Binuclear Cells Research Articles

Early noninvasive diagnosis of neurodegeneration

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathology that develops mainly in elderly and senile people. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the results of neuropsychological tests with the indicators of the study of oral fluid and buccal epithelium cytograms in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Methodlaboratory, neuropsychologicalResultIn the main group of 12 patients with Alzheimer's disease, m=76.25±4.89. There were 12 cognitively healthy people in the control group. The average MMSE score among the observations of the main group was 13.42±3.63. The ADAS‐COG scale was used to detail the impaired cognitive functions. The concomitant pathology is compensated. The content of BDNF, TNF‐α, IL1RA, IL‐6, and IL‐8 was determined in the oral fluid and in the blood serum. The concentration of salivary and serum biomarkers was determined by multiparametric fluorescence analysis with magnetic microspheres. Micronuclei, karyopycnosis, karyorexis, and karyolysis were determined in the cellular structures of the buccal epithelium. The material for cytological examination was collected from the inner surface of the cheek.When analyzing buccal cytograms, attention was drawn to a pronounced increase in the number of cells with micronuclei in patients with AD to 1.8%; in the control group, the median was 0.1% (p<0.05). A direct correlation was established between the number of binuclear cells and the level of BDNF in the blood serum (r=0.646; p=0.03) in patients with AD. It is also important to note that the level of serum BDNF had a significant direct correlation with immediate memory, and the concentration of salivary BDNF correlates with the parameter of naming objects.ConclusionCorrelations between amnesia, speech disorders, praxis, gnosis and pathology of the oral fluid and buccal epithelium, especially with the severity of karyopycnosis and karyorexis, have been established, indicating a direct correlation between the neurodegenerative process pathogenetically associated with Alzheimer's disease and the processes of systemic inflammation and degeneration of the buccal epithelium.

Spectroscopic contribution to glyphosate toxicity profile and the remedial effects of Momordica charantia

In this study, the glyphosate toxicity and the toxicity-reducing role of bitter melon extract (Bmex) (Momordica charantia L.) were investigated in Allium cepa L. test material. The toxicity of glyphosate and protective role of Bmex were investigated with the help of physiological (germination, root elongation and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index-MI, micronucleus-MN and chromosomal abnormalities-CAs), biochemical (malondialdehyde-MDA, superoxide dismutase-SOD and catalase-CAT) and anatomical (root meristem cell damage) parameters. The genotoxicity mechanism of glyphosate was elucidated by spectral analysis. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five applications. Tap water was applied to the bulbs in the control group for 72 h. Glyphosate (500 mg/L) and two different doses of Bmex (350 and 700 mg/L) were applied to the bulbs in the treatment group for 72 h. At the end of the period, the germinated bulbs were prepared for experimental analyses, measurements and observations by applying routine preparation procedures. As a result, glyphosate administration caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in all selected physiological parameter values, and significant (p < 0.05) increases in the number of cytogenetic parameters (except MI), the levels of biochemical parameters and the severity of anatomical damage. Glyphosate promoted CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and unequal distribution of chromatin in root tip meristem cells. By spectral analysis, it was determined that glyphosate interacts directly with DNA and causes genotoxicity. It also caused anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, binuclear cell and irregular vascular tissue in root tip meristem cells. Co-administration of glyphosate with Bmex at two different doses (350 and 700 mg/L) reduced the toxicity of glyphosate and led to significant (p < 0.05) improvements in the values of all parameters examined. It was determined that this improvement was even more pronounced at 700 mg/L dose of Bmex. As a result, it was determined that glyphosate herbicide caused multi-dimensional toxicity in A. cepa test material, and Bmex reduced the effects of this toxicity due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, glyphosate dose ranges need to be reconsidered, especially considering non-target organisms in agricultural applications. In addition, antioxidant products such as Bmex should be included in the daily diet in order to reduce the toxic effects of environmental agents such as pesticides.

Cytoophidia safeguard binucleation of Drosophila male accessory gland cells

Although most cells are mononuclear, the nucleus can exist in the form of binucleate or even multinucleate to respond to different physiological processes. The male accessory gland of Drosophila is the organ that produces semen, and its main cells are binucleate. Here we observe that CTP synthase (CTPS) forms filamentous cytoophidia in binuclear main cells, primarily located at the cell boundary. In CTPSH355A, a point mutation that destroys the formation of cytoophidia, we find that the nucleation mode of the main cells changes, including mononucleates and vertical distribution of binucleates. Although the overexpression of CTPSH355A can restore the level of CTPS protein, it will neither form cytoophidia nor eliminate the abnormal nucleation pattern. Therefore, our data indicate that there is an unexpected functional link between the formation of cytoophidia and the maintenance of binucleation in Drosophila main cells.

