Binder Components Research Articles

Laboratory investigation of the effect of ABS polymer on moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the effects of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer as an asphalt binder modifier on reducing the moisture susceptibility of hot asphalt mixtures. In order to recognise the efficiency of ABS polymer, repeated load tests in dry and wet conditions along with the thermodynamic parameters calculated through measuring the surface free energy (SFE) components of asphalt binders and aggregates were used. The results showed that ABS polymer caused an increase in the cohesion free energy and a reduction in the released energy of the system during stripping, indicating the reduced tendency of the system toward stripping. The results of repeated load tests supported the results obtained from the SFE method, demonstrating an improvement in moisture susceptibility of modified mixtures, especially the samples constructed by acidic aggregates. In addition, moisture sensitivity index was calculated using the thermodynamic parameters and asphalt mixtures modulus from cyclic loading tests. The results were similar to those of wet-to-dry modulus ratio and showed that ABS significantly reduced the stripping percentage of modified mixtures.

Application of slag-alkali binders in jet cement grouting for soil consolidation

Introduction. The study proves actuality of the problem connected with obtaining efficient slag-alkali binders for usage in soil jet cement grouting. Replacement of usual portland cement for a slag-alkali binder in geotechnical underground construction activities allows solving a problem of waste (slag) utilization and increase economic efficiency of the soil jet cement grouting. In view of cement grouting technology features and possibility of usage cementation mixtures with various engineering characteristics for different soil types, a broad nomenclature of slag-alkali compositions can be used for obtaining soil-concrete structures. Materials and methods. Different types of slag were studied as constituents of composite binders. The PTs 500 D0 cement was taken as the basic portland cement. Standard requirements for cementation mixtures of mixing and pump facilities for soil-concrete bodies became the criteria. Investigations of hydration and structure formation during hardening of slag-alkali binders and soil-concretes on their base were conducted using a system of physical and chemical methods. Evaluation of construction and engineering properties of the composite slag-alkali binder was accomplished in accordance with the methods as per GOST 10181-2014 and GOST 5802-86 state standards. Results. Results of analysis how the slag type and amount influence the physical and mechanical properties of the binder used for jet soil cementation are presented. The article shows improvement of physical, mechanical, process and usage properties of the slag-alkali binder. General mechanism of impact of the slag on properties of the cementation mixture were revealed. Conclusions. Efficiency of application of the slag as an active component of the composite binder for jet cementation in geotechnical construction was theoretically substantiated and experimentally demonstrated. General applicability of the obtained concrete mixture based on the slag-alkali binder is stated for usage in cementation methods of improvement of technical parameters of concrete mixture and concretes. A classification of expanding cements possessing various expansion degrees was suggested for solving different construction problems.

Hydrophobic Cryogels Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polymeric Oil Resins

The paper presents the results of studies of the flow properties of viscous compositions consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polymeric oil resin, and water. After a freeze-thaw cycle three-component cryogels are formed from them. Mechanical, thermal, physical, and chemical properties of the resulted elastic samples are studied. The prospects of using hydrophobic cryogels filled with polymeric oil resin as a binder component for road pavement construction are presented

Combustion kinetics of asphalt binder components and the release processes of gaseous products

To better understand thermal behaviors, combustion kinetic characteristics and dynamic releasing processes of gaseous products of four components separated from asphalt binder, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) tests were conducted on each component at different heating rates, and both differential and integral methods were utilized to discuss their combustion kinetics characteristics, respectively. Results indicate that combustion processes of four components include the volatilization of light components in stage 1 and the combustion of charring layer in stage 2. Main mass losses of saturates and aromatics occur in stage 1, but the mass loss percentages of resins and asphaltenes in the two stages are almost equal. Thermal stability of four components is successively increased from saturates to aromatics, resins and asphaltenes. Also, there is a lag of combustion process due to more incomplete decomposition of each component at a higher heating rate. Temperature range of each combustion stage is widened as the heating rate is raised. Thermal decompositions of resins and asphaltenes are less affected by the heating rate than those of saturates and aromatics. Additionally, activation energy in each component combustion stage is calculated and collated by differential and integral methods, which are suitable to discuss combustion kinetics characteristics of four components and evaluate their thermal stability. Finally, the release rate and amount of gaseous products are increased at a higher heating rate. Combustion properties of asphalt materials are further understood at the component level.

