Big Numbers Research Articles

Utilisation of Coir Fiber as Reinforcement in M20 Concrete Mix

Sustainability is a wide accepted concept in modern construction scenario. Even though the construction industry is revolutionizing in a significant manner in terms of both equipment and materials used, the cost of construction has skyrocketed along with the deteriorative impact on environment. This resulted in the adoption of a more balanced approach with the environment as its nerve centre to create a better world to live in. This has led to the adoption of a natural fiber like Coconut for the strength enhancement in concrete. Concrete needs to be reinforced in order to improve its engineering qualities. Coconut fibers were employed for this study since they are widely accessible and come in big numbers. The study includes a comparison of the qualities of regular concrete and concrete reinforced with coconut fiber based on laboratory experimentation. Concrete with different fiber contents was evaluated with conventional concrete or prestressed concrete and different strengths parameters such as bending, compression and tensile strength of coconut fiber of length 25, 50, and 75 mm were added with proportions (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) of total weight of the volume of concrete coconut fibre is carried out. The various strength aspects analysed are the flexural, compressive and tensile strength of the coconut fibre reinforced concrete.

Stacking Approach for Classification of Multiclass Dry Beans

Background: The most frequently cultivated edible legume crop in the world is Dry Beans (DB), which exhibit high genetic diversity. The impact of seed quality on crop production is undeniable. Seed classification is essential for production and marketing to provide building blocks for sustainable agricultural systems. With regard to big production numbers, traditional methods for classifying seed quality have flaws, including complicated processes, poor precision and sluggish inspection. Rapid and high throughput solutions are provided by automatic categorization algorithms based on machine learning and computer vision. Modern automatic classification models have made significant strides, yet there is still room for improvement by adding new methods. Since crop production is in the form of population rather than a single variation, the main goal of this study is to offer a technique for getting homogeneous dry bean variants. Although numerous intelligent models have been presented, most rely on a single classifier, which makes them unable to handle noisy and unbalanced data and can cause overfitting. Methods: To reduce bias and variance and avoid overfitting a single classifier-based model, this study provides an ensemble-based prediction model combining pertinent attributes and a simple stacking ensemble technique, Xtreme Stacking Prediction of Dry Beams (X-SPDB). The forecast is made using the proposed X-SPDB, which incorporates several assumptions. Result: Comparisons are made between the proposed X-SPDB’s performance and simple Decision Tree, SVM, Random Forest, Naive Bayes, SVM, Logistic Regression and SVM with XGBoost.

Jugaad Infrastructure: Minor infrastructure and the messy aesthetics of everyday life

AbstractJugaad is an Indian name for versatility and improvisation, a sensibility for improvisation, an ability for improvisation and an enabling of improvisation. This paper proposes the idea of Jugaad Infrastructure for versatile socio‐material infrastructure arrangements that inhabit and thrive in the messy aesthetics of everyday life. It does so by extending the focus of infrastructure geographies from ‘big stuff’ to little devices such as solar lamps that gain significance when deployed in big numbers. The paper advances two ideas. First, it argues that jugaad circumvents the formal–informal boundary set by designers. By piercing this boundary, jugaad affords more fluid socio‐material relationships involving infrastructures and their users. In so doing, jugaad affords versatility. Second, it develops the idea of Jugaad Infrastructure. Jugaad Infrastructure folds two things into it. First, infrastructures that are designed in ways that facilitate jugaad, albeit within firmly maintained boundaries and attempt to capitalise on people's aptitude for jugaad to take different forms, inhabit different spaces, enable different purposes and all this while somewhat retaining their shape. They are easy to maintain. This helps them travel to, function and stay in different places. In this way, small devices spread around in large numbers to become big infrastructure. Second, it represents the ensembles of fluid socio‐material relationships and resources involving infrastructures and their users through which infrastructures are tailored to ‘better’ fit everyday lives and needs. Jugaad Infrastructure inhabits the liminal spaces of struggle between designers claiming jugaad as a limited practice that leads to stable innovations and users deploying unlimited jugaadas an everyday practice of socio‐material flux. The paper is based on qualitative research conducted in India during 2012–2013, 2016 and 2017 using participant observations, discussions and interviews with users, entrepreneurs, market players and designers, in addition to documentary evidence from reports and websites.