In vitro cytogenotoxic evaluation of aripiprazole on human peripheral lymphocytes and computational molecular docking analysis

Two different drug groups, typical (classic) and atypical (new), are used in the treatment of schizophrenia. Aripiprazole, an atypical antipsychotic chemical, is the active ingredient of the drug Abilify. This study was conducted to determine the possible genotoxic effect of aripiprazole. For this purpose, four different doses of aripiprazole (5; 10; 20, and 40 µg/mL) were examined with Chromosome Abnormality (CA), Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), Micronucleus (MN) tests. Based on these tests, Proliferation Index (PI), Percent Abnormal Cells (AC), Mitotic Index (MI), Micronuclear Binuclear Cell (MNBN), and Nuclear Division Index (NDI) levels were determined in human peripheral lymphocytes treated for 24 and 48 hours. Also, to determine possible binding sites of Aripiprazole on B-DNA molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDock 4.0 (B-DNA dodecamer, PDB code: 1BNA). Aripiprazole binds to B-DNA with a very significant free binding energy (–11.88 Kcal/mol). According to our study, aripiprazole did not significantly change SCE, CA, AC percentage, MN frequencies when compared with control. According to these results, aripiprazole does not have a genotoxic effect. At the same time, no significant change was observed in the PI, MI, and NDI frequencies when compared with the control. In line with these results, it was observed that the use of aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia did not pose any acute genotoxic and cytotoxic risk.

Medical personnel occupationally exposed to low-dose ionising radiation in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: A cytogenetic study.

Medical radiation exposures have been reduced significantly with modern equipment and protection measures. Biomonitoring of medical personnel can provide information concerning possible effects of radiation exposure. However, chromosome aberration (CA) analysis is now recommended only when the estimated effective dose is 200 mSv or higher. In this retrospective study in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we have measured the cytogenetic status of medical workers and healthy volunteers (controls). Peripheral blood samples from 66 medical workers exposed to low-dose ionising radiation and 89 non-exposed volunteers were collected for chromosome aberrations (CA) analysis and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Higher rates of chromatid and chromosome breaks, acentric fragments, double minutes, micronuclei, and micronucleated binuclear cells were observed in the control group, while the rate of nucleoplasmic bridges was higher in the medical workers group.

A pilot biomonitoring study of air pollution in the urban area of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: genotoxicity assessment in buccal cells.

Air pollution, recognized as a human carcinogen, is a significant cause of death in industrial and developing countries, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) is one of the leading countries for air pollution-caused death rate and has the poorest urban air quality in Europe. Despite a population decrease, urban air pollution in B&H has increased due to traffic pollution and still intensive use of solid fuel for heating and cooking. Human biomonitoring studies, regarding the described air pollution, have not been conducted before, and particularly have not been conducted in the region of Sarajevo. Good health, well-being, and environmental protection are part of the 17 defined Sustainable Development Global Goals. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine baseline levels of DNA damage in a group of Sarajevo citizens and to compare seasonal variations in DNA damage in relation to the reported levels of air pollution. From 33 individuals included in the study, samples were collected in the summer and winter seasons. The buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay and comet assay in leucocytes isolated from saliva were performed. Mean values and standard deviations of log-transformed tail intensity (%), tail length (µm), and tail moment results in winter were 1.14 ± 0.23, 2.20 ± 0.14, and 1.03 ± 0.29, respectively, while in the summer season those values were 1.19 ± 0.19, 2.25 ± 0.17, and 1.07 ± 0.25, respectively. No significant differences were found for the comet assay parameters. Nevertheless, BMCyt results showed significant increases in micronuclei (P = .008), binuclear cells (P = .04), karyolysis (P = .0003), condensed chromatin (P = .03), and pyknosis (P = .002) in winter. Although the results of comet and BMCyt assays are not in accordance, this study contributes to the human air pollution biomonitoring in Sarajevo, B&H, and based on the genotoxic effects of air pollution evidenced by the BMCyt biomarker further studies of this kind are necessary.

