Bidimensional Model Of Acculturation Research Articles

4 A Novel Brief Measure of Acculturation and its Association with Subjective and Objective Cognition

Objective:There is equivocal evidence that acculturation is associated with cognition. Various factors may contribute to ambiguous findings in the neuropsychology setting, including psychometric limitations of tools available for assessing acculturation as well as the frequent conflation of bilingualism with acculturation. Additionally, neuropsychological research on acculturation and cognition has largely failed to account for bidimensional models of acculturation, which have greater empirical support over unidimensional models. In response to these limitations and the theoretical literature on acculturation, we developed the Perceived Identity & Ethnicity Scales (PIES), a brief rating scale system to quickly (<2 minutes) capture an individual's perceived acculturative identity across several domains. In the current study, we sought to (1) provide initial psychometric support of the PIES and (2) examine how it relates to cognition in a culturally and linguistically diverse sample.Participants and Methods:We recruited 242 individuals from both university and community samples (age=23.7±7.6, range 18-72; <12 Years of Education=4%; 78% Female; 58% Hispanic/Latin American; 69% middle SES; 22% educated outside the USA). In addition to demographic questionnaires, participants completed the PIES; an established measure of acculturation (the Bicultural Involvement Questionnaire, BIQ) and bilingualism (Bilingual Language Profile, BLP); measures of mood (the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales, DASS; Apathy Evaluation Scale, AES); and of self-reported cognitive functioning (Everyday Cognition, ECog). A subsample of Spanish speakers (n=86) also completed a cognitive battery validated for use in this population (the Spanish English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales, SENAS). For the first aim, we examined the reliability, validity, and dimensionality of the PIES in the full sample. In the Spanish-speaking subsample, we examined the relationship between the tool and both subjective and objective cognition using linear regression controlling for age, education, sex/gender, and premorbid intellectual functioning.Results:Measures of internal consistency and dimensionality supported a bidimensional model of acculturation; identification with culture of family origin (PIES-O) was not related to identification with US American culture (PIES-U; r=0.036, p>0.05). Cultural preference scores from the BIQ were associated with PIES-O (r=-0.322) and PIES-U (r=0.277; both ps<0.001) in the expected directions. PIES-O (r=0.350) and PIES-U (r=-0.432) were associated with the ability to speak a language other than English on the BLP (both ps<0.001). PIES-U, but not PIES-O, was also strongly associated with other BIQ and BLP scores as well as with receiving education outside of the USA at medium to large effect sizes (rs=0.3 to 0.6; all ps<0.001). In the subsample, PIES-O and PIES-U were not associated with subjective cognition as measured by the ECog (AR2=0.016, p>0.05); global cognition as measured by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; AR2=0.046, p>0.05); or SENAS cognitive composite scores (AR2=0.016, p>0.05) after controlling for covariates.Conclusions:Findings provide strong initial psychometric support for the utility of the PIES in the assessment of acculturation. Moreover, these results further support the bidimensional model of acculturation. Acculturation as measured by the PIES was not associated with cognitive abilities in this highly educated and mainly female cross-sectional sample. Longitudinal research accounting for acculturation is needed to elucidate these relationships.

Ethics-related value acculturation: the case of Thai employees working at UK and Japanese MNCs in Thailand

PurposeMultinational corporations (MNCs) at their foreign subsidiaries hire local employees, whose cultural values may differ from the organisations' home cultures. Such value differences may pose managerial difficulties, making it critical to observe whether working at MNCs changes local employees' cultural values, reducing these differences. This study investigates how and to what extent local employees from a collectivistic culture acculturate their ethics-related values when working at MNCs' foreign subsidiaries. The authors examine (1) whether local employees change their values to become closer to the MNCs' home cultures, and if so, (2) whether the cultural distance between the MNCs' home and host national cultures affect the degree of such adaptation.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected through stratified random sampling from Thai employees of a Japanese-owned MNC (n = 196), a UK-owned MNC (n = 143) and a Thai-owned organisation (n = 137), all operating in Thailand. Hypotheses were developed using Berry's bidimensional acculturation model and were tested using OLS and logistic regression analyses.FindingsThe study's findings indicate that MNCs' local employees from collectivistic cultures adopt Berry's integration acculturation strategy and acculturate their ethics-related values – collectivism, ethical relativism, collective responsibility preference and executive pay differentiation tolerance – towards the values prevalent in MNCs' home cultures. Overall, acculturation is greater when cultural distance is greater. New insights are presented in relation to collective responsibility preference and pay differentiation tolerance.Originality/valueFindings add to current knowledge on acculturation in management by (1) providing new insights into value acculturation (2) utilising Berry's acculturation model to analyse employees' acculturation within an organisation in the context of an emerging economy, outside the more frequently studied topic of mergers and acquisitions, and (3) investigating the impact of cultural distance on the degree of employee acculturation outside the field of expatriate adjustment.

