Bin County Research Articles

Identification of Harbin Ecological Function Degradation Areas Based on Ecological Importance Assessment and Ecological Sensitivity

This study is based on the National Spatial Ecological Protection and Restoration Plan, using logical ecological evaluation indicators to determine the extent of ecological function degradation areas in Harbin City. In the Heilongjiang Province, Harbin faces severe ecological environment degradation, characterized by reduced area, deteriorated water quality, loss of biodiversity, and water resource competition. Identifying degraded ecological regions can effectively address these environmental issues. A multi-level indicator system was constructed to evaluate and identify ecological important and sensitive areas across the city, followed by integrating these results to delineate various levels and types of ecological protection and restoration zones in Harbin. Results indicate that these zones include ecological priority protection areas such as marshes surrounding the Harbin section of the Songhua River, southern aquatic wetlands, and scattered forest conservation areas. Key ecological restoration areas are found in the eastern urban core of Harbin, as well as in Bayan County, Bin County’s northern region, Wuchang City’s northwest region, and Yilan County. General ecological restoration areas are primarily distributed in Songbei District, Shuangcheng District, Mulan County, southeastern Bin County, Shangzhi City, southeastern Wuchang City, and some surrounding counties along the Songhua River. Priority ecological protection areas consist mainly of unused land, cultivated land, and forests, while key and general ecological restoration areas are predominantly composed of cultivated land and forests respectively.

Analysis of trade-offs/synergies in land use function changes in Bin County, China

Land use function has become an important part in land change science. More attention should be given to multifunctional land to achieve land structure optimization and sustainable land use. This study takes Bin County in Heilongjiang province of China as the research area and investigates the spatiotemporal pattern and trade-off synergistic relationship of land functions from 2000 to 2020. Land functions were quantitatively measured by the spatiotemporal method of statistical data, INVEST model, CASA, RUSLE, and other models. The results showed that 1) during 2000–2020, the production function showed an overall trend of enhancement. Living function remained enhanced except in the southeast and north. The water conservation function was weakened in most areas, while the carbon fixation function was strengthened in the southeast and weakened in the central and northern parts. Soil conservation function decreased first and then increased significantly in the southwest. 2) There was a synergistic relationship between production and living functions and trade-off relationships between ecology and production functions and ecology and living functions from 2000 to 2020. 3) The production and living functions are mainly coordinated in space, and the collaborative agglomeration types are mainly distributed in Tangfang town, Manjing town, and other areas. The spatial distribution of trade-offs and synergies between ecological and productive functions and ecological and living functions was similar. The trade-off and agglomeration types were scattered, and the synergies were distributed in Binxi town and Juren town.

Study on the Characteristics of Soil Erosion in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China under Natural Rainfall Conditions: The Case of Sunjiagou Small Watershed

In the black soil area, where soil erosion is severe and the soil is in urgent need of ecological restoration, providing reasonable and practical measures to prevent soil erosion and restore the soil is an urgent issue at present. In this study, nine runoff plots were deployed in Bin County, the core area of soil erosion control, to monitor runoff and soil loss long-term, simulated by the erosion potential method (EPM) for comparison. Studies have shown that soil erosion is strongly influenced by soil conservation measures, land use, and vegetation cover. In contrast, slope, pre-soil moisture content, and soil crusting due to rainfall can affect erosion in a single rainfall event. The most severe soil erosion was in bare land, up to 1093.58 t km−2 a−1, followed by longitudinal ridge tillage land (751.88 t km−2 a−1) and cross ridge tillage land (31.58 t km−2 a−1). The shrublands and mixed forests planted for ecological restoration experienced almost no erosion. The soil loss rate of the cross ridge tillage and ecological restoration plots was much lower than the allowable soil loss rate (200 t km−2 a−1). Under erosive storms, longitudinal ridge tillage can produce soil loss rates that far exceed those of bare ground. The change from longitudinal ridge tillage to cross ridge tillage on gentle slopes can effectively prevent soil erosion in the study area. The vegetation restoration measures of planting shrubs such as Amorpha fruticosa Linn. are incredibly effective in the ecological restoration of wastelands in black soil areas. For the black soil area after the retreat, the vertical structure of vegetation can be improved by planting shrubs at the bottom, thus achieving a good restoration effect.

Effects of soil erosion and deposition on the spatial distribution of soil microbial quantity in Mollisol area of Northeast China.