Design of fire-resistant heat- and soundproofing wood wool panels

The conducted research revealed the possibility to manufacture heat- and soundproofing materials for the arrangement of buildings. Wood fibers, which are produced in the form of flat panels, are the raw materials for their production. The mechanisms for the process of heat- and soundproofing during energy transfer through the material, which enables influencing this process, were established. It was proved that they are related to the porosity of the material. Thus, at a decrease in volume weight of the material, thermal conductivity and sound transmission are reduced, and vice versa. In addition, heat- and soundproofing building materials from wood should meet the following requirements: to have stable thermal insulation and acoustic indicators within the whole operation period and to be fire resistant, not to give off hazardous substances into the environment. Experimental research proved that the material based on wood wool and inorganic binder at the ratio of 1:1 belongs to combustible materials, because there was its smoldering during the temperature exposure. Thus, under thermal exposure for 90 seconds, the sample caught fire, the flame propagated around the first three zones within 41 s. At the same time, an increase in the amount of the binder on inorganic base and application of organic-mineral binder does not lead to the ignition of material, the maximum temperature of flue gases made up around 120 °C and flammability index amounted to 0. This became possible due to the decomposition of fire retardants under the influence of temperature with emitting non-combustible gases, inhibiting the processes of material oxidation and significantly increasing the formation of the heat protective layer of coke on the surface of the material. This leads to inhibition of heat transfer of high-temperature flame to the material. This made it possible to determine the conditions for fire-resistance of the material through the formation of a thermal conductivity barrier. This makes it possible to argue about the relevance of the detected mechanism of formation of properties of the material based on wood wool and inorganic or organic-mineral binder, as well as practical attractiveness of the proposed technological solutions. The latter, in particular, relate to determining the amount of the binder component (the ratio of wood wool to the binder is not less than 1:2), because in small quantities (ratio 1:1), the burning process occurs. Thus, there are the grounds to argue about the possibility of directional regulation of the processes of formation of heat- and soundproofing wood materials through the use of wood wool and the binder. In this case, it was proposed to use the inorganic and organic-mineral coatings as a binder, which can form a fireproofing film at the surface of the material.

Behaviour of fly ash geopolymer binders under exposure to alkaline media

Alkaline agents are primary binder components of geopolymer systems. In the converse, however, the hardened geopolymer binders can be adversely affected under exposure to strong alkalis. This paper presents an investigation conducted to evaluate the effects of highly alkaline exposure environment on fly ash geopolymer binders. In the study, a combination of sodium silicate and 12 M NaOH solution was used as the alkali activator to prepare a low calcium (Class F) fly ash-based geopolymer binder. Fly ash geopolymer pastes or mortars were cast into 50 mm cubes and 25 × 25 × 285 mm prisms, then immersed in different media consisting of water or 1–3 M NaOH solutions maintained at varied temperatures of 23, 38, and 80 °C. The tests done include compressive strength, expansion, and weight changes. Analytical studies were done using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy. Leaching analysis of storage solutions was also conducted. Results showed that alkali attack occurred when the concentrations of storage solutions exceeded 1 M NaOH. The severity of attack increased with increase in NaOH concentration and in storage temperature. It was found that the alkali attack causes damage to the polymeric structure of the binder, leading to release of Al and Si. A gel-like substance is formed, causing expansion and microcracking. New crystalline zeolite phases comprising phillipsite, zeolite-P and chabazite, also formed under exposure of the fly ash geopolymer binder to elevated alkali concentrations.

PVB/PEG-Based Feedstocks for Injection Molding of Alumina Microreactor Components.

The ceramic injection molding (CIM) process is a cost-effective powder-based near net shape manufacturing process for large-scale production of complex-shaped ceramic functional components. This paper presents the rheological analysis of environmentally friendly CIM feedstock formulations based on the binder components polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and polyethylene gycol (PEG). The prepared PVB/PEG-based alumina molding compounds were investigated with respect to their PVB:PEG ratios as well as to their powder filling degrees in the range between 50 and 64 vol.%. Corresponding viscosities and shear stresses were determined for increasing shear rates to show the effects of increased PEG content and solid loadings on them. Two single reactor components were injection molded and subsequently joined in their green state for fabrication of an alumina microreactor. The intended purpose of the alumina microreactors is their potential application as wear-resistant and hydrothermal stable multifunctional devices (µ-mixer, µ-reactor, µ-analyzer) for continuous hydrothermal synthesis (CHTS) of metal oxide nanoparticles in supercritical water (sc-H2O) as the reaction medium.

