Flaveria Research Articles

The effectiveness of warm water compresses in reducing gout pain

Introduction: Gout is caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the body's joints. When there is excess uric acid in the bloodstream and more than can be excreted, the uric acid seeps into the joint tissue, causing pain and swelling. Pain is the most frequent symptom of Gout. The triggering factor that can cause gout is excessive consumption of foods that contain purines. One of the signs and symptoms that people with gout arthritis can feel is pain in the joints, such as in the big toe, wrist joint, foot joint, knee joint, and elbow joint. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of warm water compresses to reduce gout pain. Methods: A qualitative study with a case study approach focused on the effectiveness of warm compresses to reduce gout pain was conducted in 2 patients. Results showed a decreased pain scale after being given warm water compress therapy in patients with gout or gout arthritis. When the results were obtained before the warm water compress therapy, Respondent One experienced a pain scale of 6 and Respondent 2 had a pain scale of 5 after being given warm water compress therapy; the pain scale felt by Respondent 1 was on the pain scale four and respondent two on the pain scale 3. Conclusions: Providing warm water compress therapy to respondents with gout pain or Gout Arthritis reduces the pain scale because warm water compresses are performed. It is hoped that it will be a source of information for the community in dealing with gout pain. In addition, it can also increase the community's insight into maintaining lifestyles, such as diet and the environment, to maintain body health and develop knowledge and skills in providing good nursing care, especially in homecare activities.

Humour in the Special Features of the Costumes in the Comedies by Plautus

The article aims to discuss these elements of costumes which are mentioned in the comedies of Plautus but have been omitted yet in the studies on Plautine stage conventions. The first part of the text concerns the costumes which are worn by actors representing characters that have some special physical features. It appears that drunk characters always wear garlands, which point to their state. Big-bellied costumes are worn by male actors who play pregnant women (Alcmene in Amphitruo) but by those who present pimps during the performance, as well. Moreover, many Plautine slaves are rendered as stout, which, combined with big feet, adds much humour to running-slave scenes. The source of laughter lies not only in the padding used to recreate a big belly but also to show the illusion of large breasts, which are exaggerated in size. Such costumes were worn by male actors who presented meretrices, tibicinae and nutrices on stage. The costumes of foreigners consisted of a tunic with long sleeves, earrings, a headdress called causea, tiara and some kind of sandals. Many of these elements were grotesque, which, on the one hand, helped to increase the visibility of the costumes in the theatre, and on the other, contributed to the comicality of the performance. The article presents passages from the Plautine plays which contain such metatheatrical remarks about costumes used in the 3rd and 2nd century BC.

조선후기 궁중 선유락 복식 연구

This study examines the type, change, and characteristics of Seonyurak (船遊樂)
 dancers' clothing, based on 12 kinds of uigwe (royal protocols) that recorded
 Seonyurak performances. Seonyurak, which used to be handed down as gyobang
 jeongjae (courtesan's dance) in local areas, was introduced into the court due to
 the seonsanggi system after Injo’s Rebellion (仁祖反正). As a local performance
 presented to government officials, who were going abroad as envoys, became
 performed in the royal court, the venue, name, and performance content and
 method of Seonyurak were changed.
 The first performance of Seonyurak was recorded in Wonhaeng eulmyo jeongri
 uigwe (園幸乙卯整理儀軌) in 1795, and it was adopted as an official court dance in
 Gichuk jinchan uigwe (己丑進饌儀軌) in 1829. The clothing of jipsa, assistants, has
 been recorded since Gichuk jinchan uigwe (1829) while that of donggi, young
 female dancers, has been recorded since Musin jinchan uigwe (戊申進饌儀軌, 1849).
 Therefore, the clothing of Seonyurak performers was settled in 1849, and it was
 passed down until 1902, which was the period of the Empire of Korea.
 It is possible that Seonyurak performed in 1795 was in a similar form to
 Baettaragi (排打羅其), another courtesan's dance performed in the northwestern
 region, since its performance venue was in Hwaseong, not the palace. Among them,
 it can be seen that donggi in chaeseon, a boat located in the center of Seonyurak
 performance, served as sogyo (a position of military officer) of Baettaragi, which
 was confirmed by Bongsudang jinchando (奉壽堂進饌圖). However, donggi performed in
 Baettaragi wore red cheollik, the uniform of danghagwan (officials of the lower
 terrace), while those in Seonyurak wore navy cheollik, the uniform of
 dangsanggwan (officials of the upper terrace). Later, since Gichuk jinchan uigue (1829), donggi playing the role of sogyo was
 changed into jipno, and the role of donggi was played by jipsa. The clothing of
 Seonyurak jipsa was a military uniform of danghagwan, which was worn by donggi
 in Bongsudang jinchando (1795) and lasted in the last banquet in 1902. Seonyurak
 jipsa had worn a military uniform as a support garment for cheollik since Imjin
 jinchan (1889) until Imin jinyeon (1902). Before that, it is presumed that they wore a
 green daechangui as a support garment for cheollik.
 As for the clothing of Seonyurak jipno, donggi wore a red danui (丹衣), the uniform
 of the Yeonhwadae dance, in Gichuk jinchan uigwe (1829), and later on they wore
 green dangui (唐衣) since Musin jinchan uigwe (1848) until the last banquet of the
 Empire of Korea. It is confirmed that they wore a red skirt and green dangui in Imin
 jinyeondo (1902).
 Donggi wore a red skirt and a yellow top in Musin jinchando (戊申進饌圖), Jeongjae
 jinchando (丁亥進饌圖), and Sinchuk jinchando (辛丑進饌圖) whereas they wore a green
 dangui only in Imin jinyeondo (壬寅進宴圖). Stand-by dancers of Seonyurak wore the
 basic clothing of court dance performed by yeoryeong (female entertainers).

