Between Blood Glucose Research Articles

7252 Difference between interstitial and blood glucose during glucose loading is associated with the degree of insulin resistance in subjects with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

Abstract Disclosure: D. Kim: None. S. Ryang: None. M. Im: None. J. Kim: None. Y. Kim: None. Y. kim: None. J. ha: None. J. Kim: None. S. Kim: None. Background and Aims: This study investigated the main factors responsible for the differences between blood glucose (BG) and interstitial fluid glucose (ISF) during glucose loading. Methods: A total of 204 Korean subjects without history of type 2 diabetes were enrolled. The subjects were categorized into three groups according to diabetes criteria by American Diabetes Association; NGT (normal glucose tolerance, n=36), PreDM (prediabetes, n=130) and T2D (undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, n=38). For glucose monitoring, a CGM (continuous glucose monitoring) system (Dexcom G6, Dexcom, San Diego, USA) was attached for 10 days. 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed during applying CGM with stabilization (after wear of 3 days). Blood sample collected at t=0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min for glucose and insulin concentration. Two parameters [insulin sensitivity (mIS) and beta-cell function (mBCF)] were derived novel mathematical model. Results: Among NGT, PreDM and T2D, there are heterogeneity in the difference and pattern between BG and ISF in this study. We identified the probability density function of BG - ISF across glucose tolerance, there is a trend that the means of BG - ISF with G60, 90, and 120 move to the right, as glucose tolerance status changes NGT to PreDM and DM. BG - ISF is significantly associated with insulin resistance (R=0.32, p<0.001), not diminished beta cell function. Conclusions: Because individuals vary in their degree of insulin resistance as a primary pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, the caution should be needed in interpreting the glycemic response of CGM after a glucose load. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Saliva Sensors

Saliva, an alternative body fluid that is easily accessible and contains trace amount of glucose can be potentially used for the noninvasive monitoring of diabetes. A positive correlation between blood glucose (BG) and stimulated salivary glucose (SG) in diabetics has been reported. The main goal of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose is to monitor a person's blood glucose at different time intervals which can aid a doctor in adjusting medication/insulin dose and is also useful to a patient in evaluating his/her response to therapy. Versions of saliva glucose (SG) sensor fabrication are reported. SG analysis with reference method was discussed. Salivary protein biomarkers are reported. Special strips or chips and saliva tests are presented.

Admission hyperglycaemia as a predictor of mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 regardless of diabetes status: data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Background Hyperglycaemia has emerged as an important risk factor for death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between blood glucose (BG) levels and in-hospital mortality in non-critically patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods This is a retrospective multi-centre study involving patients hospitalized in Spain. Patients were categorized into three groups according to admission BG levels: <140 mg/dL, 140–180 mg/dL and >180 mg/dL. The primary endpoint was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results Of the 11,312 patients, only 2128 (18.9%) had diabetes and 2289 (20.4%) died during hospitalization. The in-hospital mortality rates were 15.7% (<140 mg/dL), 33.7% (140–180 mg) and 41.1% (>180 mg/dL), p<.001. The cumulative probability of mortality was significantly higher in patients with hyperglycaemia compared to patients with normoglycaemia (log rank, p<.001), independently of pre-existing diabetes. Hyperglycaemia (after adjusting for age, diabetes, hypertension and other confounding factors) was an independent risk factor of mortality (BG >180 mg/dL: HR 1.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–1.73) (BG 140–180 mg/dL; HR 1.48; 95%CI: 1.29–1.70). Hyperglycaemia was also associated with requirement for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality. Conclusions Admission hyperglycaemia is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in non-critically hospitalized COVID-19 patients regardless of prior history of diabetes. KEY MESSAGE Admission hyperglycaemia is a stronger and independent risk factor for mortality in COVID-19. Screening for hyperglycaemia, in patients without diabetes, and early treatment of hyperglycaemia should be mandatory in the management of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Admission hyperglycaemia should not be overlooked in all patients regardless prior history of diabetes.