Endoecology of the oral cavity and cytomorphological features of buccal epithelium in people with inflammatory periodontal diseases

BACKGROUND: The state of endoecological homeostasis of the oral cavity is ensured based on the colonization resistance of the microbiota as well as the protective reactions on the part of immune and epithelial cells, including the buccal epithelium.&#x0D; AIM: To establish cytomorphological features of the buccal epithelium and the state of the microbiota that colonizes the biotopes of the oral cavity in individuals with periodontitis living in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional clinical and laboratory examination of 91 people permanently residing under the conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation was conducted. Cytomorphological studies (index evaluation and detection of anomalies) of buccal epitheliocytes, molecular genetic studies (isolation of periodontopathogens by real-time PCR), and statistical analysis of the data obtained were conducted.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the index evaluation in the group with periodontitis were unsatisfactory: cell differentiation index 85%, p 0.001, keratinization index 88%, p 0.001. The frequency of detection of cytogenetic disorders, indicators of apoptosis, and proliferative processes also prevailed in the group of patients with periodontitis: micronuclei 88.0%, protrusions 71.6%, proliferation rates 89.5%, karyolysis 10.4% and karyorrhexis 26.8%. Most often (70.1%), the markers of P. gingivalis were detected, in 41.8% of cases T. forsythia, associations of periodontopathogens in 17.8%. Positive correlations of moderate and weak degree were identified between the presence of cells with cytomorphological disorders with the definition of P. gingivalis: cells with micronuclei (r=0.413; p 0.001), cells with protrusions (r=0.228; p=0.029), presence of binuclear cells (r=0.402; p 0.001), and indicators of apoptosis (r=0.283; p=0.006; r=0.383; p 0.001), as well as between all the studied cytomorphological disorders and the release of the periodontal pathogen T. forsythia. Direct correlations of the average degree were established between the isolation of periodontopathogens in associations and the presence of cells with protrusions and indicators of proliferation and apoptosis.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Inflammation of periodontal tissues occurs as a result of a shift in the endoecological balance through the combined action of periodontal pathogenic microbes that trigger a cascade of immune responses, leading to damage of the tissue microenvironment, primarily the buccal epithelial cells.

A MODERATE FORM OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS ACCOMPANIED BY POLYPLOIDIZATION OF HEPATOCYTES

The aim of research is to find out the effect of hyperhomocysteinemia on the regenerative process of liver cells. The histological structure of the liver was studied in Rattus norvegicus Berk white rats (n=25) (control group - 10 animals, comparison group with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia - 15 animals). On histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, the following were calculated: the number of nuclei, the proportion of binuclear cells, the area and the diameter of the nucleus; the nuclear cytoplasmic index was calculated. With the use of immunohistochemical stain by antibodies to detect the expression of the Ki-67 marker (rabbit IgG, 1:200; Cell Marque Corporation, USA), the number and intensity of expression of Ki-67-positive cells in the field of view of the microscope were determined. In the liver of animals with moderate hyperhomocysteinemia, the presence of two processes was revealed at the same time. It is reactive-dystrophic (the presence of periportal leukocyte-lymphocyte infiltrates, the appearance of cells in a state of dystrophy and necrosis) and regenerative (an increase in the core area from 52,51±4,5 to 56,68±5,58 µm, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, an increase in the number and intensity of Ki-67+cells expression). The presence of hepatocytes with very large nuclei (polyploid), which make up 12,5 % of the entire population is characteristic of homocysteine-induced liver pathology. Hyperhomocysteinemia, along with a decrease in the number and dystrophy of individual hepatocytes, leads to an increase in the diameter and area of the cell nucleus, an increase in the intensity of proliferation, the appearance of polyploid nuclei, which increases the regenerative potential of the liver and provides a crucial role in the homeostasis of the gland. The findings require further research to determine the "critical point" of transition, which will allow modulation of liver tissue function.

Galactose induces formation of cell wall stubs and cell death in Arabidopsis roots

Main conclusionArabidopsis seedlings growing on low concentration of galactose stop regular root growth. Incomplete cell division with cell wall stubs, binuclear and giant cells and lignified root tips are observed.Galactose is a sugar abundant in root cell walls of Arabidopsis. Nevertheless, we found that the germination of Arabidopsis seedlings on galactose containing media causes a strong modification of the root development, as shown by analysing the root with microscopy methods ranging from the bright field over confocal to transmission electron microscopy. At concentrations of about 1 mM, the growth of the primary root stops after a few days though stem cell markers like WOX5 are still expressed. The root tip swells and forms a slightly opaque, partially lignified structure in parts of the cortex and the central cylinder. The formation of the cell plate after mitosis is impaired, often leading to cell wall stubs and binuclear cells. Some cells in the cortex and the central cylinder degenerate, while some rhizodermal and cortical cells increase massively in size. The galactose toxicity phenotype in Arabidopsis depends on the activity of galactokinase and is completely diminished in galactokinase knock-out lines. From the comparison of the galactose toxicity phenotype with those of cytokinesis mutants and plants treated with appropriate inhibitors we speculate that the toxicity syndrome of galactose is caused by interference with intracellular vesicle transport or cell wall biogenesis.