Revealing the responses of soil microbial community to soil erosion can provide guidance for agricultural ecosystem management. We investigated the impacts of soil erosion intensity on soil microbial quantity at the Binzhou River Basin, a typical thin layer Mollisol area in Bin County of Heilongjiang Province, using 137Cs tracer. The results showed that there were seasonal variations in soil microbial quantity. The abundance of soil microbes in summer was considerably higher than that in autumn. Bacteria was more sensitive to seasonal variation than fungi and actinomycetes, which was increased by 1.4-2.6 times and 1.4-2.2 times in summer compared with autumn in different parts of slope and watershed, respectively. The spatial variation of soil erosion intensity had an important effect on the spatial distribution of soil microbial community. The highest proportion of bacteria was found at lower deposition area of slope (84.4%) and at the lightly eroded area of the downstream (85.4%). The numbers of soil microbes, soil bacteria and actinomycetes were negative linearly correlated with soil erosion modulus, with correlation coefficients of -0.595, -0.554 and -0.291, respectively. Soil erosion and deposition induced spatial differences in soil physical and chemical properties, with consequences on spatial distribution of soil microbial community.

Spatial distribution and determinants of health loss from Kashin-Beck disease in Bin County, Shaanxi Province, China

BackgroundKashin-Beck disease (KBD) is one of the major endemic diseases in China, which severely impacts the physical health and life quality of people. A better understanding of the spatial distribution of the health loss from KBD and its influencing factors will help to identify areas and populations at high risk so as to plan for targeted interventions.MethodsThe data of patients with KBD at village-level were collected to estimate and analyze the spatial pattern of health loss from KBD in Bin County, Shaanxi Province. The years lived with disability (YLDs) index was applied as a measure of health loss from KBD. Spatial autocorrelation methodologies, including Global Moran’s I and Local Moran’s I, were used to describe and map spatial clusters of the health loss. In addition, basic individual information and environmental samples were collected to explore natural and social determinants of the health loss from KBD.ResultsThe estimation of YLDs showed that patients with KBD of grade II and patients over 50 years old contributed most to the health loss of KBD in Bin County. No significant difference was observed between two genders. The spatial patterns of YLDs and YLD rate of KBD were clustered significantly at both global and local scales. Villages in the southwestern and eastern regions revealed higher health loss, while those in the northern regions exhibited lower health loss. This clustering was found to be significantly related to organically bound Se in soil and poverty rate of KBD patients.ConclusionsOur results suggest that future treatment and prevention of KBD should focus on endemic areas with high organically bound Se in soil and poor economic conditions. The findings can also provide important information for further exploration of the etiology of KBD.

Study on Varying Characteristics of Temperature Field and Moisture Field of Shallow Loess in the Freeze‐Thaw Period

The moisture and the temperature variation of shallow loess during the freeze‐thaw process have tremendous influences on the freeze‐thaw disease and agricultural development. The present paper, based on the field test of the temperature and water content of the shallow loess in the seasonal frozen region, probes into the variation of the temperature and moisture fields of shallow loess in the freeze‐thaw period. Field test shows that the daily variation of surface temperature reaches the maximum with the peak temperature appearing around 14:00, and the time when the peak temperature appears gradually postpones as the depth increases. Moreover, the daily variation of soil temperature decreases with the increase of temperature, and the variation can be ignored given the depth of more than 30 cm. In addition, there is an obvious variation of moisture content in shallow soil under the action of freeze‐thaw cycles. In this regard, the coupled calculation model is proposed in this paper to simulate the dynamic variation of temperature and moisture in shallow soil in Bin County located in Western China under natural conditions, compare the calculation value with the measurement value, and further verify the rationality of the numerical calculation method and parameter selection. Furthermore, the variation law of the maximum frozen depth with the air temperature is obtained through the simulation of extreme cold climate conditions.

Empirical analysis on the synergistic development of the compound system for rural public health service

Objective To measure and analyze the order degree of the internal subsystems and the synergetic degree of the compound system of rural public health service in county areas based on the synergy model of the compound system. Methods According to the distribution of eastern, central and western regions in China, Xiangshan county in Zhejiang province, Wuzhi county in Henan province and Bin county in Shaanxi province were sampled.Based on the index system of synergetic degree measurement including the 52 level-2 evaluation indicators, a questionnaire survey was used to measure the synergetic degree of the compound system of rural public health service in county areas. Results The highest synergetic degrees of the compound system of rural public health service in Xiangshan county, Wuzhi county and Bin county were only 0.181 53, 0.180 68 and 0.213 12 respectively.This indicated the synergy at a low degree.And the synergy of the supply-demand system was an important influential factor for synergy of this compound system, as their development trends were consistent basically. Conclusions The synergy model of the compound system can play a useful role in rural public health service system in county areas.The demand of rural residents deserves more attention and the difference between the service supply and demand should be reduced. Key words: Rural health service; Public health service; Compound system; Synergy degree; Empirical analysis