Bioceutical role of nano and organic selenium on certain reproductive value of laying hen during force molting

Nanotechnology has proposed many new effective forms of nutritional supplement ingredients due to their low toxicity and high bioavailability, among which are nano-selenium, due to their distinctive properties of small particles and increased surface area of ​​compounds, allowing the opportunity for biological interactions. In this study, 48 laying hens, aged 47 weeks, of a rose type were used, and the experiment lasted for two months. The birds were fed two types of diets, one standard and the other a non-standard diet, represented by the use of crushed yellow corn for molting. The birds were divided into six groups 8 birds/group, with the first group receiving a standard diet, the second group receiving only yellow tops crushed, the third group receiving organic-Se 2 g/L with a standard diet, the fourth group receiving Nano-Se 0.5 ml/L with standard stalk, the fifth group receiving organic- Se with straw 2 g/L, and the sixth group receiving nano-Se with straw 0.5 ml/L. The results showed a significant rise in ovary weight, oviduct weight, number of immature and mature follicles, FSH, LH, as well as an improvement in the histological characteristics of the shell gland in the groups treated with nano and organic-Se, indicating that nano-Se plays a critical role in restoring most reproductive and histological parameters to their normal levels, close to the baseline. This study found that organic and nano-Se are crucial in improving most reproductive and physiological parameters of laying hens exposed to molting.

The Clothes Maketh the Cult

The Clothes Maketh the Cult

Making night-time pedestrians safer using innovative clothing designs

Night-time pedestrians, including recreational walkers and runners, remain at significant risk of being killed or seriously injured, because drivers often fail to see them in time to avoid a collision. Clothing incorporating retro-reflective markers on the moveable joints creates a visual perception of biological motion or “biomotion” which has been shown to improve night-time pedestrian conspicuity. This study investigated whether clothing with markings in the biomotion configuration retains its conspicuity if adapted to include thinner or patterned retro-reflective strips making it more acceptable to wear for recreational pedestrians. In a night-time closed road study, the relative conspicuity of pedestrians to 14 young drivers with normal vision (mean age 24.3 ± 3.1 years) was assessed for pedestrians wearing different thicknesses and patterns of biomotion strips and compared with typical clothing worn by night-time pedestrians, including commercially available sports clothing with retro-reflective elements, a fluorescent yellow top, and black clothing. Results showed that all the biomotion configurations resulted in significantly longer recognition distances: around 2 times longer than the sports clothing, 2.5 times longer than the fluorescent top and 4 times longer than the black clothing. Similar trends were found for the distance at which drivers correctly identified pedestrian orientation (towards or sideways to the vehicle), with significantly longer distances for all the biomotion configurations, when compared to the sports, fluorescent top and black clothing. These findings highlight the effectiveness of biomotion clothing, even when using retro-reflective strips as thin as 0.75 cm and have implications for clothing designs for recreational walkers and runners to enhance their night-time safety.

