Big Bang Research Articles

Why Just One Big Bang? Chance, Causality and c2 - Inertia

Why Just One Big Bang? Chance, Causality and c2 - Inertia

Spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at a redshift of 14

The first observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have revolutionized our understanding of the Universe by identifying galaxies at redshift z ≈ 13 (refs. 1–3). In addition, the discovery of many luminous galaxies at Cosmic Dawn (z > 10) has suggested that galaxies developed rapidly, in apparent tension with many standard models4–8. However, most of these galaxies lack spectroscopic confirmation, so their distances and properties are uncertain. Here we present JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey–Near-Infrared Spectrograph spectroscopic confirmation of two luminous galaxies at z=14.32−0.20+0.08\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$z={14.32}_{-0.20}^{+0.08}$$\\end{document} and z = 13.90 ± 0.17. The spectra reveal ultraviolet continua with prominent Lyman-α breaks but no detected emission lines. This discovery proves that luminous galaxies were already in place 300 million years after the Big Bang and are more common than what was expected before JWST. The most distant of the two galaxies is unexpectedly luminous and is spatially resolved with a radius of 260 parsecs. Considering also the very steep ultraviolet slope of the second galaxy, we conclude that both are dominated by stellar continuum emission, showing that the excess of luminous galaxies in the early Universe cannot be entirely explained by accretion onto black holes. Galaxy formation models will need to address the existence of such large and luminous galaxies so early in cosmic history.

Strong observational support for the [formula omitted] timeline in the early universe

JWST’s recent discovery of well-formed galaxies and supermassive black holes only a few hundred Myr after the big bang seriously challenges the timeline predicted by ΛCDM. Now, the latest identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at z=6.71, together with these earlier inconsistencies, makes the time compression problem in this model quite overwhelming. We consider the timeline associated with the formation and growth of PAH grains based on current astrophysical models and argue that their appearance at z=6.71 favors the structure formation history in Rh=ct rather than that of Planck-ΛCDM. We estimate the time at which they must have started growing in each case, and then trace their history through various critical events, such as the end of the ‘dark ages’, the beginning of Pop III star formation, and the onset of reionization. Together, these three distinct discoveries by JWST, viz. high-z galaxies, high-z quasars and the surprisingly early appearance of PAHs, all paint a fully consistent picture in which the timeline in ΛCDM is overly compressed at z≳6, while strongly supporting the expansion history in the early Universe predicted by Rh=ct.

Observational constraints on FLRW, Bianchi type I and V brane models

This study explores the compatibility of Covariant Extrinsic Gravity (CEG), a braneworld scenario with an arbitrary number of non-compact extra dimensions, with current cosmological observations. We employ the chi-square statistic and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to fit the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) and Bianchi type-I and V brane models to the latest datasets, including Hubble, Pantheon+ Supernova samples, Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN), Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO), and the structure growth rate, fσ8(z). Parameters for FLRW universe consist Ω0(b),Ω0(cd),Ω0(k),H0,γ,σ8, while for the Bianchi model are Ω0(b),Ω0(cd),Ω0(β),H0,γ,Ω0(θ),σ8. By comparing our models to observational data, we determine the best values for cosmological parameters. For the FLRW model, these values depend on the sign of γ (which gives the time variation of gravitational constant in Hubble time unit): γ>0 yields γ=0.00008−0.00011+0.00015, and Ω0(k)=0.014−0.022+0.024 and γ<0 leads to γ=−0.0226−0.0062+0.0054, and Ω0(k)=0.023−0.041+0.039. It should be noted that in both cases Ω0(k)>0, which represents a closed universe. Similarly, for the Bianchi type-V brane model, the parameter values vary with the sign of γ, resulting in γ=0.00084−0.00021+0.00019, Ω0(β)=0.0258−0.0063+0.0052, and Ω0θ(×10−5)=4.19−0.75+0.67 (as with the density parameter of stiff matter) for γ>0, and γ=−0.00107−0.00020+0.00019, Ω0(β)=0.0259−0.0062+0.0050, and Ω0θ(×10−5)=4.17−0.98+0.91 for γ<0. In both cases Ω0(β)>0, which represents the Bianchi type-V, because in the Bianchi type-I, β=0. Subsequently, utilizing these obtained best values, we analyze the behavior of key cosmological parameters such as the Hubble parameter, deceleration parameter, distance modulus, equation of state, and density parameters that characterize both matter and the geometric component of dark energy, as functions of redshift. Our results notably show that the FLRW model with γ<0 is more compatible with observational data than the Bianchi model, based on various statistical criteria.