Virus Quasispecies Rarefaction: Subsampling with or without Replacement?

In quasispecies diversity studies, the comparison of two samples of varying sizes is a common necessity. However, the sensitivity of certain diversity indices to sample size variations poses a challenge. To address this issue, rarefaction emerges as a crucial tool, serving to normalize and create fairly comparable samples. This study emphasizes the imperative nature of sample size normalization in quasispecies diversity studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. We present a thorough examination of resampling schemes using various simple hypothetical cases of quasispecies showing different quasispecies structures in the sense of haplotype genomic composition, offering a comprehensive understanding of their implications in general cases. Despite the big numbers implied in this sort of study, often involving coverages exceeding 100,000 reads per sample and amplicon, the rarefaction process for normalization should be performed with repeated resampling without replacement, especially when rare haplotypes constitute a significant fraction of interest. However, it is noteworthy that different diversity indices exhibit distinct sensitivities to sample size. Consequently, some diversity indicators may be compared directly without normalization, or instead may be resampled safely with replacement.

Unboxed Data Constructors: Or, How cpp Decides a Halting Problem

We propose a new language feature for ML-family languages, the ability to selectively unbox certain data constructors, so that their runtime representation gets compiled away to just the identity on their argument. Unboxing must be statically rejected when it could introduce confusion, that is, distinct values with the same representation. We discuss the use-case of big numbers, where unboxing allows to write code that is both efficient and safe, replacing either a safe but slow version or a fast but unsafe version. We explain the static analysis necessary to reject incorrect unboxing requests. We present our prototype implementation of this feature for the OCaml programming language, discuss several design choices and the interaction with advanced features such as Guarded Algebraic Datatypes. Our static analysis requires expanding type definitions in type expressions, which is not necessarily normalizing in presence of recursive type definitions. In other words, we must decide normalization of terms in the first-order λ-calculus with recursion. We provide an algorithm to detect non-termination on-the-fly during reduction, with proofs of correctness and completeness. Our algorithm turns out to be closely related to the normalization strategy for macro expansion in the cpp preprocessor.

Dwarf Mongoose Optimization with Transfer Learning-Based Fish Behavior Classification Model

Behavioral monitoring can be used to monitor aquatic ecosystems and water quality over time. Using precise and rapid fish performance detection, fishermen may make educated management decisions on recirculating aquaculture systems while decreasing labor. Sensors and procedures for recognizing fish behavior are often developed and prepared by researchers in big numbers. Deep learning (DL) techniques have revolutionized the capability to automatically analyze videos, which were utilized for behavior analysis, live fish detection, biomass estimation, water quality monitoring, and species classification. The benefit of DL is that it could automatically study the extraction of image features and reveals brilliant performance in identifying sequential actions. This paper focuses on the design of Dwarf Mongoose Optimization with Transfer Learning-based fish behavior classification (DMOTLB-FBC) model. The presented DMOTLB-FBC technique intends to effectively monitor and classify fish behaviors. Initially, the DMOTLB-FBC technique follows Gaussian filtering (GFI) technique for noise removal process. Besides, a transfer learning (TL)-based neural architectural search network (NASNet) model is used to produce a collection of feature vectors. For fish behavior classification, graph convolution network (GCN) model is employed in this work. To improve the fish behavior classification results of the DMOTLB-FBC technique, the DWO algorithm is applied as a hyperparameter optimizer of the GCN model. The experimentation analysis of the DMOTLB-FBC technique is tested on fish video dataset and the widespread comparison study reported the enhancements of the DMOTLB-FBC technique over other recent approaches.

Possibility of decryption speed-up by parallel processing in CCA secure hashed ElGamal.

In order to prove the ElGamal CCA(Chosen Ciphertext Attack) security in the random oracle model, it is necessary to use the group where ICDH(Interactive Computational Diffie Hellman) assumption holds. Until now, only bilinear group with complex algebraic structure has been known as the ICDH group. In this paper, we introduce the ICDH group with simple algebraic structure. In other words, we prove that ICDH assumption holds in the integer group with composite modulus. On the basis of this, we propose the CCA secure hashed ElGamal and its fast variant to speed up decryption by parallel processing. Our parallel scheme has the fastest decryption among all CCA secure PKE(Public Key Encryption) schemes implemented in integer group and gives the possibility that ElGamal protocol could be practical when the big modulus numbers are used to resist the quantum attack.