Glycemic qualification rate and frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose glycemic qualification rate and frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

AimsTo explore the relationship between blood glucose (BG) control rate and self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) compliance of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). MethodsWomen with GDM (n = 309) were randomized to receive routine clinical prenatal care or additional online management. Follow-up visits were conducted every two weeks (noted here as T) from enrollment to delivery. SMBG records were used for the analysis. ResultsBoth the intervention group and the control group had an increasing BG control rate and decreasing SMBG compliance during the whole follow-up period. Detailed data analysis on separate follow-up periods showed that the SMBG frequency was negatively correlated with the BG control rate in most Ts and that the BG control rate of Tn-1 was negatively correlated with the SMBG frequency of Tn in the adjacent T. Only in the intervention group was T2 SMBG compliance not under the influence of the T1 BG control rate. ConclusionsOur data suggested that regardless of management approach, the BG control rate increased, and the SMBG frequency decreased as gestational weeks increased in women with GDM. Even in separate follow-up periods, the SMBG frequency was negatively correlated with the BG control rate both within one follow-up period and between two adjacent follow-up periods.

MON-311 Glucose Metabolism in Acromegaly Patients Resistant to First Generation Somatostatin Receptor Ligands Treated with Pegvisomant And/Or Pasireotide Lar

Introduction: Acromegaly (Acro) is a systemic disease characterized by high growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), insulin resistance, glucose intolerance (IGT) and higher diabetes mellitus (DM) risk in 15% - 38% of patients (pts). Moreover, different medical therapies of Acro are reported to have variable effects on glucose metabolism. An association between blood glucose (BG) and serum IGF-I levels in patients with DM and Acro has been suggested, while IGF-I levels and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) correlation is still controversial because of the multifactorial influence.Study aim: to investigate glucose metabolism in pts with Acro resistant to 1st gen somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs) treated with Pegvisomant (Peg) or Pasireotide LAR (Pasi). Patients and Methods: Retrospective, international, multicenter study; consecutive pts enrolled according to following inclusion criteria for at least 6 consecutive months: (1) resistant to 1st gen SRLs, (2) treated with Pasi or Peg for active Acro. Patients with concomitant treatments with known action on glucose metabolism were excluded, with the exception of glucocorticoid replacement for central hypoadrenalism. Results: 72 pts with active Acro, mean age at study entry 37 ±15 yrs, 47 females (65.3%). 28 (38.9%) pts were treated with Pasi and 44 pts with Peg (61.1%). Peg was monotherapy in 18 pts (40.9%) and in combo with first generation SRLs for 26 pts (59.1%). The number of pts with IGT and DM2 was superimposable between the 2 groups (Pasi and Peg). In Pasi group, 19 pts had Acro control (67.9%); glucose metabolism worsened in 16 pts (57.1%). Worsening of glucose metabolism occurred most frequently in pts with persistently active Acro (62.5%) and in pts with higher BG and HbA1c values at study start. Similarly, HbA1c was higher in pts with active Acro, although HbA1c worsened during Pasi treatment both in euglycemic and IGT at study entry, regardless of Acro control. In Peg group, 31 pts reached Acro control (73%); glucose metabolism worsened in 12 (27.3%) but improved in 5 pts (11.4%). All pts who experienced glucose metabolism improvement had controlled Acro, regardless of the use of a combo with first generation SRL. Among the 13 pts with active Acro after Peg, BG worsened in 5 cases (38.4%). Moreover, we found that pts with worsening BG control had higher HbA1c (p=0.03) and required higher Peg doses (mean ±SD 25 ±10 mg/day; p=0.04). Patients with higher HbA1c had higher IGF-I, both at study entry and at study end and were treated with higher Peg dose (mean 25 mg/day). Conclusion: Impaired glucose metabolism was more frequent after Pasireotide treatment and in patients of both Pasireotide and Pegvisomant groups with altered pre-treatment glucose and persistently active disease. Therefore, in such acromegaly patients close monitoring of glucose status is recommended during treatment.