Big Bang Implementation of Electronic Health Records in a BSN Prelicensure Program for Documentation Competency.

Only ten percent of nursing schools in the US are currently using EHRs in their curriculum. This is seen to decrease students' effectiveness as new nurses. We began implementation of EHR use in Spring 2024 and have started collecting data as to the effectiveness of this process. This is a starting point using semester 1 junior (J1) students and we plan to have this process follow these students throughout all 4 semesters and assess them in their first year of practice to gain full understanding of the benefits.

Extragalactic 85Rb/87Rb and 6Li/ ^7Li ratios in the Small Magellanic Cloud

The line of sight toward Sk 143 (AzV 456), an O9.5 Ib star in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), shows significant absorption from neutral atoms and molecules. We report a new study of this line of sight by means of high-resolution spectra obtained with the ESPRESSO spectrograph at the VLT of ESO. The absorption from neutral and ionized species is well characterized by a single component at v$_ hel $ approx +132 that was modeled with the ASTROCOOK code. The rubidium Rb I 780.0 nm line is detected for the first time outside the Galaxy, and we derive Rb/H = -1.86 pm 0.09. As a result of the high resolution, the 85Rb and 87Rb isotope lines are also exceptionally well resolved. The 85Rb/87Rb isotope ratio is 0.46, which is opposite of the meteoritic value of 2.43. This implies that Rb is made through a dominant contribution of the $r$-process, which is dominant for the 87Rb isotope. We also confirm the presence of 670.7 nm and set a limit on the isotopic ratio of $^6$Li/$^7Li$ &lt; 0.1. The dominance of the 87Rb isotope implies that Rb is made through a dominant contribution of the $r$-process. At the low metallicity of the cloud of Zn/H = -1.28 pm 0.09 , neutron rich material may have occurred in rotating metal-poor massive stars. Moreover, the low metallicity of the cloud leads to an absolute Li abundance of A($^7$Li) approx 2.2, which differs from the expectation from big bang nucleosynthesis. Because the gas-phase abundance is not affected by stellar depletion, the burning of Li inside the halo stars is probably not the solution for the cosmological $^7$Li problem.

Nature of Space And Dimension of Observable Universe and Beyond

My innovative research into space, its definition, types, and transformation methods has led to the formulation of space transformation laws and space-matter transformation laws. These methods and laws govern the nature of the entire space. In this research, I have covered the entirety of space-time (Spacetime, 2022) and beyond by exploring the &amp;quot;Dimension of the Observable Universe and Beyond.&amp;quot; The universe is defined as all space-time and its contents (Universe, 2022). However, several questions remain open regarding higher dimensions (String theory vs Loop quantum gravity: Wild hunt for Quantum Gravity, 2020), singularity (Gravitational singularity, 2022), gravity collapse at the black hole horizon, unified gravity, the theory of everything (Theory of everything, 2022), dark matter (Dark matter, 2022) (What is dark matter made of? Leading theories explained: Axion, Wimp, Machos, 2020), dark energy (Dark energy, 2022) (What is dark energy made of? Quintessence? Cosmological constant?, 2020), and existence beyond the observable universe. These unresolved questions have driven the scientific research on the &amp;quot;Nature of Space and Dimension of Observable Universe and Beyond.&amp;quot; My findings indicate that space itself is an entity with physical properties. Space can transform or convert to matter and vice versa. Higher dimensions extend beyond singularities (Gravitational singularity, 2022), the black hole horizon, and the observable universe (Universe, 2022). Several types of research have been conducted, including studies on Minkowski Space (Minkowski space, 2022), General Relativity (Quantum Gravity: How quantum mechanics impacts Einstein’s general relativity, 2020) (General Relativity Explained simply &amp;amp; visually, 2020), Loop Quantum Gravity (String theory vs Loop quantum gravity: Wild hunt for Quantum Gravity, 2020), String Theory (Standard Model, 2022) (String theory vs Loop quantum gravity: Wild hunt for Quantum Gravity, 2020) (String theory, 2022) (Theory of everything, 2022), the Higgs field (Higgs boson, 2022), and the Aether medium (Aether (classical element), 2022). Despite these studies, questions remain regarding higher dimensions, unified gravity, dark matter (Dark Matter, 2022) (What is dark matter made of? Leading theories explained: Axion, Wimp, Machos, 2020), dark energy (Dark energy, 2022) (What is dark energy made of? Quintessence? Cosmological constant?, 2020), the theory of everything, and the space beyond the universe. Research into the existence of matter has shown that space was previously accepted merely as a void or an empty space-time background. However, there have been significant efforts to explore space-time as an entity and investigate higher dimensions through Loop Quantum Gravity (Loop Quantum Gravity Reveals What Came Before the Big Bang, 2018) and String Theory (String theory, 2022). Defining space and exploring the relationship between matter and space have become crucial, particularly in understanding higher dimensions. My research, which reflects the &amp;quot;Dimension of the Observable Universe and Beyond,&amp;quot; encompasses all existence within the observable universe and extends beyond it. The definitions of space, types of space, space transformation, and space-matter transformation comprehensively describe the nature of the entire universe. Additionally, the definitions of the GODEYE and GODEYE Models explain the phenomena of universe expansion-contraction and gravity at a fundamental level for the &amp;quot;dimension of the observable universe and beyond.&amp;quot; This provides a novel foundation for addressing these open questions and represents a significant advancement in astrophysics and our understanding of existence.