Quantifying the convective drying behaviour of cemented carbide paste extrudates

The drying behaviour of cemented carbide paste extrudates was investigated in an industrial drying oven at temperatures in the range 40 to 100 °C. In addition to the expected evaporation of the volatile alcohol component of the paste binder, extra mass loss was recorded at the higher temperatures. This was attributed to the removal of wax present in the paste particulates. The rate of drying was investigated by removing parts periodically, weighing them and returning them to the oven. Discs, cylindrical rods and tubes with different aspect ratios were tested in order to identify a general drying model. End effects were confirmed to be important for short parts, such as rods with aspect ratio <10. Whilst a shrinking core model could be fitted to the disc drying data very well, it failed to describe the results for rods. A pseudo-Fickian model was found to describe all three geometries reasonably well. The effective diffusion coefficients obtained by fitting the model to the data were similar in magnitude but exhibited systematic variations with rod diameter, which were attributed to differences in strain-induced microstructure during extrusion.

Application of new modified Schiff base epoxy resins as organic coatings

Chemical modification of Schiff base epoxy resins involves introduction of waste PET degradation products into a synthesis reaction between N,N’-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4,4’-oxydianiline and epichlorohydrin or introduction of a flexibility spacer between the mesogenic units in a reaction with epichlorohydrin. This provides the resins with much lower glass transition temperatures. All used Schiff bases are the derivatives of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Synthesized epoxy resins were used as a component of binder of new organic coatings. Xylene-based solution of polyamide based on dimerized fatty acid and polyamines and poly(oxypropylene diamine) were used as a hardener for the synthesized and commercial epoxy resins at room temperatures. Physical and mechanical properties of coatings based on new epoxy resins were determined. Results were compared with those for one selected commercial epoxy resin. The results of investigations prove that coatings based on new epoxy resins have good elasticity, impact resistance, and their adhesion to the substrate is comparable or even better than that of coatings based on the widely used commercial epoxy resin.

Effect of SARA on Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders

AbstractAs the basic chemical components of asphalt binders, the fractions of saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) have crucial effects on the rheological properties of such binders...

Ternary Blended Binder for Production of a Novel Type of Lightweight Repair Mortar.

The goal of the paper was development and testing of a novel type of ternary blended binder based on lime hydrate, metakaolin, and biomass ash that was studied as a binding material for production of lightweight mortar for renovation purposes. The biomass ash used as one of binder components was coming from wood chips ash combustion in a biomass heating plant. The raw ash was mechanically activated by grinding. In mortar composition, wood chips ash and metakaolin were used as partial substitutes of lime hydrate. Silica sand of particle size fraction 0–2 mm was mixed from three normalized sand fractions. For the evaluation of the effect of biomass ash and metakaolin incorporation in mortar mix on material properties, reference lime mortar was tested as well. Among the basic physical characterization of biomass ash, metakaolin and lime hydrate, specific density, specific surface, and particle size distribution were assessed. Their chemical composition was measured by X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elements mapping was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyser, and mineralogical composition was tested using X-Ray diffraction (XRD). For the developed mortars, set of structural, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties was assessed. The mortars with ternary blended binder exhibited improved mechanical resistance, lower thermal conductivity, and increased water vapor permeability compared to the reference lime mortar. Based on good functional performance of the produced mortar, the tested biomass ash could potentially represent a novel sustainable alternative to other pozzolans commonly used in construction industry. Moreover, reuse of biomass ash in production of building materials is highly beneficial both from the environmental and economic reasons especially taking into account circular economy principles. The ternary blended binder examined in this paper can find use in both rendering and walling repair mortars meeting the requirements of culture heritage authorities and technical standards.

A polyisoindigo derivative as novel n-type conductive binder inside Si@C nanoparticle electrodes for Li-ion battery applications

Herein we report the successful use of a polyisoindigo derivative (P(iso)) as a new conductive binder inside electrode formulations containing silicon nanoparticles covered with a carbon shell (Si@C) for Li-ion batteries. The expected role of the carbon shell is to stabilize the Solid Electrolyte Interphase layer (SEI) to prevent it from cracking under nanoparticle volume variations during lithiation processes. The P(iso) conducting polymer is used to act both as mechanical binder and n-type conductive component in replacement of usual carbonaceous additive materials. Ultimately, the cumulative contributions of both materials inside a two-electrode component formulation (Si@CP(iso)) aim to address the stability drawbacks commonly faced by silicon electrodes. Physico-chemical characterizations revealed that the Si@C nanoparticles are uniformly embedded inside the polymeric matrix. Electrochemical measurements in half-cells clearly show the formation of LiSi alloys during cycling. Moreover specific capacities up to 1400 mAh/g with a remarkable stability until 500 cycles have been achieved, proving this conductive polymer to be a valid alternative to classical polymeric binders mixed with carbonaceous additives. These very promising results highlight the use of this polyisoindigo family as new conductive binders inside Si@C electrode formulations for Li-ion battery applications.