Sociocultural and Psychological Acculturation Strategies of South African International Students in a Flemish University in Belgium

Due to an increase in mobility programs, the number of South African international students is on the rise. Despite this increase there is a lack of research on South African international students. The acculturation challenges of South African international students, studying in Flanders, Belgium in a non-Anglophonic context was investigated. A Photovoice method explored barriers and facilitators in their adjustment process. Participants captured their experiences through a visual lens. Focus groups conducted, utilized images as prompts to the narratives. The data was analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The two main themes identified were related to Sociocultural and Psychological adjustment. We adapted Berry’s bidimensional acculturation model, used it as an overarching framework and merged it with an Ubuntu African perspective. The data suggest that for facets of the host nation superficially rooted and easy to adapt to, participants generally adopted an assimilation strategy. Whereas a separation strategy was adopted for facets of the host nation that were deeply ingrained such as worldviews.

Acculturation and attitudes toward code-switching: A bidimensional framework.

Aims and objectives:Code-switching, the spontaneous switching from one language to another within a single speech event, is often performed by bilinguals who have mastered a communicative competence in two languages. It is also a social strategy – using linguistic cues as a means to index social categories and group solidarity. Code-switching is, therefore, linked to attitudes, seen as a reflection of the speaker and their values and identities. Traditionally perceived negatively, attitudes toward code-switching have been shown to be acceptable in certain cases, such as in multilingual contexts. However, it has yet to be determined empirically whether attitudes toward code-switching are associated with individual social characteristics, including cultural identity and identity negotiation. Adopting the bidimensional model of acculturation, the goal of the study was to investigate the relationships among cultural identity and code-switching attitudes. Specifically, we sought to examine whether the bidimensional framework can be used to characterize and distinguish biculturals and whether such distinctions result in differences in code-switching attitudes and other related factors.Data and analysis:Cantonese-English bilinguals (n = 67) reported their language background and completed questionnaires relating to identity and code-switching.Findings:The findings suggest the bidimensional model was successful in classifying biculturals versus non-biculturals and, additionally, that biculturals could be differentiated according to their strength of cultural identification, which we designated as strong biculturals, Canadian-oriented biculturals, Chinese-oriented biculturals, and weak biculturals. Findings also revealed significant group differences in code-switching attitudes and other factors, such as code-switching comfort and preference, among the bicultural subgroups.Implications:The study supports the hypothesis that code-switching is linked to bicultural identity. The results conclude that a more nuanced classification of biculturals is meaningful, as individual differences in cultural identification among biculturals are linked to significant differences in code-switching comfort, code-switching preference, code-switching attitudes, and multicultural attitudes.

The role of adult attachment in international students’ acculturation process

International students face a variety of challenges in their acculturation process. Acculturation, the process of adapting to a new cultural environment, is highly variable and influenced by environmental and individual factors that exist before or arise during acculturation. Among the moderating personal factors existing prior to acculturation, adult attachment has received attention as an important variable impacting the acculturation process and adaptation outcomes. Based on the bi-dimensional model of acculturation (Berry, 1997) and the concept of adult attachment (Bowlby, 1977), the current study hypothesized that an insecure attachment (i.e., high attachment anxiety and avoidance) would predict more acculturative stress, less psychological adaptation, and less sociocultural adaptation. We also hypothesized that students who highly identified with their heritage culture and were highly acculturated to the U.S. culture would experience higher levels of psychological and sociocultural adaptation. Also, we examined if adult attachment moderated the effects of acculturation on international students’ psychological and sociocultural adaptation. International students enrolled in higher education institutions in different geographic locations in the United States (N = 221) completed measures of adult attachment, acculturation, acculturative stress, and psychological and sociocultural adaptation. The results suggested that attachment anxiety was a significant predictor of international students’ psychological adaptation. High acculturation to the U.S. significantly predicted more sociocultural adaptation. Attachment avoidance significantly moderated the effect of acculturation to the U.S. culture on international students’ psychological distress, while attachment anxiety was a significant moderator for the effect of acculturation to the U.S. culture on sociocultural adaptation.