SDLC Big Bang dan Waterfall : Perbandingan Pendekatan dalam Pengembangan Perangkat Lunak

The development of software necessitates the selection of appropriate methodologies to ensure effectiveness and quality. This research aims to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Big Bang and Waterfall methodologies through the analysis of diverse case studies. The Big Bang approach allows teams to begin work swiftly without detailed initial planning, yet it often results in products with inconsistent quality and susceptibility to bugs. Conversely, the Waterfall method provides a structured, sequential approach but lacks flexibility in accommodating changes. Choosing the right methodology should be tailored to meet the specific needs and characteristics of each project. It is essential for professionals to have a comprehensive understanding of each methodology to increase the likelihood of success in software development. This study lays a robust foundation for future advancements, emphasizing the importance of empirical research and exploring hybrid approaches.

Gravitational wave as a probe of light feebly interacting dark matter

Light feebly interacting dark matter is widely predicted in a plethora of new physics models. However, due to very feeble couplings with the standard-model particles, its relic density produced via the relativistic thermal freeze-out process easily exceeds the observed value. The entropy dilution in an early matter-dominated era provides an attractive mechanism for solving such an overabundance problem. In this work, we note that this dark matter dilution mechanism will lead to two distinctive kinks in the primordial GW spectrum, whose frequencies strongly correlate with the DM mass. We show that the GW detectors, such as Cosmic Explorer (CE) and Big Bang Observer (BBO), can measure the kinks in the primordial GW spectrum and will offer a new avenue to probe light feebly interacting dark matter. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Spherical symmetric solutions of conformal Killing gravity: black holes, wormholes, and sourceless cosmologies

Abstract The most general set of static and spherically symmetric solutions for conformal Killing gravity coupled to Maxwell fields is presented in closed form. These solutions, depending on six parameters, include non-asymptotically flat black holes or naked singularities, non-asymptotically flat traversable wormholes, and (possibly singularity-free) closed universes. We also consider the inverse problem, showing that the most general energy–momentum tensor generating a given static spherically symmetric metric depends on three parameters. Sourceless time-dependent isotropic solutions are also given. These solutions depending on the curvature, the cosmological constant, and a new integration constant α, present a rich variety, including singularity-free eternal cosmologies and universes evolving symmetrically from a big bang to a big crunch within a finite lapse of time.

Cold dark matter and holographic dark energy cosmological model with big rip singularity

In this paper, we have explored cold dark matter and holographic dark energy cosmological model with big rip singularity. To obtain the solution of the field equation, we supposed that scalar expansion [Formula: see text] is proportional to shear scalar [Formula: see text], which leads to [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] are metric potentials and [Formula: see text] is constant. Big bang and big rip singularity are investigated. The state-finder parameter is analyzed. The physical and geometrical parameters of the universe are explained.

In search of the biggest bangs since the big bang

Many galaxies contain SuperMassive Black Holes (SMBHs), whose formation and history raise many puzzles. Pulsar timing arrays have recently discovered a low-frequency cosmological “hum” of gravitational waves that may be emitted by SMBH binary systems, and the JWST and other telescopes have discovered an unexpectedly large population of high-redshift SMBHs. We argue that these two discoveries may be linked, and that they may enhance the prospects for measuring gravitational waves emitted during the mergers of massive black holes, thereby opening the way towards resolving many puzzles about SMBHs as well as providing new opportunities to probe general relativity.