Use of the results of the study of oral fluid and buccal epithellium in the diagnosis of Alzheimer`s disease

IntroductionThe aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the results of neuropsychological tests with the indicators of the study of oral fluid and buccal epithelium cytograms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.ObjectivesIn the main group of 12 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, m=76.25±4.89. There were 12 cognitively healthy people in the control group. The average MMSE score among the observations of the main group was 13.42±3.63.MethodsThe ADAS-COG scale was used to detail the impaired cognitive functions. The concomitant pathology is compensated. The content of BDNF, TNF-α, IL1RA, IL-6, and IL-8 was determined in the oral fluid and in the blood serum.Results When analyzing buccal cytograms, attention was drawn to a pronounced increase in the number of cells with micronuclei in patients with AD to 1.8%; in the control group, the median was 0.1% (p&lt;0.05). A direct correlation was established between the number of binuclear cells and the level of BDNF in the blood serum (r=0.646; p=0.03) in patients with AD. It is also important to note that the level of serum BDNF had a significant direct correlation with immediate memory, and the concentration of salivary BDNF correlates with the parameter of naming objects.ConclusionsCorrelations between amnesia, speech disorders, praxis, gnosis and pathology of the oral fluid and buccal epithelium, especially with the severity of karyopycnosis and karyorexis, have been established, indicating a direct correlation between the neurodegenerative process pathogenetically associated with Alzheimer’s disease and the processes of systemic inflammation and degeneration of the buccal epithelium.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Paramecium epigenetics in development and proliferation.

The term epigenetics is used for any layer of genetic information aside from the DNA base-sequence information. Mammalian epigenetic research increased our understanding of chromatin dynamics in terms of cytosine methylation and histone modification during differentiation, aging, and disease. Instead, ciliate epigenetics focused more on small RNA-mediated effects. On the one hand, these do concern the transport of RNA from parental to daughter nuclei, representing a regulated transfer of epigenetic information across generations. On the other hand, studies of Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Oxytricha, and Stylonychia revealed an almost unique function of transgenerational RNA. Rather than solely controlling chromatin dynamics, they control sexual progeny's DNA content quantitatively and qualitatively. Thus epigenetics seems to control genetics, at least genetics of the vegetative macronucleus. This combination offers ciliates, in particular, an epigenetically controlled genetic variability. This review summarizes the epigenetic mechanisms that contribute to macronuclear heterogeneity and relates these to nuclear dimorphism. This system's adaptive and evolutionary possibilities raise the critical question of whether such a system is limited to unicellular organisms or binuclear cells. We discuss here the relevance of ciliate genetics and epigenetics to multicellular organisms.

Modification of liver reparative regeneration in laboratory animals after partial hepatectomy

Objective. To investigate the effect of cytoflavin on the adaptive liver growth after partial hepatectomy (PH).&#x0D; Materials and methods. An experimental study was conducted on 60 male white mice aged 78 months, weighing 2431 g. All animals were divided into three groups: group 1 intact mice; group 2 operated control mice, who received saline NaCl instead of the drug; group 3 the main group of animals, who underwent partial hepatectomy, after which they received сytoflavin. Partial hepatectomy was performed by Claudia Mitchell and Holger Willenbring technique (2008). The preparation cytoflavin (Russia) was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.014 ml /10 g of body weight for 7 days once daily. Morphological and morphometric studies of hepatobiopsy specimens were conducted. Statistical analysis was carried out using the methods of nonparametric statistics.&#x0D; Results. It was found that 3 days after PH, in the liver of animals of the main group, the number of dystrophically altered hepatocytes decreased by 25 times, the mitotic index increased against the background of the preserved radial-beam structure. There was an increase in the size of the cytoplasm and nucleus by 1.5 times relative to the intact group (p 0.05), that is associated with adaptive hypertrophy. At the same time, on the 3rd day, in the control group the number of dystrophically altered cells was several times higher than in the intact animals and was accompanied by an increase in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes as a result of vacuolar degeneration after PH.&#x0D; Conclusions: The use of cytoflavin leads to an increase in the mitotic activity of the partially resected liver, while the level of binuclear cells decreases. The manifestations of hepatocyte dystrophy also decrease. Comparison of the dynamics of the morphometric parameters of hepatocytes in animals of the control group and those who received cytoflavin after PH suggests that the studied drug stimulates the recovery processes in the liver during induced regeneration.