Acculturation strategies, age at migration, and self-rated health: An empirical study on internal migrants in China

Berry's bidimensional acculturation model categorizes acculturation status (integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization) by preference toward host and origin cultures. According to Berry's theory, different acculturation strategies yield different health outcomes, and age at migration moderates the relationship between acculturation and health outcome. Previous research has applied this model to understand acculturation's influence on international migrants' health outcomes, but rarely for internal migrants. This research examines these relationships using a national survey on Chinese internal migrants. Using propensity score weighting, the results align with previous findings that integration strategy-using migrants reported optimal health status, separation/assimilation strategy-using migrants reported suboptimal health, and marginalization strategy-using migrants reported the worst health, suggesting the model can explain health disparities among internal migrants. Moreover, older age at migration deteriorates health outcomes and moderates health disparities among migrants employing different acculturation strategies. However, age at migration's moderating effect is significant only among inter-provincial migrants. Embracing the host society inhibits health deterioration among inter-provincial migrants with older age at migration, whereas rejecting or embracing both societies facilitates health deterioration among intra-provincial migrants.

A latent class analysis of acculturation and depressive symptoms among Latino immigrants: Examining the role of social support

Drawing upon Berry’s (1980) bi-dimensional model of acculturation and using data from a community-based sample of adults in Miami-Dade, Florida, the current investigation compared various immigrant acculturation profiles in their levels of depressive symptoms and assessed the mediating role of social support in explaining mental health differences across these acculturation profiles. Latent class analysis specified separated, partial separated, bicultural and marginal profiles of acculturation among Latino immigrants. Notably, our findings identified a small, albeit significant, marginal class among Latino immigrants, and both bivariate and multivariate findings demonstrated that those in marginal class reported the poorest mental health. Our findings further revealed that the observed mental health disadvantage among the marginal class relative to other immigrants was due to their disadvantage in family support . Overall, this investigation further underscores the importance of family support as an element of immigrant acculturation experience and mental health. From a policy perspective, social support, specifically family support, is critical for immigrant mental health, and a lack of family support may increase the risk for developing a marginal experience and mental health problems among a growing population of Latino immigrants in the United States.

Korean immigrant older adults residing in Non-Korean ethnic enclaves: Acculturation strategies and psychosocial adaptation

ABSTRACTBased on Berry’s bi-dimensional model of acculturation, this study examined acculturation strategies among first-generation Korean immigrant older adults residing in areas without a well-established Korean ethnic enclave and how their acculturation strategies are associated with psychosocial adaptation and acculturative stressors. Cluster analysis (N = 108) identified three acculturation strategies such as separated, moderately bicultural, and fully bicultural, indicating that the sample did not exhibit all four acculturation strategies of Berry’s model. The moderately bicultural group of the sample was the most dominant in size, which indicated strong adherence to Korean culture. The fully bicultural group reported less acculturative stress and depressive symptoms than the separated group, which indicated that biculturalism is strongly associated with a better psychosocial adaptation. A factor analysis showed that the separated group perceived stressors such as limited English proficiency and social isolation as more stressful than the other groups. The findings suggest that even though a strong adherence to ethnic culture might be a first-generation Korean immigrant older adults’ dominant acculturation strategy, it may make them more vulnerable to lingual and cultural barriers in a mono-cultural community without Korean ethnic enclaves. Implications for social work practice are explored.