Modelling the perception of visual design principles on façades through fuzzy sets: towards building an automated architectural data generation and labelling tool

Recent studies showed that deep learning techniques and image processing can identify the distinguishing design principles in architectural façades. However, predicting the strength of a principle is still a challenging task, as it requires a huge amount of annotated design variations. The difficulties in both searching such big numbers of data – and its labelling by experts – slow down the research. This paper proposes a computation approach for obtaining this type of data faster. With the help of parametric modelling and evolutionary algorithms, we could manipulate the design elements, and thereby generate different solutions. An integrated fuzzy logic decision mechanism could enable to carry human knowledge in the judging and labelling of alternatives automatically. The final synthetic data developed from real building images could be used for machine learning applications to enhance our understanding of artistic expression.

The Big, the Small, and the Ugly: The Politics of Scale-Making in a Contested Railway Project in Italy

ABSTRACT This article explores the politics of scale-making in infrastructural development. It argues that ‘megaprojects’, rather than self-evidently ‘big’, are constructed and contested across a continuity of scales from the ‘global’ to the microscopic. Scalar struggles are constitutive of the projects as well as of their contestation. I examine this through a focus on a disputed high-speed railway project in Alpine Italy. First, I examine expert contests over ‘big numbers’ describing the project. Here, the ‘bigness’ is discussed on its own terms, but its rationality is disputed. Second, I study a campaign by local mayors who challenge the project by stressing infrastructural needs that could be met in their respective towns for a fraction of the railway's cost. Third, I describe controversies over microscopic pathogens released during railway construction. This highlights how the megaprojects’ apparent ‘bigness’ depends on the ability to obviate socio-material relations and actants at other scales.

БОЛЬШИЕ ЧИСЛА: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article deals with the concept of «Big numbers» in a historical retrospective. There is the algorithm for writing and reading big numbers in the decimal number system. Big numbers are described in it, also their “value” is illustrated by practice using named numbers. Big numbers are indicated, which are named after their discoverers (the number of Shannon, Skusi, Graham). The units of information that are used in the modern world are considered by this article. International projects based on big numbers are listed there. Examples of big numbers in the megaworld are given.

Enhanced Relative Comparison of Traditional Sorting Approaches towards Optimization of New Hybrid Two-in-One (OHTO) Novel Sorting Technique

In the world of computer technology, sorting is an operation on a data set that involves ordering it in an increasing or decreasing fashion according to some linear relationship among the data items. With the rise in the generation of big data, the concept of big numbers has come into existence. When the number of records to be sorted is limited to thousands, traditional sorting approaches can be used; in such cases, complexities in their execution time can be ignored. However, in the case of big data, where processing times for billions or trillions of records are very long, time complexity is very significant. Therefore, an optimized sorting technique with efficient time complexity is very much required. Hence, in this paper an optimized sorting technique is proposed, named Optimized Hybrid Two-in-One Novel Sorting Technique (OHTO, a mixed approach of the Insertion Sort technique and the Bubble Sort technique. The proposed sorting technique uses the procedure of both Bubble Sort and Insertion Sort, resulting in fewer comparisons, fewer data movements, fewer data insertions, and less time complexity for any given input data set compared to existing sorting techniques.

New interpretation of the table of eclipses in Dresden Codex: Intercalated numbers as fractions

A review to the introductory pages of the Table of Eclipses of the Dresden Codex is made. In particular, the section of three intercalated Maya numbers in columns A, B, C, of page 52a and the list of thirteen 13’s (two bars and three points) present in column D of the same page are studied and interpreted as a way to construct the sequence of 69 eclipse prediction numbers for a total period of 11.958 days. Those intercalated numbers (red & Black) in the codex represent big numbers that are multiples of the 11.960-day period. In combination with the draconic month (as studied by Chinese culture (27,2122)), the sequence of 177, 178, 148 days, intervals can be reproduced. The consequent conclusion is that these intercalated numbers could represent numerical fractions.

