use of the energy mix. This study aims to fill the gaps in previous research to support global programs in reducing carbon emission by designing scenario through a shift in consumption of non-renewable energy (fuel oil) to renewable energy (biofuel oil) in the Asia Pacific for future periods, including 2023-2030. The basic foundation of this research is the result of panel regression during the period 2006-2021. Furthermore, non-renewable energy consumption was reduced to three categories (pessimistic, moderate and optimistic), then the decrease was substituted for renewable energy so that the community’s energy needs were still met. The important finding from this research is the consumption of renewable energy and green economic growth can reduce carbon emission, while the consumption of non-renewable energy increases carbon emission. In addition, average carbon emission decreased growth in each scenario, including 15% on the pessimistic, 32% on the moderate and 66% on the optimistic. The policy for reducing carbon emission is to strengthen coordination between domestic institutional structures to develop alternative energy and also implement green economy programs in economic activities.

바이오중유 발전소의 Non-CO2 배출계수 개발 및 비교

This study studied a specific power plant that changed fuels from B-C oil to bio-fuel oil. Carbon dioxide emitted by bio-fuel oil combustion is not included in total greenhouse gas emissions due to the application of the carbon neutral concept and is to be reported separately. Therefore, total greenhouse gas emissions for bio-fuel oil are calculated based on non-CO₂ emissions. To reliably calculate emissions, it is necessary to develop a country-specific emission factor that reflects national characteristics.BR Currently, there is no country-specific emission factor for bio-fuel oil. This study identified and analyzed non-CO₂ emission factors for bio-fuel oil. In total, non-CO₂ emission factors of this study are observed 0.671 kgCH4/TJ and 0.171 kgN₂O/TJ.

Improving the Economic, Environmental, and Safety Performance of Bio-Jet Fuel Production through Process Intensification and Integration Using a Modularity Approach

In this work, process intensification and heat integration are applied to improve a palm oil biofuel production process using modularity analysis and evaluated through techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). The modularity analysis integrated with the safety indicator guided the scoping of intensification options and the application of the LCA at the level of process modules that facilitate the treatment of recycles. Two alternatives are presented: the first is the intensified one only and the second is the addition of heat integration. In both cases, there was an improvement in economic terms by decreasing utility costs by 2 and 70%, respectively. In environmental terms, the global warming potential obtained is 12.8 kg CO2 eq./GJ for the intensified design and 12.2 kg CO2 eq./GJ for the intensified and integrated design, which is a considerable improvement over other studies that have been carried out. In addition, process safety was improved as the fire and explosion damage rate decreased by 15% in the separation section. In conclusion, this work demonstrated a novel application of modularity to scope intensification opportunities, implement LCA models at the modular level, and identify hot spots.

The Combustion Characteristics of Bio-fuel Oil and Bio-crude Oil Blends in a Pilot-scale Burner

The Combustion Characteristics of Bio-fuel Oil and Bio-crude Oil Blends in a Pilot-scale Burner

Influence of synthesized (green) cerium oxide nanoparticle with neem (Azadirachta indica) oil biofuel

ABSTRACT. Energy demand increases day by day due to the present technological scenario and fossil fuels are also depleting gradually. Therefore, the necessity came into the researchers to identify an alternative renewable resource for compensating the energy demand. The biodiesel appeared to the researchers as an important resource due to its characteristics and ability to compensate for the energy demand. However, some additional improvements are required for the efficient performance of the biodiesel, such improvement is achievable by the blending of an efficient additive with the biodiesel. The present study predominantly focuses to investigate the performance of the biodiesel with two different additives such as cerium oxide nanoparticles and ethanol. The neem (Azadirachta indica) oil has been selected as feed stock. The cerium oxide nanoparticles are prepared using the green synthesis process. Four various fuel samples are prepared to examine the effect of additives, (i) PB (pure biodiesel), (ii) BCe (PB+100 ppm CeO2), (iii) BE (90% biodiesel+10% ethanol) and (iv) BCeE (90% biodiesel+100 ppm CeO2+10% ethanol). From the experimentation, it is observed that the fuel BCeE achieves the better performance due to the oxygen buffering characteristics and improvement in the atomization by the additives.
 
 KEY WORDS: Additives, Nanoparticles, Neem oil, Emission, Combustion, Heat release rate
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 477-490. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.16

Analysis of Green Economic Growth, Biofuel Oil Consumption, Fuel Oil Consumption and Carbon Emission in Asia Pacific

Analysis of Green Economic Growth, Biofuel Oil Consumption, Fuel Oil Consumption and Carbon Emission in Asia Pacific