Standing out vs fitting in: luxury value perception and acculturation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the impact of American culture-oriented values, Chinese culture-oriented values and self-improvement values on luxury value perception through acculturation by examining an acculturated sample (Chinese living in the USA), a host cultural sample (Caucasian-American) and a home cultural sample (Mainland Chinese).Design/methodology/approachIn order to examine the acculturative changes of Chinese living in the USA in terms of the influence of American and Chinese culture-oriented values and self-improvement values on their luxury value perception, data were collected via three online samples: host (American), home cultural (Chinese) and acculturated (Chinese living in the USA). Effects of acculturation were tested via comparisons between acculturated to host and home cultural samples.FindingsCompared to that of Mainland Chinese and Caucasian-Americans, luxury value perception of Chinese living in the USA is jointly influenced by both American and Chinese culture-oriented values. The influence of cultural values on luxury value perception of Chinese living in the USA is not strengthened by their wish to integrate into the American culture or to maintain their Chinese culture. Nevertheless, Chinese living in the USA show more significant self-improvement (standing out) and conformity (fitting in) motives in luxury value perception when they wish to integrate into the mainstream culture.Originality/valueThe authors surveyed acculturated sample, host and home cultural samples to test the bidimensional acculturation model (Berry, 1997) in the context of luxury consumption. Although the conceptual model is not fully supported, this research broadens current understanding of the effect of acculturation on luxury value perception.

PTSD and timing of trauma exposure in shaping the HPA-axis profile in depression

Drawing upon Berry’s (1980) bi-dimensional model of acculturation and using data from a community-based sample of adults in Miami-Dade, Florida, the current investigation compared various immigrant acculturation profiles in their levels of depressive symptoms and assessed the mediating role of social support in explaining mental health differences across these acculturation profiles. Latent class analysis specified separated, partial separated, bicultural and marginal profiles of acculturation among Latino immigrants. Notably, our findings identified a small, albeit significant, marginal class among Latino immigrants, and both bivariate and multivariate findings demonstrated that those in marginal class reported the poorest mental health. Our findings further revealed that the observed mental health disadvantage among the marginal class relative to other immigrants was due to their disadvantage in family support . Overall, this investigation further underscores the importance of family support as an element of immigrant acculturation experience and mental health. From a policy perspective, social support, specifically family support, is critical for immigrant mental health, and a lack of family support may increase the risk for developing a marginal experience and mental health problems among a growing population of Latino immigrants in the United States.

텍사스 거주 한국 교민들의 미국 및 한국 방송 이용 특성 연구 : 이차원적 문화적응 모델의 적용

본 연구는 해외 교민들의 미디어 이용 행태와 이를 설명하는 요인들을 검증할 목적으로 문화적응 모델 및 이용과 충족 접근을 기반으로 미국 텍사스 거주 교민의 문화적응의 유형별 수준과 미국 및 한국 미디어의 이용량, 이용 동기, 만족도 간의 관계규명을 위한 실증조사를 실시했다. 양국 방송 이용 동기 차원들은 대체로 이용 만족도와 매우 강한 정적인 상관관계를 가지며, 문화적응의 네 가지 유형의 특성(통합성, 동화성, 격리성, 주변화성)은 기존 이론 및 연구들과 일관된 미디어 이용 결정력을 가지는 결과가 나타났다. 통합성이 강할수록 양국 방송에 대한 정보/뉴스 추구 동기 및 이용 만족도, 그리고 이용량도 커진다. 격리성은 미국방송에 대한 이용 동기와 만족도, 이용량을 감소시키는 주요 요인이다. 동화성은 미국 방송 행태의 특성에 긍정적 영향을 준다. 주변화성은 양국 방송 이용 동기 및 만족도와는 아무런 연관성이 없고, 방송 이용량을 감소시키는데 기여한다. 이 결과는 이원적 문화적응 모델이 이론적 틀로 자리잡는데 강한 근거를 제공하며, 더 정교화할 필요성과 함께 확장되거나 응용이 가능함을 시사한다. 인구사회학적 속성에서는 연령, 학력, 성별, 미국 거주 기간 등이 주목할 만한 요인들이다. 이용 동기 및 만족도 요인들도 주요 변인들로 판명되었다. 정보/뉴스 추구와 인지적 만족도는 미국 방송 시청량을 결정하며, 한국 방송을 시청하게 되는 유력한 동기는 충족기회 차원에서이고 정서적 만족도가 긍정적 기여를 한다.