A Strategy for Controlling Motions Related to Sensory Information in a Walking Robot Big Foot.

Acquiring adequate sensory information and using it to provide motor control are important issues in the process of creating walking robots. The objective of this article is to present control algorithms for the optimization of the walking cycle of an innovative walking robot named "Big Foot". The construction of the robot is based on minimalist design principles-only two motors are used, with which Big Foot can walk and even overcome obstacles. It is equipped with different types of sensors, with some of them providing information necessary for the realization of an optimized walk cycle. We examine two laws of motion-sinusoidal and polynomial-where we compare the results with constant angular velocity motion. Both proposed laws try to find balance between minimizing shock loads and maximizing walking speed for a given motor power. Experimental results are derived with the help of a 3D-printed working prototype of the robot, with the correct realization of the laws of motion being ensured by the use of a PD controller receiving data from motor encoders and tactile sensors. The experimental results validate the proposed laws of motion and the results can be applied to other walking robots with similar construction.

Social Media Counterpublics and the Chief Big Foot Memorial Ride

The annual Chief Big Foot Memorial Ride represents the longest continuous example of Lakota memorial and resistance rides in contemporary Lakota activism. First held in 1986, this commemoration of the journey of Chief Big Foot’s band of Lakotas and the subsequent Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 now reaches beyond the confines of the ride itself through the use of social media profiles that serve to both publicize and document the ride. This article seeks to understand the way that photographs from the rides influence the types and amount of engagement it receives on social media. Using a qualitative and quantitative approach, 304 images and their associated engagements from the 2018 ride were analyzed using content analysis and a grounded theory approach. This revealed that certain characteristics gave rise to the construction of a counterpublic around this ride. Findings suggest that both the content of photos and types of authors for posts influenced the number and types of engagements received by certain photographs. Given the relative isolation of many Indigenous communities in the Americas, these findings suggest that certain strategies for social media posts by Indigenous social movements can overcome these barriers to spread their message to a wider audience through strategic use of imagery associated with these movements.

Responsible Adults by Patricia Ann McNair

Reviewed by: Responsible Adults by Patricia Ann McNair Jane Rosenberg LaForge (bio) responsible adults Patricia Ann McNair Cornerstone Press https://www3.uwsp.edu/english/cornerstone/Pages/BOOKS.aspx 202 pages; Print, $18.85 In any other world, freelance editor and substitute teacher Sandy Olsen would seem a paragon of responsibility. She worries over the home lives of her students and takes her cat to the veterinarian for what might as well be a mental health visit; there's nothing physically wrong with her pet. But Sandy also might be a little too candid, telling one fragile student, "Lonely isn't always bad." Her impulse to do good may lead to more harm than she can imagine. Even if you don't blame her after reading "Regarding Alix," one of eighteen short stories in Patricia Ann McNair's Responsible Adults, you might still wonder over the unsettling strangeness of her guilt, its understated quality and dissociation from reality. Or perhaps Sandy, like her creator, is living under unusual circumstances, where the consequences of thoughtless or feckless actions are not necessarily immediate. But they are always damning. There are some frighteningly irresponsible adults in McNair's second collection of short stories: drunken and divorced parents, junkie brothers and oblivious pet owners, most who live in the fictional midwestern town of New [End Page 88] Hope, Illinois. New Hope is two hundred miles outside Chicago, Sandy tells us; it is alternately rustic and working class; a former site of industrial might, and once agriculturally prosperous. Now weighed down by the ennui, it also hosts hoarding, random acts of carelessness, and other bad decisions that will reverberate long after they are made manifest. One story, "Things You Know but Would Rather Not," is built on a premise similar to Kathryn Harrison's 1993 novel Exposure, in which a child is made to pose for a parent's artfully staged, distasteful photographs. In the novel, the child grows to become a deeply troubled woman. For McNair, the damage is still percolating within Mary Alice, an independent and intellectually curious thirteen-year-old. At a gallery showing her mother's photographs, Mary Alice reports on her image: "You could see the bruises on her shins, the ones from everyday use of her legs, her big feet. There was a shadow at the tops of her legs, just under the sheet, something black and mysterious. She looked closer. It was true what they said; her eyes were foggy, not right. … All she knew for certain was that she was hideous." When the photos make her beautiful, Mary Alice's mother rips them apart, stashing the scraps in the cat litter. Her most immediate wish is to die: "It gave her something to focus on. Something all her own to look forward to." "Things You Know but Would Rather Not" is one of the rare McNair stories told in third person, rather than as a first-person confession. Perhaps because of this, we do not get as complete an understanding why Mary Alice's mother insists on publicly humiliating her. We only learn the scale of that humiliation, how it seeps into their interactions. Where McNair's other culpable but unaccountable grown-ups fall on a scale of maliciousness or liability is not necessarily the point. McNair is seeking neither justice for characters who have been wronged nor redemption for the perpetrators. She is more interested in characters such as Sandy, who in hewing to what they believe is the path of the best intentions, nevertheless haunt in this compilation of neglect and absentmindedness. Responsible Adults is an investigation into what constitutes responsibility when so much of life is out of our control. The 2001 destruction of the Twin Towers, otherwise known as 9/11, is one event none of McNair's narrators could have stopped, and it hovers in the background. Two months after 9/11, Sandy is happy to flee Chicago and a "high-rise apartment in the city where planes came in over the lake and circled [End Page 89] overhead" for the woodsy setting of a boarding school. Once the semester ends, she thinks back to the pre-9/11 era as "before any...