Clinico–anatomical characteristic of the traffic trauma in the megapolis environment. The fourth report: estimation of clinical risks

Objective. Establishment and verification of clinical definite risks in the injured persons, in whom trauma have occurred as a consequence of the traffic accidents in environment of megapolis.
 Materials and methods. The pattern of a nature type was used, formatted in accordance to the big numbers law and following the demands and the evidence–based medicine criteria. The investigation volume, which was presented by 1139 observations of trauma as a consequence of the traffic accidents in period 2019–2020 yrs, and formatted using method of a reverse randomization in accordance to the damage signs and the random numbers method.
 Results. In general massive of the injured persons the clinical resultant risk index have constituted 0.05 and was verified as a minimal one in accordance to qualitative characteristic. The risk–creating factor, named “gender” in the injured persons has been situated in range of minimal qualitative characteristic in both genders, but its quantitative values were bigger in men by 66.67 %. Here exist a pronounced dependence of clinical resultant risk index from the age sign of the injured persons, and in the age groups up to 70 yrs old it is minimal, while after 70 years old – nonessential. This index was characterized in all participants of the traffic as a minimal, but the biggest risk of the negative result occurrence concerning the traumatic process course have had the pedestrians. The death risk in the injured person has been raised accurately along with enhancement of the injury severity index, ranging from the minimal to catastrophic one. The negative result risk for the traumatic course has been depended probably on the affection volume: the death probability in the injured person raising accurately with the affection volume enhancement. The damage of 4 anatomic–functional portions was considered as a critical.
 Conclusion. The clinic–epidemiological risk–creating factors have got qualitative characteristic “minimal”– from 0.02 to 0.09, excluding persons of a senile age, for whom they were nonessential (0.2). The biggest risk of the death was revealed in the injured active participants of traffic – drivers (0.03) and pedestrians (0.08). For clinic–nosological risk–creating factors a quite certain trend for the death risk enhancement oi the injured person with enhancement of volume and severity of the damage was depicted in detail, and qualitatively were characterized from minimal (0.01) to catastrophic (0.82). The impact of the risk–creating factors owes a complex character.

Concrete with Coconut Fibre Treated with Sodium Hypochlorite – Compressive and Flexural Strength

Concrete needs to be reinforced to improve its engineering qualities. Coconut fibres were employed for this study since they are widely accessible and come in big numbers. The study compares the qualities of plain concrete and concrete reinforced with coconut fibre based on a laboratory experiment. Better management of these waste fibres will result from using coconut fibres. Two types of coconut fibre treatment were employed – treatment with tap water and treatment with sodium hypochlorite. It is found in this study that adding 1% of coconut fibre does not increase the concrete strength after 7 and 14 days of curing. However, it was discovered that using 1% coconut fibres treated using tap water increased the compressive and flexural strength of the concrete after 28 days of curing by roughly 4% and 3%, respectively. Compressive and flexural strength development agrees very well with each other. Hence, it is concluded that 1% was the ideal fibre concentration (by weight of cement) to obtain a better 28th day of compressive and flexural strength, although not for 7 and 14 days. However, concrete with the highest strengths demonstrated a very low slump value, only 20 mm. A smaller or bigger slump value showed smaller concrete strengths.

English

A cross-sectional study was conducted in five districts in South Western Agro-Ecological Zone (SWAEZ), Uganda, to map pig breed distribution and determine their abundance and population structure. Purposive and snowball sampling methods were used to identify pig farmers whose pigs were included in the study. Pig breeds were identified using the NAADS user guide on pig husbandry. The breeds that were properly identified in the study districts included Camborough, Landrace, and Large White; crosses and locally adapted pig populations were not differentiated into specific breeds. Camborough breed was the least abundant (0.69%), Landrace (5.0%), Large white (15.75%), crosses constituted 23.35% and majority of the pigs (55.2%) belonged to the non-descript locally adapted ecotypes. Piglets (36.82%), constituted the highest percentage to the total pig population followed by females (30.22%), growing females (15%), growing males (11%) and the least were adult males (6.89%). More farms kept the locally adapted populations (56.5%) compared to those with the other breed types, all combined and majority of the farms were owned by females (63.22%). Herd size ranged from 1 to 3 pigs at any given time. Exotic breeds and or crossbreds were kept in big numbers while the locally adapted pigs were few per household; 20.1% of the farms had only one pig. Tethering was the most used type of holding at the farms (62.55%). Exotic breeds have penetrated the rural areas and are very abundant. Locally adapted ecotypes are therefore threatened by continued crossbreeding for breed improvement and introduction of new breeds. Farms keeping locally adapted pigs can be facilitated to increase their herd sizes for profitable projects instead of changing breeds. New breed introduction and promotion should be regulated and monitored. Key words: Pig breeds, distribution, abundance, Southwestern Agro-ecological zone.