Too Much Confidence, Too Little Knowledge

Multiple studies have shown an association between blood glucose (BG) levels and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients ( 1. Murad M.H. Coburn J.A. Coto-Yglesias F. et al. Glycemic control in non-critically ill hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97: 49-58 Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar ). Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are associated with increased mortality and morbidity ( 1. Murad M.H. Coburn J.A. Coto-Yglesias F. et al. Glycemic control in non-critically ill hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97: 49-58 Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar ). Experts from different professional organizations have suggested slightly different goals but mostly they are within a range of 80 to 200 mg/dL ( 2. American Diabetes Association 15. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019; 42: S173-S181 Crossref PubMed Scopus (155) Google Scholar ). There is consensus about preventing very high and very low BG levels. Besides professional society guidelines, glycemic control to prevent complications of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia makes common sense. Therefore, many hospitals have set up inpatient glycemic control programs. However, despite a high emphasis on glycemic control in the hospital setting, overall glycemic control remains inadequate in most hospitals ( 5. Cook C.B. Kongable G.L. Potter D.J. Abad V.J. Leija D.E. Anderson M. Inpatient glucose control: a glycemic survey of 126 US hospitals. J Hos Med. 2009; 4: E7-E14 Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar , 6. Draznin B. Gilden J. Golden S.H. Inzucchi S.E. Pathways to quality inpatient management of hyperglycemia and diabetes: a call to action. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 1807-1814 Crossref PubMed Scopus (118) Google Scholar ). A study of data obtained from 575 hospitals in the United States revealed about 32% of the hospital patient days with at least 1 BG value above 180 mg/dL and about 6% hospital days with at least 1 BG value below 70 mg/dL ( 7. Swanson C.M. Potter D.J. Kongable G.L. Cook C.B. Update on inpatient glycemic control in hospitals in the United States. Endocr Pract. 2011; 17: 853-861 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar ). Requests for diabetes consults are rather infrequent, even in hospitals with well-established inpatient diabetes management programs. In a recent study, only 13% of the elective surgery patients with diabetes received a diabetes consult and this number increased to 32% after implementation of a major quality improvement program ( 8. Garg R. Schuman B. Bader A. et al. Effect of preoperative diabetes management on glycemic control and clinical outcomes after elective surgery. Ann Surg. 2018; 267: 858-862 Crossref PubMed Scopus (52) Google Scholar ). The number of diabetes consults at other hospitals with less established inpatient diabetes programs are likely to be much smaller.

Reliability of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring in infants

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common and treatable risk factor for neurological impairment. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) can show glucose concentration in real time. Using an RT-CGM alarm, physicians can be alerted and intervene in hypoglycemia. No reports, however, have evaluated the reliability of RT-CGM at low glucose levels in infants. This study therefore investigated the difference between blood glucose (BG) and RT-CGM sensor data at low glucose levels and assessed the optimum method of using a hypoglycemic alarm in infants. We enrolled infants whose glycemic management was difficult. We calculated the mean absolute difference (MAD) and mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between BG and RT-CGM sensor data. We compared the MAD and MARD between the low BG fluctuation and high BG fluctuation groups. We used RT-CGM for 12 patients (29 times) and investigated 448 pairs of BG and RT-CGM sensor data. The MAD between these pairs was 9.3 ± 8.9mg/dL, and the MARD was 11.5%. The MAD at low glucose was 7.7 ± 6.0mg/dL, and the MARD was 16.2%. The MAD and MARD were 6.8 ± 5.4mg/dL and 7.8% in the low fluctuation group and 10.1 ± 9.5mg/dL and 12.7% in the high fluctuation group, respectively. The difference between BG and RT-CGM sensor data changes with the degree of fluctuation in BG. When physicians set the hypoglycemic alarm, consideration of this difference and a change in the alarm setting according to the degree of fluctuation in BG may be useful.

Fasting Blood Glucose Predicts Incidence of Hypertension Independent of HbA1c Levels and Insulin Resistance in Middle-Aged Japanese: The Saku Study.

Relationships between blood glucose (BG) levels and insulin action, and incidence of hypertension have not been well known epidemiologically. This study aimed to investigate the association between indices of diabetes and the incidence of hypertension and compare the predictive powers of these indices in middle-aged Japanese. This 5-year cohort study included 2,210 Japanese aged 30-64 years without hypertension. Hazard ratios of high fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, high post-loaded BG levels, high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, insulin resistance (defined by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) and impaired insulin secretion at baseline for the incidence of hypertension were estimated using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg or receiving antihypertensive treatment. During the follow-up, 456 participants developed hypertension. After adjustment for HbA1c and HOMA-IR, FBG was independently and significantly associated with hypertension. The hazard ratio of participants with FBG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l was 1.79 compared with those with FBG < 5.6 mmol/l. Even among those with HbA1c < 6.5%, HOMA-IR < 2.5, body mass index < 25 kg/m2, age < 55 years old, blood pressure < 130/80 mm Hg or non- and moderate drinking, the results were similar. High 120-minute BG level and impaired insulin secretion did not increase the risk for hypertension. FBG was a predictable index for future incidence of hypertension in middle-aged Japanese men and women. This is the first study comparing predictive powers of indices of diabetes for the incidence of hypertension.