Locals’ Bidimensional Acculturation Model

Across two studies, we tested whether members of host communities (i.e., locals) can themselves simultaneously maintain their national culture maintenance and adapt toward cultural diversity (i.e., multiculturalism) in their own home country, supporting a bidimensional model of acculturation, or whether these strategies are incompatible, supporting a unidimensional model of acculturation. We modified the Vancouver Index of Acculturation (Multi-VIA) to assess locals’ national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation within their own home country. Study 1 supported the bidimensionality of the Multi-VIA in an American sample ( n = 218). Moreover, we found an oblique association between locals’ national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation. In Study 2, we tested the Multi-VIA’s psychometric properties across three continent groups (North America, Europe, and Asia; N = 619). Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good model fit for the entire sample. Nevertheless, the association between national culture maintenance and multicultural adaptation was orthogonal for Asians and oblique for Americans and Europeans. In addition, national culture maintenance predicted higher levels of locals’ life satisfaction, whereas multicultural adaptation was associated with less acculturative stress and greater intercultural sensitivity.

Measuring globalization-based acculturation in Ladakh: Investigating possible advantages of a tridimensional acculturation scale

Theories and methodologies within acculturation psychology have been advanced in order to capture the complex process of intercultural contact in various contexts. Differentiating globalization-based acculturation from immigrant-based acculturation has broadened the field of acculturation psychology to include groups who are exposed to global cultural streams without international migration. The globalization-based acculturation process in the North Indian region of Ladakh appears to be a tricultural encounter, suggesting an addendum to the bidimensional acculturation model for this group (and perhaps for others as well). This study explores the development, usability, and validity of a tridimensional acculturation measure aiming to capture the multicultural orientations initiated by the process of globalization in Ladakh. The tridimensional acculturation scale was found to fit the data significantly better compared to the bidimensional scale. Implications for the study of globalization-based acculturation are discussed.

Ассимиляция или интеграция: роль ценностей «Самоутверждение»

This study examines the role of ethnic minorities’ values in preferences for different acculturation strategies. We used Berry’s bidimensional model of acculturation, and Schwartz’s refined theory of 19 basic values. We hypothesized that individual values associate with acculturation preferences of ethnic minorities’. The sample consisted of two groups of adolescents, Russians and Poles, aged from 15 to 21 years old (N = 298). Using k-means clustering we assigned participants in four acculturation clusters: in- tegration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Profiles, which correspond to the four Schwartz higher-order values across clusters and groups, were compared through ANOVA measures. The analysis has shown that participants in the assimilation cluster scored significantly higher on Self-Enhancement than participants in the integration cluster. The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.

The Simulated Acculturation Model in the FOUNTAINS-Game

Background. The problems and benefits of a multicultural society are actively discussed in many countries. FOUNTAINS is a table-top simulation game designed as a study aid to enhance comprehension of cultural integration processes. The game was developed for use in regular classroom settings and has been successfully tested with several groups of participants. The design of the game is based on the bi-dimensional model of acculturation that focuses on the joint issues of maintaining one’s culture and involvement in decision making. It also introduces the dilemma of cooperation and competition in a situation of limited resources. Participants must find ways to preserve their own comprehensive culture and at the same time provide other groups access to resources. Aim. The article examines the dynamics of the game and describes its basic design. The rules of the game and suggestions for debriefing are provided in an accompanying article – this issue. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the game’s validity and to assess the potential educational value and usability of the game. Method. FOUNTAINS was piloted with several groups, and a brief post-game questionnaire was conducted to evaluate learning outcomes. Experts of both integration and gaming were asked to evaluate the game; their feedback on the usability of the game referred to the face value of the game as an educational tool. After piloting the game was introduced to teachers, the majority of whom expressed willingness to use the game in their classes. Conclusion. The article concludes with the basic results of the evaluation. In spite of some limitations it can be said that FOUNTAINS is an efficient learning aid that works well with different age groups.