Development of the optimal dose of cytochalasine B in the MN assay in a domestic cat

Cytochalasine B is an indicator in the CBMN assay, but can also be geno- or cytotoxic. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal dose of cytochalasine B for the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus (CBMN) assay for the domestic cat. The results revealed a surprisingly high number of micronuclei (MN) in relation to the doses used. It was found that a concentration of 2.5 μg/ml is enough to obtain binuclear cells, with a minimal toxic effect on the lymphocytes of the domestic cat. In the material analysed, three forms of chromatin structure abnormalities were found. The most prevalent abnormalities were isolated micronuclei, with the mean number of binucleated cells with one micronucleus (BNCs + 1 MN) equal to 39.96 ± 9.02. Moreover, the numbers of binucleated cells with one micronucleus, nuclear buds and nucleoplasmic bridges did not differ significantly according to the sex or age of European cats.

STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF CHICKEN LIVER UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE VIRAL FACTOR ON THE BACKGROUND OF MITOFEN APPLICATION

The paper presents the results of studies on histological and morphometric transformation in the liver of chickens during experimental infection with a virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBD) and the use of the antioxidant mitofen. It was found that during the experimental infection of chickens with the IBD virus strain, pathological processes associated with metabolic disorders were revealed in the liver of chickens – granular, fine-droplet fatty and vacuolar de-generation, as well as cell edema, deformation of the nucleus, the predominance of the stromal processes over paren-chymal ones. When using mitofen, the morphometric parameters were characterized by the normalization of the cellular components of the liver. At the same time, the size of hepatocytes increased, the number of binuclear cells increased, and the density of the content of liver cells per conventional unit of area increased.

An endophytic fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum conjugated with C60 fullerene for its potential antimitotic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and photodegradation activities

ABSTRACT In the present study, endophytic fungus, Penicillium simplicissimum isolated from Loranthus micranthus was used to analyze phytochemical studies by qualitative and GC-MS methods. The endophytic fungus P. simplicissimum yielded novel compound penisimplicissin identified through GC-MS studies. Further, P. simplicissimum was conjugated with C60 fullerene nanoparticles (Ps-FNPs) were verified using UV-vis spectra, XRD, FTIR, DLS, EDX and SEM. Ps-FNPs was confirmed using UV-visible spectra with a peak at 260 nm. The IR bands were recorded at 2085, 1428, 1181, 661, 652, 644, 628, and 604 cm-1. The Ps-FNPs treated cells showed a nucleolar shrinkage and cell arrest atprophase, binuclear and multinucleolar cells, a chromosomal bridge and diversion at anaphase was observed, whereas, chromosomal fragment and abnormal distribution at metaphase stage. The Ps-FNPs exhibited a noteworthy anticancer activity on lung cancer cell line H1975 through cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity was induced by increasing caspase-3, 7, and 9 activities and also showed highest inhibition in xanthine oxidase and COX-II assay proved good anti-inflammatory activity. Ps-FNPs have been extensively studied for photocatalytic activity test against Rhodamine B, Methylene blue and nigrosine showed potential dye degradation in the presence of sunlight proved to be novel photocatalysts. With all the results recorded, Ps-FNPs also have a synergetic effect having on anti-mitotic, anticancer, anti-inflammation potential and photocatalytic degradation of dyes. Hence, the conjugated Ps-FNPs could be one of the potent nano-drug formulations in future. Thus, the present study gives a clear idea of the multifaceted therapeutic and photocatalytic applications.

Putative poison gland in the thorny catfish Acanthodoras spinosissimus (Siluriformes: Doradidae)

ABSTRACT Acanthodoras is the only genus of catfish known to secrete a conspicuous and abundant milky-looking substance through an axillary pore located just below the base of the posterior cleithral process. Despite this remarkable feature, there is no published information on the anatomical structures that produce the secretion and its possible biological/ecological functions. Dissection and histological analysis of preserved specimens of A. spinosissimus revealed the presence of a saccular axillary gland with large, binuclear secretory cells, similar to those found in other poisonous catfish. Secretory cells near the lumen appear to lose nuclei and become filled with secretory products, possibly with proteinaceous elements, as indicated by their eosinophilic appearance. As far as we know, the saccular morphology of the gland appears to constitute a unique characteristic of Acanthodoras among Doradidae catfishes. Further studies are necessary to determine the chemical composition of the secretion, as well as its possible uses by the catfish in its natural environment.