Association of insulin, C-peptide and blood lipid patterns in patients with impaired glucose regulation

BackgroundTo investigate any associations between blood glucose (BG) and lipid levels in patients with different glucose tolerance statuses, including type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) cases as well as normal glucose tolerance (NGT) individuals.MethodsA total of 354 participants were recruited to this study including 174 in the T2DM group, 112 in the IGR group and 68 in the NGT group. We compared BG, insulin and C-peptide (CP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum levels during a 3 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the 3 groups.ResultsBasic overall HbA1c serum concentration percentages were 5.52, 6.33 and 9.76% for the NTG, IGR and T2DM cases. During the OGTT, insulin secretion in the IGR group was almost double that of the T2DM group. CP levels were highest in the IGR patients and OGTT related BG concentrations were highest in the T2DM group followed by IGR, but in the IGR group hyperglycemia was less pronounced than in T2DM patients (P < 0.001). Compared to the NGT group, TC, TG and LDL-C serum concentrations were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.001) and HDL-C concentrations were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.001) in IGR and T2DM cases compared to the NTG group.ConclusionsIGR led to similar unfavorable blood lipid patterns compared with T2DM patients and an imbalance of insulin and CP serum concentrations during an OGTT.

A comparison of online and offline measurement of exhaled breath for diabetes pre-screening by graphene-based sensor; from powder processing to clinical monitoring prototype

Several breath analysis studies have suggested a correlation between blood glucose (BG) levels and breath acetone, indicating acetone as a primary biomarker in exhaled breath for diabetes diagnosis. Herein, we have (i) fabricated and validated graphene-based chemi-resistive sensors for selective and sensitive detection of acetone, (ii) performed offline breath analysis by a static gas sensing set-up to acquire olfactory signals, and (iii) developed an LED-based portable on/off binary e-nose system for pre-screening diabetes through online analysis. The fabricated sensors showed selective detection for acetone with high sensitivity (5.66 for 1 ppm acetone vapor) and fast response and recovery times (10 s and 12 s) at low concentrations. The sensor responses of end tidal fractional breath (collected in Tedlar bags) in the fasting and postprandial conditions were compared with BG levels and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels taken at the same time in 30 volunteers (13 healthy and 17 diabetic subjects). The mean sensor responses of the diabetic subjects as obtained by offline analysis were 1.1 times higher than those of the healthy subjects. The optimal regression equation framed with the significant correlating variables for HbA1c estimation achieved an accuracy of 66.67%. The online breath analysis by on/off binary prototype exhibited an accuracy of 60.51%. Though there exists a minimal uncertainty in classification, the on/off type portable prototype is easy to operate, gives a quicker response with a refresh/recovery rate of 19 s and can be used for preliminary diagnosis, and can be used for preliminary diagnosis. This inexpensive sensor technology may revolutionize personalized medicine in the near future and greatly benefit the underprivileged.

Determinants, time trends and dynamic consequences of postoperative hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients undergoing major elective abdominal surgery: A prospective, longitudinal, observational evaluation

In retrospective studies an indisputable causal relationship between hyperglycemia and postoperative infections cannot be entirely disclaimed. We aimed investigate whether the time trends of blood glucose levels in the perioperative period could be a determinant of surgery-related infections. Adult patients without diabetes who were candidates for elective major abdominal operation were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal, observational multicenter study. The blood glucose level was measured every 6h for 3 days. We calculated the association between blood glucose (BG) levels and the risk of occurrence of surgery-related infections using a joint regression modeling for longitudinal and time-to-event outcomes which accounts for the effect of other risk factors. Between January 2016 and November 2017, we obtained 6078 BG measures distributed on different time-points in 452 patients. There was a nearly 3-fold increased risk of having hyperglycemia, defined as BG≥125mg/dL, if the BG level at admission was >100mg/dL (OR=2.986, P<0.001).The hazard of infection for each 10mg/dL increase of BG levels over time was marginal (HR=1.065, P=0.045). The calculated risk of having an infection was 9.6% for BG going from 110mg/dL during surgery to 84mg/dL at the end of day 3, 10.5% for BG decreasing from 140 to 114, 11.8% for BG decreasing from 180 to 154 and 24.5% for BG increasing from 80 to 145, 24.7% for BG increasing from 110 to 175, and 25.4% for BG increasing from 140 to 205. The time trends of BG - as opposed to the absolute concentration -are major determinants of the risk of postoperative infections.