Sculpting Time: Sara Rudner in Her Studio

Sculpting Time: Sara Rudner in Her Studio

#FreeBritney and the Pleasures of Conspiracy

#FreeBritney and the Pleasures of Conspiracy

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СТАНУ БІОМЕХАНІКИ ОПОРНО-РУХОВОГО АПАРАТУ ЮНИХ СПОРТСМЕНІВ

The relevance of the research topic. Thetheoretical and practical experience ofspecialists in the field of physical educationand sports serves as a convincing basis forstating the close connection between the stateof the human musculoskeletal system and itshealth, and therefore - the determinants ofinjuries, diseases of the musculoskeletalsystem and internal organs. The purpose of thearticle is determined by the need tocomprehend the current state of developmentof scientific discourse on the problems ofbiomechanics of posture and foot of youngathletes for the representation, perception andevaluation of the layer of scientific knowledgedevoted to them. Material and methods of theresearch. 177 sportsmen (boys) aged 7-10years old were involved in the stating stage ofthe experiment. Methods of the research:analysis of scientific and methodical literature,content analysis of medical records,anthropometric examination, photometryusing the program "BIG FOOT", methods ofmathematical statistics. Results of work. Thedefinition of biomechanical features of a footof boys of 7-10 years old provided carrying outof measurements and calculations similar bothfor the left and for the right feet of theexamined young sportsmen. The minimalshare of persons with normal foot wasobserved among 10-year-old basketballplayers, with moderate flat feet - among 8-year-old basketball players, and with flat foot -among 7-year-old football players.Conclusions. The following peculiarities ofchanges in the geometry of the bonecomponents of the foot of young sportsmen,such as the maximum increase in the length ofthe foot between 7 and 8 years and 8 and 9years, were established during the ascertainingexperiment. The complex dynamics of the formation of biomechanical properties of thefoot of young athletes is traced, which reflectsthe fluctuations of the metatarsal angle, whichcharacterizes the spring properties of the foot;calcaneal angle, which characterizes thesupporting properties of the foot, the angle thatcharacterizes the supporting-resorptionproperties of the foot in general in youngfootball and basketball players.