A HIGH PRECISION DEM EXTRACTION METHOD BASED ON INSAR DATA

Abstract. In the 13th Five-Year Plan for Geoinformatics Business, it is proposed that the new InSAR technology should be applied to surveying and mapping production, which will become the innovation driving force of geoinformatics industry. This paper will study closely around the new outline of surveying and mapping and then achieve the TerraSAR/TanDEM data of Bin County in Shaanxi Province in X band. The studying steps are as follows; Firstly, the baseline is estimated from the orbital data; Secondly, the interferometric pairs of SAR image are accurately registered; Thirdly, the interferogram is generated; Fourth, the interferometric correlation information is estimated and the flat-earth phase is removed. In order to solve the phase noise and the discontinuity phase existing in the interferometric image of phase, a GAMMA adaptive filtering method is adopted. Aiming at the "hole" problem of missing data in low coherent area, the interpolation method of low coherent area mask is used to assist the phase unwrapping. Then, the accuracy of the interferometric baseline is estimated from the ground control points. Finally, 1 : 50000 DEM is generated, and the existing DEM data is used to verify the accuracy through statistical analysis. The research results show that the improved InSAR data processing method in this paper can obtain the high-precision DEM of the study area, exactly the same with the topography of reference DEM. The R2 can reach to 0.9648, showing a strong positive correlation.

Dynamic Analysis of Soil Erosion in Songhua River Watershed

In this paper, based on RS and GIS technology and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), the soil erosion dynamic changes during the two periods of 1990 and 2010 in Bin County was analyzed by using the Landsat TM data of the two periods, so as to reveal the soil erosion spatial distribution pattern and spatial and temporal dynamic evolution rule in the region. The results showed that: the overall patterns of soil erosion were basically the same in both periods, mainly featuring slight erosion and mild erosion, with the area proportions of 80.68% and 74.71% respectively. The slight and extremely intensive erosion changing rates showed a narrowing trend; mild, moderate and intensive erosion was increasing, with a trend of increased soil erosion; mild and intensive erosion were developing towards moderate erosion and moderate and extremely intensive erosion were progressing towards intensive erosion.

Spatial distribution and clustering in birth defects from 2010 to 2013 in Shaanxi Province

To explore the spatial distribution and clustering in birth defects from 2010 to 2013 in Shaanxi Province. Methods: Spatial distribution was used to describe the birth defects, while ordinary Kriging method was used to predict the status of birth defects in Shaanxi province. The spatial characteristics for the birth defects at the county/district level were analyzed by spatial autocorrelation. Results: The overall incidence of birth defects was 219.196/10 000; Birth defect did not appear to be a random distribution but show a significant spatial aggregation. Spatial interpolation predicted the geographic distribution for occurrence of birth defects in Shaanxi Province. Local autocorrelation analysis showed nine "hot spot areas" for birth defects, such as Qian County, Liquan County, Yongshou County, Bin County, Fufeng County, Jingyang County, Chunhua County, Wugong County and Xingping City, and seven "cold spot areas" including Jia County, Yuyang District, Mizhi County, Suide County, Wubu County, Qingjian County and Zizhou District. Conclusion: There are spatial clustering in birth defects from 2010 to 2013 in Shaanxi Province. Spatial interpolation and spatial autocorrelation can be used to predict the spatial features of birth defects in the whole province and provide evidence for the further intervention.

Industrial scale garage-type dry fermentation of municipal solid waste to biogas

The objectives of this study was to through monitoring the 1st industrial scale garage-type dry fermentation (GTDF) MSW biogas plant in Bin County, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province, China, to investigate its anaerobic digestion (AD) performance and the stability of process. After a monitoring period of 180days, the results showed that the volumetric biogas production of the digesters and percolate tank was 0.72 and 2.22m3 (m3d)−1, respectively, and the specific biogas yield of the feedstock was about 270m3CH4tVS−1, which indicated that the GTDF is appropriate for the Chinese MSW. This paper also raised some problems aimed at improving the process stability and AD efficiency.