Antimicrobial property and water-triggered release characteristics of zinc sulphate-polyvinyl acetate adhesive blend

Water-triggered antimicrobial blends are beneficial in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms in moist environment. In this study, zinc sulfate polyvinyl acetate blend was fabricated by mixing polyvinyl acetate adhesive to zinc sulfate solution. Zinc sulfate served as the antimicrobial component while polyvinyl acetate adhesive served as the binder and water soluble component. White and translucent blends are produced in the study. The results of Disc Diffusion method showed that the zinc sulfate polyvinyl acetate blend has an antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli. Conductivity measurements show that the conductivity increases through time due to the release of zinc ions in water. Results show that the sample with higher amount of zinc sulfate solution has higher saturation conductivity and longer saturation time. Lastly, color analysis shows that the transmittance of the samples decreases as the amount of ZnSO4 solution added in the blend increases.

ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ПОЛЕГШЕНИХ СКЛАДІВ ЦЕМЕНТНИХ СУХИХ БУДІВЕЛЬНИХ СУМІШЕЙ З МІНЕРАЛЬНИМИ ДОБАВКАМИ

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; The article deals with the technological features of manufacturing of lightweight cements of dry building mixtures with mineral additives. The technology of obtaining mortars from dry mixtures should take into account the fact that the processes of hydration of cement binder occur with insufficient water. Therefore, the possibility of obtaining lightweight dry mixtures based on Portland cement and mineral additives with the use of foaming additives is investigated. The use of a complex of technological operations allows you to obtain mixtures for the installation of warm floors, which are characterized by stable technological and physical and mechanical properties, as well as the simplicity and economy of manufacturing technology. Effective mixtures of porous structure have been obtained from for the warm floors on the basis of conventional dense (heavy) fillers and fillers, such as quartz sand, clay, carbonate sand, ash-removal of thermal power plants. The technological scheme of factory production of dry mixtures has been obtained while saving the binder component.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Утилізація деревних відходів шляхом виготовлення паливних гранул методом екструзії

Охарактеризовано специфічні особливості Покутсько-Буковинських Карпат, що визначають рівень їх екологічної безпеки. Оцінено екологічну небезпеку від неконтрольованого нагромадження деревних відходів у регіоні. Проаналізовано відомі технології гранулювання деревних відходів. Досліджено оптимальні умови сушіння деревних відходів у нерухомому шарі. Проведено експериментальні дослідження процесу сушіння відходів лісового господарства за різної висоти шару матеріалу та різної температури теплового агенту. Запропоновано спосіб екструзійного гранулювання композиції деревних відходів та в'яжучого натурального походження із отриманням паливних гранул. Показано перспективність використання сульфатного мила – в'яжучої речовини натурального походження, для покращення процесу грануляції деревних відходів. Запропоновано технологічне вдосконалення обладнання, що забезпечує рівномірний розподіл компонентів у процесі змішування в'яжучого та наповнювача в процесі гранулювання. Встановлено оптимальні умови отримання паливних гранул із деревним відходів екструзійним методом. Досліджено статистичну міцність та теплотворну здатність отриманих гранул, а також залежність між кількістю в'яжучого та концентрацією летких компонентів і коксовим залишком після спалювання гранули. Запропоновано принципову технологічну схему виробництва паливних гранул із деревних відходів екструзійним методом.

Glass powder and high-calcium fly ash based binders – Long term examinations

Fly ash and glass cullet - two materials, which are produced in quite large amounts. This paper presents the new way the high calcium fly ash (HCA) and the industrial glass waste powder (GP) disposal in building materials technology as main components of binders. Samples were examined over the period up to 6 years of maturity. There were used only two kinds of waste materials (GP + HCA) and water to produce pastes. Fine grinded glass was used as alkaline activator. The HCA was used to induce alkaline activation and dissolution of the glass powder in HCA – GP mixtures. Materials were mixed in three different proportions to prepare the samples. The mechanical strength, microstructure, phase composition and expansion were examined. Results showed that the HCA in connection with GP gave a good alkali activated binding materials for some special applications. In addition to that, the GP + HCA mixtures could be prepared with neither Portland cement nor any additional activator using exclusively waste materials. This is important for the perspective of reducing the CO2 emission. Presented materials were prepared. This is the first work which presents the usage of GP as an alkali activator.