Measurement of breath acetone in patients referred for an oral glucose tolerance test

Breath acetone concentrations were measured in 141 subjects (aged 19–91 years, mean = 59.11 years, standard deviation = 12.99 years), male and female, undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), having been referred to clinic on suspicion of type 2 diabetes. Breath samples were measured using an ion-molecule-reaction mass spectrometer, at the commencement of the OGTT, and after 1 and 2 h. Subjects were asked to observe the normal routine before and during the OGTT, which includes an overnight fast and ingestion of 75 g glucose at the beginning of the routine. Several groups of diagnosis were identified: type 2 diabetes mellitus positive (T2DM), n = 22; impaired glucose intolerance (IGT), n = 33; impaired fasting glucose, n = 14; and reactive hypoglycaemia, n = 5. The subjects with no diagnosis (i.e. normoglycaemia) were used as a control group, n = 67. Distributions of breath acetone are presented for the different groups. There was no evidence of a direct relationship between blood glucose (BG) and acetone measurements at any time during the study (0 h: p = 0.4482; 1 h: p = 0.6854; and 2 h: p = 0.1858). Nor were there significant differences between the measurements of breath acetone for the control group and the T2DM group (0 h: p = 0.1759; 1 h: p = 0.4521; and 2 h: p = 0.7343). However, the ratio of breath acetone at 1 h to the initial breath acetone was found to be significantly different for the T2DM group compared to both the control and IGT groups (p = 0.0189 and 0.011, respectively). The T2DM group was also found to be different in terms of ratio of breath acetone after 1 h to that at 2 h during the OGTT. And was distinctive in that it showed a significant dependence upon the level of BG at 2 h (p = 0.0146). We conclude that single measurements of the concentrations of breath acetone cannot be used as a potential screening diagnostic for T2DM diabetes in this cohort, but monitoring the evolution of breath acetone could open a non-invasive window to aid in the diagnosis of metabolic conditions.

Associations between blood glucose level and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective cohort study.

BackgroundWe intended to analyse the associations between blood glucose (BG) level and clinical outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study in a single medical centre and evaluated patients who experienced IHCA between 2006 and 2014. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to study associations between independent variables and outcomes. We calculated the mean BG level for each patient by averaging the maximum and minimum BG levels in the first 24 h after arrest, and we used mean BG level for our final analysis.ResultsWe included a total of 402 patients. Of these, 157 patients (39.1 %) had diabetes mellitus (DM). The average mean BG level was 209.9 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L). For DM patients, a mean BG level between 183 and 307 mg/dL (10.2–17.1 mmol/L) was significantly associated with favourable neurological outcome (odds ratio [OR] 2.71, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.18–6.20; p value = 0.02); a mean BG level between 147 and 317 mg/dL (8.2–17.6 mmol/L) was significantly associated with survival to hospital discharge (OR 2.38, 95 % CI 1.26–4.53; p value = 0.008). For non-DM patients, a mean BG level between 143 and 268 mg/dL (7.9–14.9 mmol/L) was significantly associated with survival to hospital discharge (OR 2.93, 95 % CI 1.62–5.40; p value < 0.001).ConclusionsMean BG level in the first 24 h after cardiac arrest was associated with neurological outcome for IHCA patients with DM. For neurological and survival outcomes, the optimal BG range may be higher for patients with DM than for patients without DM.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0445-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Glycaemic Control in Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Double-Edged Sword

Glycaemic management is of paramount importance in the cardiac surgery setting. A growing body of evidence confirms a J-shaped relationship between blood glucose (BG) level and perioperative morbidity and mortality. On one hand, acute hypoglycaemia causes irreversible cerebral damage. On the other hand, hyperglycaemia increases the risk of infections, acute kidney injury, atrial fibrillation, low cardiac output syndrome, cerebrovascular accidents and cognitive impairment. Also, high BG variability, even within the therapeutic window, may deteriorate the outcome. Therefore, moderate perioperative insulin management is usually recommended, with target BG adjusted to individual needs and possibilities. Continuous BG monitoring is a promising tool that should help practitioners in everyday decision-making process of glycaemic control. This review summarises the current evidence-based knowledge on the perioperative management of hyperglycaemia.