Constraining MeV to 10 GeV Majorons by big bang nucleosynthesis

We estimate the big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) constraint on the majoron in the mass range between 1 MeV to 10 GeV which dominantly decays into the standard model neutrinos. When the Majoron lifetime is shorter than 1 sec, the injected neutrinos mainly heat up background plasma, which alters the relation between photon temperature and background neutrino temperature. For a lifetime longer than 1 sec, most of the injected neutrinos directly contribute to the protons-to-neutrons conversion. In both cases, deuterium and helium abundances are enhanced, while the constraint from the deuterium is stronger than that from the helium. Li7 abundance gets decreased as a consequence of additional neutrons, but the parameter range that fits the observed Li7 abundance is excluded by the deuterium constraint. We also estimate other cosmological constraints and compare them with the BBN bound. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Revitalising EU Enlargement? A New Dawn in EU Accession Post-Ukraine Invasion

In this article, we compare the developments of the enlargement policy after Russia invaded Ukraine to the policy prior to the invasion covering the period after the Big Bang enlargement. The widening policy before the invasion was rather inefficient because the member states governments assessed the importance of institutional binding of new members disparately, which affected the aspiring countries, as the EU appeared to be indecisive regarding the accession of new states. The perception of an increased security threat, because of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, is likely to lead to a shift in the European Union’s enlargement policy, including the demands for an institutional adjustment in the EU to increase its integration capacity and simplify the decision-making procedures. It is, however, questionable whether eventual institutional adjustments will produce desirable outcomes for the European Union because of the existence of different interests among the member states.

Can teleparallel f(T) models play a bridge between early and late time Universe?

ABSTRACT The ability of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis theory to accurately predict the primordial abundances of helium and deuterium, as well as the baryon content of the Universe, is considered one of the most significant achievements in modern physics. In the present study, we consider two highly motivated hybrid $f(T)$ models and constrain them using the observations from the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis era. In addition, using late-time observations of Cosmic Chronometers and Gamma-Ray Bursts, the ranges of the model parameters are confined which are in good agreement with early time bounds. Subsequently, the common ranges obtained from the analysis for early and late time are summarized. Further, we verify the intermediating epochs by investigating the profiles of cosmographic parameters using the model parameter values from the common range. From this study, we find the considered teleparallel models are viable candidates to explain the primordial-intermediating-present epochs.

Dark matter from evaporating primordial black holes in the early universe

Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) could dominate in the early universe and, evaporating before Big bang Nucleosynthesis, provide new freeze in mechanism of dark matter (DM) production. The proposed scenario is considered for two possible mechanisms of PBH formation and the corresponding continuous PBH mass spectra so that the effect of non-single PBH mass spectrum is taken into account in the results of PBH evaporation, by which PBH dominance in the early universe ends. We specify the conditions under which the proposed scenario can explain production of dark matter in very early universe.

Quantum Buzzle, Vacuum Dynamics and the Big Bang

This Article Aims to Describe the Inherent Connection between Three Seemingly Unrelated Topics: The quantum buzz, vacuum dynamics and the Big Bang. First, we introduce what are called quantum buzzles. Next, we explain what is called vacuum dynamics, which refers to the space where the quantum particle lives and functions in unexpected ways. Finally, we use matrix mechanics to show how to combine the first and second parts to arrive at an explanation of the formation and explosion of the Big Bang.  The Striking Result is that: The formation and explosion of the Big Bang is indispensable, but it takes millions or even billions of years and is an inevitable ultimate formation and explosion of infinite free space.

The Decoherent Arrow of Time and the Entanglement Past Hypothesis

If an asymmetry in time does not arise from the fundamental dynamical laws of physics, it may be found in special boundary conditions. The argument normally goes that since thermodynamic entropy in the past is lower than in the future according to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, then tracing this back to the time around the Big Bang means the universe must have started off in a state of very low thermodynamic entropy: the Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis. In this paper, we consider another boundary condition that plays a similar role, but for the decoherent arrow of time, i.e. the subsystems of the universe are more mixed in the future than in the past. According to what we call the Entanglement Past Hypothesis, the initial quantum state of the universe had very low entanglement entropy. We clarify the content of the Entanglement Past Hypothesis, compare it with the Thermodynamic Past Hypothesis, and identify some challenges and open questions for future research.

Effects of Pre-harvest Applications of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Oxalic Acid on Biochemical Compounds and Fruit Quality of ‘Big Bang’ Nectarine Variety

Effects of Pre-harvest Applications of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and Oxalic Acid on Biochemical Compounds and Fruit Quality of ‘Big Bang’ Nectarine Variety

Stress and Geometry for Isotropic Singularities.

We develop the mathematics needed to treat the interaction of geometry and stress at any isotropic spacetime singularity. This enables us to handle the Einstein equations at the initial singularity and characterize allowed general relativistic stress-energy tensors. Their leading behaviors are dictated by an initial hypersurface conformal embedding. We also show that an isotropic big bang determines a canonical nonsingular metric on and about the initial hypersurface as well as a cosmological time. This assigns a volume and energy to the initial point singularity.