Molecular investigations on the interactions of graphene, crude oil fractions and mineral aggregates at low, medium and high temperatures

Performance of the nanoparticle-modified asphalt binder is greatly influenced by adhesion properties between asphalt binder and nanoparticle. In this work, the adhesion properties of crude oil fractions (e.g., Saturate, Asphaltene, Resin and Aromatic components of asphalt binder), graphene and mineral aggregates (silicon dioxide) at various temperatures are investigated through molecular dynamic simulation and REAXFF force field. The results from SARA-graphene interface demonstrations that aromatic and asphaltene have 30% higher adhesion properties than saturate and resin. Also, while using graphene is valuable for the adhesion properties of the binder, it has no significant advantage over binder in binder-aggregate interactions.

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODIFIED NONWOVEN MATERIALS BASED ON COTONIN FLAX

The ability of a material not to change its properties when heated is an important characteristic of nonwoven and fibrous polymeric materials (VPM). The interaction of binder components, flax cellulose and non-cellulose impurities will largely determine their properties, including resistance to thermal oxidation. In this paper were used as objects of research cotton linen, samples of purified cellulose, extracted lignin, cotton fiber based on cotton linen, impregnated with polymer binders.&#x0D; Enzyme-modified flax is obtained by effective fibration due to the selective hydrolysis of pectins and hemicelluloses, while structure-forming lignin has been preserved. The formation of VPM was performed by impregnation of undirected fibers located in the canvas with a binder based on 50% polyvinyl acetate emulsion and cyclic PA-6 oligomers (polymerization degree 6–11).&#x0D; Fiber-polymer materials based on cottonin- flax with various types of binders were obtained, their thermal properties were studied on the Synchronous Thermal Analyzer – STA 449 F3 Jupiter®. Resistance to burning was evaluated according to standard 12.4.184. The effect of the introduction of natural aluminosilicates on the thermal properties of fibrous-polymeric materials has been studied.It was revealed that fibrous-polymeric materials with the inclusion aluminosilicate (from Malostupino) have low burnability.

Удельный объём и особенности уплотнения при формовании порошок-полимерных смесей с воск-полипропиленовым связующим

The article discusses one of the modern areas of powder metallurgy – the technology of manufacturing shaped parts by the powder injection molding (PIM). For the powder-polymer mixture (feedstock) with a wax-polypropylene binder of the solvent-thermal type of removal by isobaric volume dilatometry, the dependence of PVT state parameters was studied. For each component of the polymer binder, the dependence of pressure on the temperature of phase transition was obtained. As a result of mathematical processing and analysis of PVT data for the feedstock of the studied type, a technological window of parameters has been determined that allows injection molding of «green parts» with minimal volume shrinkage. The results of a comparative analysis of the compaction of feedstock with a polymer binder catalytic and solution-thermal type of removal are presented.

Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Motor Vehicle Brake Pad Using Periwinkle Shell and Treated Cow Bone as Filler

Brake pad was produced using periwinkle shell and treated cow borne as base materials, phenolic resin as binder, material, aluminum oxide, copper oxide and zinc oxide as abrasive, and graphite as friction modifier. The particulate size of the filler materials considered was 250µm, Five samples were produced (Samples A, B, C, D and E) witht composition ratios of 60/25, 55/30, 40/35, 45/40 and 40/45 cow bone/periwinkle shell hybrid filler respectively. The produced brake pad samples were evaluated by testing the mechanical, thermal and physical properties. The hardness test showed that as the filler loading increases, there was a steady increase in hardness strength of the material and sample E showed (100.0) most closest hardness value to the required standard (101.0 Shore). The abrasion resistance showed a decrease with increasing filler loading, which could be due to poor interfacial adhesion between binder (PR) and other components due to poor distribution ratio of the filler quantity in the matrix (binder). The impact strength test result revealed that the higher the filler loading, the lower the average impact strength and samples A, B and C met the required standard brake pad impact strength; except for samples D and E, which could be due to the decrease in the quantity of binder (PR). The water absorption test result showed progressive increase in water absorption with increasing filler loading. Samples A and B with water absorption of 5.56% and 6.25% respectively were found to fall wthin the range of the required standard of 4.5%. The coefficient of friction test result showed a steady decrease as the filler loading increased, however, sample E with 0.36µ exhibited a coefficient of friction within the required standard range for automobile vehicles with a coefficient of fiction range of 0.35 – 0.42 µ. The Therrmo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) test result for sample A was chosen because it proved to give superior performance over others. Sample A showed a percent weight loss as the temperature increased from 299.00°C to 88714°C. Sample A showed thermal stability at 299°C with degradation setting in at 470.07°C and with a percent weight loss of 24.715%.