The impact of acculturation and ethnic identity on American football identification and consumption among Asians in the United States

This study examines the effect of four acculturation strategies (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalisation) on identification with and consumption of American football for the Asian population in the United States. Using Berry's (1990, 1997) bi-dimensional model of acculturation as a theoretical framework, significant differences (based on the four acculturation strategies) between football identification and consumption were found. In addition, this study examines the relationships between acculturation, ethnic identity, identification with, and consumption of, the sport among the Asian population. The results indicate that acculturation plays a significant role in explaining participants' identification with, and consumption of, the sport, whereas ethnic identity does not.

Tourists' strategies: An acculturation approach

Acculturation theory has been widely used to understand and explain migrant and sojourner adaptation. However, it has yet to be examined in a tourist context. We extended the literature by evaluating the applicability of Berry's (1997) bidimensional acculturation model to a sample of 668 recent and prospective international travelers from China (n=205), Germany (n=201), and the United States (n=262). Our results suggested that the acculturation model can be extended to tourist contexts and used for segmentation purposes. Specifically, tourists' acculturation strategies were associated with their preferences for home culture maintenance and host culture immersion, as well as behavioral, holiday, and activity preferences. Ethnocentrism and uncertainty avoidance were also found to vary as a function of tourists' acculturation strategy.

Acculturation Strategies among Chinese Immigrants in the American Labor Market — A Survey on Immigrants from Guantou Town, Fujian Province

The current exploratory study takes the Guantou town immigrants as its target group to explore how they acculturate in the American labor market. The immigrants’ major acculturation strategies have been identified based on Berry’s bidimensional model of acculturation. Results reveal that integration and separation are the immigrants’ major preference of acculturation strategies. How the variables within each one of the two sets (demographic and intercultural contact) affect immigrants’ preference for different strategies has been tested. Descriptive analysis and correlation analysis show that some general relationships could be predicted in terms of immigrants’ demographic features and the intercultural contact factors. The authors have interviewed 18 participants through online QQ chatting system about their conceptions of the American Dream. Interview results indicate immigrants’ acculturation difficulties, which reflect their acculturation patterns or acculturation dilemma where psychologically the general Guantou town immigrants have unconscious tendency to the integration strategy, while in practice they choose to separate for being conditioned by those acculturation difficulties.

Changes in language usage of Puerto Rican mothers and their children: Do gender and timing of exposure to English matter?

This longitudinal study investigated changes in reported language usage between Puerto Rican mothers and their preschoolers over a 4-year period. It also examined whether differences in language usage occurred depending on the timing of children's exposure to English and children's gender. Seventy-six mothers reported the languages they and their children used when talking to each other during 2 years in Head Start, kindergarten, and first grade. Mothers of children who were exposed to Spanish and English prior to preschool entry reported using more English to their children than mothers of children who were not exposed to English until after preschool entry. The language usage of the children followed the same patterns as their mothers. The difference between the groups was maintained over the 4 years, although both groups increased their English usage. A gender effect was observed. Mothers of girls were five times more likely to use "More or All Spanish" than mothers of sons. In addition, girls who were exposed to Spanish only prior to preschool entry were six times more likely to speak to their mothers in "More or All Spanish" than other participating children. The bidimensional model of acculturation is used to present and interpret the findings.

Dimensions of acculturation: associations with health risk behaviors among college students from immigrant families.

In the present study, we examined a bidimensional model of acculturation (which includes both heritage and U.S. practices, values, and identifications) in relation to hazardous alcohol use, illicit drug use, unsafe sexual behavior, and impaired driving. A sample of 3,251 first- and second-generation immigrant students from 30 U.S. colleges and universities completed measures of behavioral acculturation; cultural values (individualism, collectivism, and self-construal); ethnic and U.S. identity; and patterns of alcohol and drug use, engagement in potentially unsafe sexual activities, and driving while (or riding with a driver who was) intoxicated. Results indicate that heritage practices and collectivist values were generally protective against health risk behaviors, with collectivist values most strongly and consistently protective. Nonetheless, heritage identifications were positively associated with sexual risk taking for Hispanics. U.S. practices, values, and identifications were not consistently related to risk behavior participation. Results are discussed in terms of bidimensional approaches to acculturation, the immigrant paradox, and implications for counseling practice.