Avoidable Iatrogenic Hypoglycemia in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Health care professionals (HCPs) depend upon "point-of-care" (POC) glucometers to provide appropriate treatment in emergency and hospital environments. Most devices located in these settings use nonspecific test strip methodology (NSTSM), which is unable to distinguish glucose from nonglucose sugars, including maltose. This flaw can result in erroneous administration of insulin and harm to patients. Icodextrin is a colloidal osmotic agent used in peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions to augment ultrafiltration and waste removal. The main metabolite of icodextrin is maltose. Three representative case reports of inappropriate medical action related to in-hospital use of NSTSM monitoring in PD patients using icodextrin are provided to emphasize importance of this interaction and HCP awareness. PD patients using icodextrin before hospitalization exhibited marked discrepancy between blood glucose (BG) measurements obtained from POC-NSTSM glucometers and those obtained by glucose-specific methods in clinical chemistry laboratories leading to inappropriate administration of insulin by HCPs and symptomatic hypoglycemia in all patients. None of the patients received icodextrin during hospitalization. Non-nephrology HCPs are unaware that POC glucometers are nonglucose specific and do not possess comprehensive knowledge of drug metabolism, particularly for uncommonly seen agents. The case reports highlight the absolute need for use of glucose-specific assays in BG determinations for patients using icodextrin within 2 weeks of hospitalization. To avoid future devastating consequences including severe hypoglycemia, coma, or death related to the drug-device interaction described, hospital protocols should require that all PD patients' BGs are measured in central chemistry laboratories.

Passive Diffusion of Transdermal Glucose: Noninvasive Glucose Sensing Using a Fluorescent Glucose Binding Protein.

The motivation for this study was to determine if a statistically significant correlation exists between blood glucose (BG) and transdermal glucose (TG) collected by passive diffusion. A positive outcome will indicate that noninvasive passive TG diffusion is a painless alternative to collecting blood through a break on the skin. Sampling involves placing a small volume of buffer solution on the surface of membrane or skin for 5 minutes. The sample is then assayed with fluorescent GBP. In vitro testing was done on regenerated cellulose and a porcine skin model to determine diffusion of standard glucose solutions. In vivo testing was done on a healthy subject and a subject with type 2 diabetes. Glucose diffused readily through the regenerated cellulose membrane with good correlation between surface and internal glucose concentrations (R 2 = .997). But the porcine skin model required a surface prewash to achieve the same good correlation R 2 = .943). Based on this, an optimum prewash step was determined for the in vivo studies. The resulting correlation coefficients between TG and BG after a 15-minute prewash in a healthy subject and type 2 subject were .87 and .93, respectively. Removal of the extraneous glucose in the skin by prewashing was an important step in achieving good correlation between TG and BG. The results suggest that passive collection of TG is a noninvasive alternative to current practice of breaking the skin. Further studies are under way to determine the lag time between TG and BG and for the sampling protocol to be more amenable to point-of-care application.

The Deleterious Effect of Admission Hyperglycemia on Survival and Functional Outcome in Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage

We aimed to evaluate the association between blood glucose (BG) levels at admission and both functional outcome at discharge and 1-month mortality after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). All cases of first-ever ICH were identified from the population-based Stroke Registry of Dijon, France from 1985 to 2009. Clinical and radiological information was recorded. BG was measured at admission. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic and Cox regression models. Multiple imputation was used as a sensitivity analysis. We recorded 465 first-ever ICH. BG at admission was obtained in 416 patients (89.5%) with a median value of 6.92 mmol/L. In multivariate analyses, BG in the highest tertile (≥8.6 mmol/L) was an independent predictor of functional handicap (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.43-4.40; P=0.01) and 1-month mortality (hazard ratio, 2.51; 95% CI, 1.23-2.43; P=0.002). The results were consistent with those obtained from multiple imputation analyses. Admission hyperglycemia is associated with poor functional recovery at discharge and 1-month mortality after ICH. These results suggest a need for trials that evaluate strategies to lower BG in acute ICH.