When Stars Are Scattered. By Victoria Jamieson and Omar Mohamed.

When we hear stories about refugees, we tend to hear first about numbers. Big numbers. We hear that there are now more than 100 million forced migrants in the world. And while we have long known that there are problems with numbers (Crisp 1999; Krause 2022), we can still get lost in them. It can be especially hard for younger readers as numbers tend to obscure the actual experiences of refugees. This is also true when we think of individual situations, such as the Dadaab refugee complex in Kenya. Since its establishment in the early 1990s, Dadaab has been one of the most researched refugee situations in the world. While this work has brought us important new understandings of the politics of humanitarian practice (Hyndman 2000) and the coping strategies of refugees (Horst 2007), most of this research is not produced by people who live in Dadaab. We tend to only hear about Dadaab in fleeting moments, such as when the Government of Kenya threatens to close the camps or at times of acute need or crisis in the camps. What happens between these moments of attention? How can a younger reader begin to understand daily life for someone their own age in Dadaab?

Lifestyle Entrepreneurship as a Vehicle for Leisure and Sustainable Tourism

The subject of this research is related to sustainable tourism and its connection with lifestyle entrepreneurship. The Portuguese business fabric is formed by micro, small, and medium sized enterprises which have emerged in big numbers over the last years, mainly related directly and indirectly to the tourism industry. The discussed issue of this study is whether these companies are a vehicle for sustainable tourism in rural areas. Via a qualitative method, through a comparative case study of 11 businesses, the goal is to evaluate if the lifestyle entrepreneurship initiatives promote sustainable tourism in rural areas, identifying the specific business created and evaluating their growth toward the planned strategies and actions related to internal resources and capacity, as well as marketing. Lastly, the results present the plans made for growth according to the necessary balance among economic progress, environment, public health, and a social context. This study promotes decision tools for entrepreneurs and destination managers as to the practices to be adopted with the goal of sustainable development. Thus, in terms of ecological responsibility, the use of renewable energy through biomass is a very efficient practice because it both produces energy and reduces waste, since the energy production comes from plants and animal waste.

Not just big numbers

Not just big numbers

Towards a Model of Contractualisation of Labour in India: Testing the Effect of Unionisation of Regular Workers and the Wage Gap

When manufacturing firms employed labour on a low-wage contract in big numbers during the post-reform in India, the demand for cheap contract labourers increased and contract labourers were prepared to work for lower wages as they were not unionised and could not bargain for higher wages. So, have regular workers tried to organise their contractual counterparts so that latter could negotiate higher wages? By helping contract labourers, have regular workers lost the premium wages that they were able to negotiate? In this article, I used wages of regular workers and contract labourers and the wage gap between the two groups to come up with a framework for understanding why contract labourers continued to help firms in India’s manufacturing sector as well by not moving the elasticity of labour demand and demand of substitution of labour upward concerning all other inputs to the production during the post-liberalisation era. I posit four different scenarios to speculate how improved labour flexibility made one of the two sections of workers prosper at the cost of the other section’s hardships.

New prefixes for big numbers and small measurements

The International System of Units (SI) gained four prefixes at the 27th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Paris in November. The CGPM decided to expand the list of SI prefixes to encompass a larger range of numbers—both massive and minuscule. Now, ronna (R) and ronto (r) will describe multiplying factors of 10 27 and 10 –27 , respectively. Quetta (Q) and quecto (q) go even further, to include factors of 10 30 and 10 –30 , respectively. These codified SI prefixes will help data scientists accurately describe gargantuan quantities of digital information that are pushing the limits of the prefix yotta , for 10 24 , which has represented the upper range of the SI prefix list since it was adopted in 1991. The tiny complements of the freshly minted, behemoth prefixes also give chemists a new way to measure our smallest subunits. For example, the mass