Binucleated and Multinucleated Neurons are Formed by Fusion.

In the era of molecular biology and atomic force microscopy, some important macroscopic issues such as simultaneous bidirectional axonal flow or neuronal multinucleosis remain unaddressed. However, these issues have to be addressed, because they distort the results of our current achievements. Using videorecording technique, we studied adhesive contacts between neurons and their processes and kinetics of anastomosis retraction between the cell bodies up to their complete fusion with introduction of neurites into the cell cytoplasm and formation of binuclear cells. Three proofs refuting the mechanism of binuclearity formation by amitosis are presented. Live trinuclear neurons without signs of amitotic division were identified. Electron microscopy showed that fusion of many living neurons into one simplest during centrifugation of isolated cells.

Communal living: the role of polyploidy and syncytia in tissue biology.

Multicellular organisms are composed of tissues with diverse cell sizes. Whether a tissue primarily consists of numerous, small cells as opposed to fewer, large cells can impact tissue development and function. The addition of nuclear genome copies within a common cytoplasm is a recurring strategy to manipulate cellular size within a tissue. Cells with more than two genomes can exist transiently, such as in developing germlines or embryos, or can be part of mature somatic tissues. Such nuclear collectives span multiple levels of organization, from mononuclear or binuclear polyploid cells to highly multinucleate structures known as syncytia. Here, we review the diversity of polyploid and syncytial tissues found throughout nature. We summarize current literature concerning tissue construction through syncytia and/or polyploidy and speculate why one or both strategies are advantageous.

Morphometric parameters of erythroid hemocytes of alien mollusc &lt;i&gt;Anadara kagoshimensis &lt;/i&gt;(Bivalvia, Arcidae) under normoxia and anoxia

In the present work we investigated the influence of three days anoxia on hematological parameters, morphological and functional characteristics of eryhroid cells of alien bivalve Anadara kagoshimensis . Oxygen concentration in seawater was decreased by bubbling with nitrogen gas for 5 h. Temperature was maintained at 20±1oC and photoperiod was 12h day: 12h night. Extrapallial fluids were sampled by a puncture of extrapalial cavity. Three-day exposure to anoxia caused pronounced cellular responses. At the organismic level changes were not observed, as hemoglobin concentration the total number of erythroid cells and mean hemoglobin concentration ( МСН ) remained at the level of normoxia. We observed an increase of cellular anomalies, i.e. shistocytes and erythroid cells with polymorphic nuclei, and cells undergoing reactive amitotic division, which resulted in formation of binuclear cells. Nuclear volume ( V ) increased for more than 40 % compared to control level. This increase depended on the duration of anoxia. Changes in cellular volume ( V ) possessed a complicated manner. At the end of experimental period (3rd day of anoxia) nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio was 36% lower comparing to normoxia. Exposure to anoxia did not cause mortality of erythroid cells. The number or red blood cell shades observed on slides remained at control level.

The Effect of Chronic Alcohol Intoxication on the Daily Rhythm of Some Micromorphometric Parameters of Rat Hepatocytes

The effect of chronic alcohol intoxication on the daily rhythm of micromorphometric parameters characterizing the morphological and functional state of the liver is studied on 80 male Wistar rats of 6 months age, divided into 2 equal groups. The first group served as control; rats of the second group (experiment) were kept under similar conditions but got as a drink a 15% ethanol solution ad libitum instead of water. After three weeks of the experiment, animals were euthanized consistently at four-time points during the day. The pathomorphological study of the liver was carried out, the daily dynamics of the nucleus and cell (by area and nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (NCR)), ploidy of mononuclear hepatocytes, and the proportion of binuclear hepatocytes were measured. The reliability of circadian rhythm (CR) was determined by cosinor analysis. The study indicates complex changes in the organization of rhythmostasis in the experiment. The chrono-destructive effect of experimental alcohol intoxication on the CR of the cell and NCR, as well as the chronomodulating effect to the CR of the nucleus are established. The effect of ethanol on the CR of ploidy and the number of binuclear hepatocytes, as well as on the nature of their variation at the studied time points is established. An increase in the ploidy of hepatocytes and an in the number of binuclear cells is revealed, which indicates the beginning of the deployment of adaptive-compensatory reactions in the organ.