Interpretation of Climate Change and Agricultural Adaptations by Local Household Farmers: a Case Study at Bin County, Northeast China

Although climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations have been studied extensively, how smallholder farmers perceive climate change and adapt their agricultural activities is poorly understood. Survey-based data (presents farmers' personal perceptions and adaptations to climate change) associated with external biophysical-socioeconomic data (presents real-world climate change) were used to develop a farmer-centered framework to explore climate change impacts and agricultural adaptations at a local level. A case study at Bin County (1980s–2010s), Northeast China, suggested that increased annual average temperature (0.6°C per decade) and decreased annual precipitation (46 mm per decade, both from meteorological datasets) were correctly perceived by 76 and 66.9%, respectively, of farmers from the survey, and that a longer growing season was confirmed by 70% of them. These reasonably correct perceptions enabled local farmers to make appropriate adaptations to cope with climate change: Longer season alternative varieties were found for maize and rice, which led to a significant yield increase for both crops. The longer season also affected crop choice: More farmers selected maize instead of soybean, as implicated from survey results by a large increase in the maize growing area. Comparing warming-related factors, we found that precipitation and agricultural disasters were the least likely causes for farmers' agricultural decisions. As a result, crop and variety selection, rather than disaster prevention and infrastructure improvement, was the most common ways for farmers to adapt to the notable warming trend in the study region.

Prevalence and risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma in a rural northeast China population: a population-based survey in Bin County, Harbin

To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a rural population in northeast China. A population-based survey was conducted within Bin County, Harbin of northeast China. Glaucoma was diagnosed using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. All the subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. A total of 4956 (86.0%) of 5762 subjects aged 40 years or older were examined. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of right eyes was 14.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 13.9 to 14.1) mm Hg. The prevalence of POAG was 0.71% (35/4956, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.93). In these POAG subjects, 17 (48.6%) had elevated IOP >21 mm Hg in either eye, 3 (8.8%) participants had been treated by laser trabeculoplasty or trabeculectomy and were known to have POAG. Vision impairment to varying degrees was present in 20 subjects (58.8%) with 1 subject blind in both eyes and 8 subjects blind in one eye. On multivariate analysis, age, family history of glaucoma, systemic hypertension, and IOP were regarded as significant independent risk factors. POAG is a disease of serious consequence and of low diagnosis and treatment rates in rural northeast China. Age, family history of glaucoma, systemic hypertension, and IOP remain as significant independent risk factors for POAG.

Deep sounding TEM investigation method based on a modified fixed central-loop system

Abstract The central-loop TEM technology has been widely used in mineral exploration, engineering and environmental investigations and assorted geologic studies. For easy and efficient working conditions, a square (or rectangular) loop is generally employed instead of a circular one. Any position within the inner one ninth of the central part of the loop is often designated as the central survey location (within which the field is assumed to be uniform), and referred to as a modified central-loop configuration. However, the deduced field parameters at such non-central positions when calculated by a central-loop formula result in decreased accuracy and possibly erroneous interpretation. A large-fixed loop offers the advantage of being able to determine the induced potential at any point inside or outside the loop. In this study we provide the formula for the large-fixed loop and receiver positions within the modified central-loop system and solve the problem. Specifically, we compute the electromagnetic response of any field point by using an electric dipole integration method. The full time-domain apparent resistivity values are then extracted by using an iterative method. Both theoretical modeling and real data examples indicate that such a configuration not only improves the accuracy for the TEM survey, but also enlarges the exploration depth, due to a large loop used in the deployment. The method is used for locating the water enriched areas in coal mines in Yangquan region of Shanxi province and in Bin County of Shaanxi province, China. The interpreted results are tested by later drilling, which confirmed our combined method to be a reliable and efficient method for deep sounding.

Prevalence and risk factors for angle-closure disease in a rural Northeast China population: a population-based survey in Bin County, Harbin

To estimate the prevalence of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), primary angle closure (PAC) and primary angle-closure suspect (PACS) and associated risk factors for PACG in a rural population in Northeast China. A population-based survey was conducted in Bin County, Harbin, Northeast China. Glaucoma was diagnosed using the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology (ISGEO) criteria. All subjects underwent a complete ophthalmic examination. A total of 4956 (86.01%) of 5762 subjects aged 40 years or older were examined. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of the right eyes was 14.0 mmHg. The mean vertical cup-to-disc ratio of the right and the left eyes was 0.31 and 0.31, respectively. The prevalence of PACG, PAC and PACS was 1.57% [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.469-1.671], 1.33% (95% CI, 1.236-1.424), and 4.68% (95% CI, 4.541-4.819), respectively. Among all PACG subjects, 42 (53.84%) had elevated IOP >21 mmHg in either eye and 37 (47.44%) had been treated by laser, surgical iridectomy or trabeculectomy. Sixty-four subjects (82.05%) had vision impairment of varying degrees. Multivariate analysis revealed that old age, family history of PACG, constipation and IOP were significant independent risk factors. Primary angle-closure glaucoma was a disease of high prevalence in rural Northeast China. Old age, family history of PACG, constipation and IOP were significant independent risk factors for PACG.

Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a rural North‐east China adult population: a population‐based survey in Bin County, Harbin

To investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a rural population in north-east China. A population-based study was conducted within Bin County, Harbin of north-east China. Low vision and blindness were defined using the World Health Organization categories of visual impairment. The prevalence of visual impairment was estimated, and causes were identified based on best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as well as presenting visual acuity (VA). Out of 5764 people, 4956 (86.01%) aged older than 40 participated in the study. The prevalence of visual impairment, low vision and blindness based on presenting VA was 9.6% (BCVA, 6.6%), 7.7% (BCVA, 4.9%) and 1.9% (BCVA, 1.7%), respectively. Taking the presenting VA, cataract (44%) was the most common cause for visual impairment followed by uncorrected refractive error (24%), treatable causes of visual impairment accounted for 68% of the total cases. Cataract (59%) and glaucoma (15%) were leading causes for blindness based on presenting VA. According to BCVA, cataract was the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness (58% and 60%, respectively), followed by glaucoma (17% and 15%, respectively). The prevalence of visual impairment was higher among women than men (p<0.0001) and increasing with age (p<0.0001) and decreasing with increasing education level (p=0.0075). Visual impairment was a serious public health problem in this rural population, with most of it easily remedied. Results highlighted the need for visual impairment prevention programs to an increasing number of elderly people, with a special emphasis on female and those with little or no education.

Quantitative remote sensing study on regional soil erosion

Based on Chinese soil loss equation (CSLE) model, this paper utilized technical advantages of RS and geographic information system (GIS) on data access and erosion factors database building to study prediction methods of regional soil erosion. The spatial analysis module of ARCGIS platform was applied to study the spatial distribution of erosion and the inter-relations of the factors influencing regional soil erosion in the research area. As a result, the mean soil erosion modulus of Bin County is 3 555.42 t/(km2·a), which suggests moderate degree erosion. The mean soil erosion modulus of clayey meadow soil is higher than those of dark brown soil and black soil. Vegetation factor values are between 0.1–0.2. The mean slope gradient and slope length values are respectively 1.335 and 6.061 which shows slope length is a dominant factor. And soil type, vegetation coverage and topographic factors have remarkable relevance to each other. Therefore, RS, GIS and CSLE are applicable in regional scale to disclose spatial distribution characteristics of soil erosion and to analyze the characteristics of dominant soil erosion factor quantitatively.

Study of wall‐painting pigments from Feng Hui Tomb by Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution electron microscopy

AbstractThe structures and components of different pigments from the Feng Hui tomb situated in Bin County, Shaanxi Province, dated in the Five Dynasties (907–960 AD), were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution electron microscopy (HREM). It is shown that the red, yellow and black samples are cinnabar, PbSO4–PbO and carbon black, respectively, and well preserved, which provide scientific data for later conservation. Moreover, the results indicate that HREM and Raman analysis are very effective for identifying ancient inorganic pigments at low concentrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Once Again on the New Period of Western Zhou Oracle-Bone Research With a Brief Description of the Zhouyuan Sacrifice Inscriptions

If one were to speak of the “incipient period” of research on Western Zhou oracle bones, he would have to refer to that period of time after the discovery in 1950 at Sipanmo (SP 11) of oracle bones whose “writing was not consistent with inscriptional standards,” and before November of 1956 when Professor Li Xueqin pointed out that the inscribed oracle bones from Fangdui village of Shanxi's Hongzhao County were artifacts of the opening period of the Western Zhou. Through the study of these oracle bones discovered at Sipanmo and Fangdui village, as well as in Bin county in Shaanxi and Taishanmiao in Luoyang, it was then possible for the first time to recognize that in addition to Shang oracle bones there were also Western Zhou oracle bones, thus debunking the traditional belief that all oracle bones were produced by the Shang. The excavation in 1956 of inscribed oracle bones at Fengxi in Shaanxi then provided positive proof of the existence of Western Zhou oracle bones.