AN UGLY COW WITH BIG FEET: SEX, METRE AND GENRE INGEORGICS3

Virgil's list of the qualities that are desirable in a brood cow corresponds closely to those in Varro'sDe re rusticaand in the texts which, though later, can be plausibly taken as evidence of an existing tradition. Yet, there is one exception, and it is an exception to which the poet carefully draws attention. Varro's, Columella's and Palladius’ ideal cows all share with Virgil's and with each other hairy ears, very long dewlaps and tail, and other features. However, whereas they all have narrow hooves (ungulis breuibus,Palladius), moderate at most (ungulis modicis, Columella), and certainly not broad (pedibus non latis, Varro), Virgil's cow emphatically has big feet (Verg.G.3.51–9):optima toruaeforma bouis cui turpe caput, cui plurima ceruix,et crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent;tum longo nullus lateri modus: omnia magna,pes etiam, et camuris hirtae sub cornibus aures. 55nec mihi displiceat maculis insignis et albo,aut iuga detrectans interdumque aspera cornuet faciem tauro propior, quaeque ardua totaet gradiens ima uerrit uestigia cauda.The best shapefor a fierce cow is one which has an ugly head, which has a lot of neckand whose dewlaps hang from her chin all the way down to her legs;then let there be no limit to the length of her flank: let everything be big,even the foot, and hairy ears under in-curving horns,and I would approve of her being marked with white spots,either refusing the yoke or sometimes fierce with her hornand in appearance closer to a bull, and who is lofty in every respectand when walking sweeps her tracks with the tip of her tail.Few readers who have sampled the density of Virgil's intertextuality, thecurawith which he selects individual words, or the polyphonic meanings at play in every line of theGeorgicswould be tempted to ascribe any such divergence from the technical tradition to carelessness or indifference. However, even if any were inclined to do so elsewhere, the enjambed phrasepes etiamdraws emphatic attention to this dissent: ‘you may, from your familiarity with the tradition, expect the feet to be an exception, but no, they too should be large’. The reader is thus positively invited to look for an explanation.

Evolution of the Tension Leg Platform

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 30752, “The Tension Leg Platform: From Hutton to Big Foot,” by Steven J. Leverette, Leverette Offshore, and Stephen B. Hodges, Shell (Retired), prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4-7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. The complete paper is a comprehensive discussion of the development and deployment of the tension leg platform (TLP), one of the four major platform types that also include floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessels; semisubmersible floating production systems; and spar platforms. The authors summarize the evolution of the TLP during a nearly 4-decade span and provide a retrospective of the progression of TLP technology, including hull shapes, tendon connectors, flex elements, and riser systems. A Design Driven by Function Although the technology involved may be impressive, the authors remind that essentially it is merely a means of supporting a payload economically in deep water within required motion limits. The ultimate objective is to provide the most cost-effective, safe, reliable platform to meet functional requirements. After almost 50 years of deep water development, platform concepts have broadly stabilized into four categories of functionality: semisubmersibles, TLPs, spars, and ship-shaped FPSOs. Each of these concepts brings unique functionality with different cost/benefit tradeoffs. The driver behind the TLP concept was straightforward from an operator’s perspective: Provide a platform that behaves like a fixed platform with regard to the wells (i.e., dry trees; direct vertical access to wells; minimal tensioner stroke, allowing an array of wells in close proximity without giant tensioner systems such as those found on drilling semisubmersibles; and enabling export risers) in water depths much deeper than any fixed platform. This functionality, however, comes at a cost. While a semisubmersible may look similar in terms of hull and topsides, a TLP designed for the same payload requires 10 to 30% more displacement to provide the pretension in the tendons that keeps them in tension even in the most severe environmental conditions. The TLP also features 10 to 30% more freeboard to account for set-down at large offsets. While a semisubmersible, spar, or FPSO rides the tide and waves, a TLP acts like a fixed structure and, furthermore, is pulled down in the water geometrically at offset positions. The cost of this phenomenon must be offset by improved functionality. Thus, a large TLP with a full drilling rig and 24 wells can be an excellent choice for a large, centralized reservoir that can be drilled from a single location, but it makes little sense in developing a group of small reservoirs spread out over a region.

Breeding of Pink-Colored Big-Lip <i>Phalaenopsis</i> ‘Lovely Angel’

A pink big-lip Phalaenopsis cultivar ‘Lovely Angel’ was developed by the National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration (Korea) in 2017. ‘Lovely Angel’ was derived by artificial crossing between white-colored cultivar P. ‘Timonthy’ and pink-colored flower with big-lip cultivar P. World Class ‘Big Foot’ in 2009. In 2013, 09056-12 was selected as excellent growth and flowering characteristics, such as flower color, shape, and inflorescence number. The first and second characteristic tests were conducted from 2014 to 2017 to evaluate the stability and uniformity, named thereafter as ‘Lovely Angel’. ‘Lovely Angel’ has violet-pink (RHS, PVG81C) flowers with stripes and big purple lips (RHS, PG78B). The incurved florets measure 6.1 and 5.6 cm in length and width, respectively. The number of florets per inflorescence is 20.6, which is suitably large and abundant, and the inflorescence length of ‘Lovely Angel’ is 31.8 cm. The leaves of ‘Lovely Angel’ grow semi-pendulously and are 18.7 cm in length and 6.8cm in width. The new cultivar ‘Lovely Angel’ can be mainly available for small-type potted flowers.

The effectiveness of the technology of physical therapy of flat feet in young athletes of all ages by means of taekwondo

The purpose of this work was to develop technology for physical therapy of flat feet by means of taekwon-do and to check its effectiveness in students of all ages.
 Methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observations; pedagogical methods; instrumental research methods (photometry methods using the BIG FOOT program, myotonometry and electromyography) methods of mathematical statistics. The survey involved 60 young athletes aged 8, 12 and 14 years with flat feet, who were engaged in the Taekwon-Do Sports Club in Ivano-Frankivsk.
 Results. After the study was the technology of physical therapy for flat feet in young athletes has been substantiated and developed, which is based on the didactic, general, organizational and methodological foundations of the process of correcting the vaulted apparatus of the foot and studying the state of muscles related to the anterior and posterior myofascial kinematic chains of the lower leg and foot. The technology of physical therapy provides for the use of taekwondo physical exercises, defines the goals, objectives and principles of corrective measures, forms and methods of conducting taekwondo classes, dosing principles and exercise parameters based on the creation of individual plans for young athletes of a particular age group. The developed technology of physical therapy provides for the implementation of appropriate measures at the preparatory, main and final stages.
 Conclution. Experimental verification of the developed technology of physical therapy for flat feet in young athletes of different ages with using anthropometric, instrumental (photo, myotonometric, electromyographic) research methods proved its e efficiency, which was manifested in improving linear and angular characteristics of the foot, increasing the tone and amplitude-frequency characteristics of muscles, increasing physical qualities and improving methods and techniques of taekwondo.

Production of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) from concentrated yellow top presscake using Clostridium beijerinckii P260

AbstractBACKGROUNDButanol, a superior biofuel to ethanol, can be produced by fermentation of renewable feedstocks such as corn or molasses. Since costs of these feedstocks are high, this biofuel should be produced from economic substrates. Recent studies have identified yellow top (YT) (Physaria fendleri) as an economical feedstock which is currently used for landfill, thus causing environmental pollution. In addition, cutting edge science and technology should be used, such as application of concentrated substrates. This study used concentrated YT ranging from 80 to 150 g L−1.RESULTSAt a YT concentration of 125 g L−1, the culture produced 28.8 g L−1 acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) as compared with 18.68 g L−1 using glucose (control) as substrate, which is 154% of the control fermentation. The control fermentation resulted in a productivity of 0.42 g L−1 h−1, while YT resulted in a productivity of 0.70 g L−1 h−1. In YT fermentation, specific ABE productivity was 543% of that obtained in the control run.CONCLUSIONA YT concentration of 125 g L−1 is beneficial for ABE fermentation. At this concentration, ABE production level, productivity and specific productivity were greatly enhanced. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Design and kinematics of a 3-D printed walking robot “Big Foot”, overcoming obstacles

The proposed study presents an original concept for the design of a walking robot with a minimum number of motors. The robot has a simple design and control system, successfully moves by walking, avoids or overcomes obstacles using only two independently controlled motors. Described are basic geometric and kinematic dependencies related to its movement. It is proposed optimization of basic dimensions of the robot in order to reduce energy losses when moving on flat terrain. Developed and produced is a 3-D printed prototype of the robot. Simulation and experiments for overcoming an obstacle are presented. Trajectories and instantaneous velocities centers of links from the robot are experimentally determined. The phases of walking and the stages of overcoming an obstacle are described. The theoretical and experimental results are compared. The suggested dimensional optimization approaches to reduce energy loss and experimental determination of the instant center of rotation are also applicable to other walking robots.

Outcome Assessment of Open Foot Injuries in A Teaching Hospital in Ghana

Purpose Foot injuries are common in low- and middle-income countries and continue to increase in incidence due to the surge in the use of motorcycles as means of transport.Yet, there is scanty data on the incidence and outcomes of treatment of open injuries to the foot in the developing world.We aimed to determine the incidence and functional outcomes of open foot injuries that are treated in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Methods We used a structured questionnaire to record the type of open foot injury, the mechanism of injury, any concomitant injuries, the time interval between injury and arrival at the hospital for treatment as well as the type of treatment instituted. Recruited patients were followed up for six months, complications resulting from the injury or its treatment were recorded for each patient. The function of the foot after healing of the injury was measured using a questionnaire-based visual analogue outcome scale of the American Foot and Ankle Society. Regression and chi-square analysis were used to evaluate potential associations. Results Over a four-month period, a total of 81 cases of open injuries to the foot were recorded. Out of this figure, 55 patients (67.9%) were males and 26 (32.1%) were females. It was found, that 66.7% aged between 19 and 49 years, 76.5% of the injuries occurred on the road and 29.7% was motor cycle related. Pedestrians are the most afflicted (61.7%). The treatment outcomes of traumatic amputations, open phalangeal fractures, dorsal skin degloving and lacerations were good. Gustillo-Anderson grade IIIB open fractures with associated plantar skin degloving had the worst outcomes with residual pain on weight bearing, bigger foot, inability to wear previous shoes and inability to tiptoe on the affected foot. Conclusions Open injuries to the foot are common in Ghana and exert a significant health burden, particularly on active young males. Long term disability may occur, even after adequate treatment of open fractures involving the foot.

1477-P: Insights from Type 2 Diabetes Patients Suggest Need for Cardiovascular Health Education

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent cardiovascular (CV) outcomes trials have shown CV benefits for several GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate T2D patients’ awareness, perceptions, and behaviors regarding CVD and cardioprotective T2D drugs. An online survey was completed by 927 T2D patients of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds from an opted-in patient research panel in the U.S. Median respondent age was 64 and median duration of diabetes was 15 years. Half were taking a GLP-1 or SGLT2, a statistically robust sample of patients on these therapies. Questions covered perceptions of CVD disease; awareness of and interest in diabetes drugs that reduce CVD risk; knowledge of their own health metrics; physicians seen and frequency of discussions about CVD; self-assigned ‘grades’ on lifestyle behaviors known to reduce CVD risk. Most patients recognized the link between T2D and CVD: 61% strongly agreed that T2D increases CVD risk. Yet, only 29% think often about their risk of CVD. Awareness of CV benefits from some T2D therapies was also low (34% overall; 42% for those on SGLT2 or GLP-1). Interest in taking an additional cardioprotective diabetes agent aligned with awareness (37% overall; 42% for those on SGLT2 or GLP-1). While almost all knew their HbA1c and blood pressure, over 25% did not know their LDL cholesterol or other lipid levels. In the prior year, 31% of patients had seen a cardiologist and 17% had discussed CVD risk with an endocrinologist. Respondents generally ranked themselves ‘average’ to ‘below average’ on heart-healthy behaviors like exercise, weight, sleep, diet, and stress management. Although a majority of T2D patients are aware of the link between T2D and CVD, most are not actively managing their CV health, and few know that some T2D therapies are cardioprotective. These data suggest a need to better inform T2D patients about their risk for CVD, and steps they can take to reduce that risk. Disclosure K.C. Stoner: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple companies and organizations in the diabetes field (greater than 10). E.N. Fitts: Other Relationship; Self; Various diabetes companies. D. Gopisetty: Other Relationship; Self; Various diabetes companies. A. Carracher: Other Relationship; Self; Other. C.S. Florissi: Other Relationship; Self; dQ&A has several clients (>10) in the diabetes field. M.J. Kurian: Other Relationship; Self; Other Company. J. Kwon: Other Relationship; Self; Various diabetes companies. P. Marathe: Consultant; Self; Close Concerns. P. Rentzepis: Other Relationship; Self; Various Diabetes Companies. J.B. Rost: Other Relationship; Self; dQ&A has several clients (>10) in the diabetes field. K.L. Close: Other Relationship; Self; Various diabetes companies. I.B. Hirsch: Consultant; Self; Abbott, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Big Foot, Roche Diabetes Care. Research Support; Self; Medtronic. M.N. Kosiborod: Consultant; Self; Amgen Inc., AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eisai Co., Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline plc., Glytec, LLC, Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novartis AG, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. R. Wood: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple companies in the diabetes field (>10 companies). Funding AstraZeneca