Betanin Content Research Articles

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL FERTILIZATION RATE BY A NEW BIOORGANIC FERTILIZER TO ENHANCE THE GROWTH PARAMETERS AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF RED BEETROOT (BETA VULGARIS L. SSP. VULGARIS)

The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of different rates of a new bioorganic fertilizer and an inorganic fertilizer on the parameters growth and the nutritional quality of red beetroot. A field trial was conducted using the randomized complete block design with six treatments and six replications: (T1= inorganic fertilizer, NPK 20-45-25 ha−1, T2= Bio-Organic Fertilizer “BOF” at 10%, T3= BOF at 20%, T4= BOF at 30%, T5= BOF at 60% and T6= unfertilized control). The total carbohydrate, protein and nitrate content of harvested red beetroot was measured analytically. Quantification of betanin was determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activity assessed free radical scavenging activities against DPPH. Statistical analysis of soils treated with 20 and 30% BOF showed similar results for the total weight of red beetroot and the weight and diameter of their bulbs. However, these treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased the betanin content of red beetroot by 16 % compared to the conventionally grown samples. However, the investigation of the effect of the different rates of BOF on the IC50 value showed a decrease of up to 52% in favor of the T5 treatment compared to the inorganic fertilizer. In contrast, organically and conventionally growing red beetroot had similar average nitrate levels. In light of the crucial role of BOF rates, high levels of macro and micronutrients in the soil negatively affect all quality parameters of red beetroot.

Nano-Liposomal Beetroot Phyto-Pigment in Photodynamic Therapy as a Prospective Green Approach for Cancer Management: In Vitro Evaluation and Molecular Dynamic Simulation.

Using plant extracts as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) represents a significant green approach toward sustainability. This study investigates beetroot juice (BRJ), betanin, and their liposomal formulations (Lip-BRJ, Lip-Bet) as photosensitizers in cancer PDT. BRJ was prepared, and its betanin content was quantified via HPLC. The p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO)/imidazole technique monitored the singlet oxygen formation. BRJ and betanin decreased the RNO absorbance at 440 nm by 12% and 9% after 45 min of irradiation, respectively. Furthermore, betanin interaction with Bcl-2 proteins was examined using binding free energy analysis and molecular dynamic simulation. The results revealed favorable interactions with ΔG values of -40.94 kcal/mol. Then, BRJ, betanin, Lip-BRJ, and Lip-Bet were tested as photosensitizers on normal (HEK 293) and human lung cancer (A549) cell lines. Irradiation significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of Lip-Bet on HEK 293 cells (20% cell viability at 2000 µg/mL) and A549 cells (13% cell viability at 1000 µg/mL). For Lip-BRJ, irradiation significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity on HEK 293 cells at lower concentrations and on A549 cells at all tested concentrations. These results proved the positive effect of light and liposomal encapsulation on the anticancer activity of betanin and BRJ, suggesting the efficiency of liposomal beetroot pigments as green photosensitizers.

Argovit™ silver nanoparticles transform agro-waste into phenolic biofactories: Postharvest stress for high-value compound production in prickly pear peels

The growing demand for food has resulted in an increased generation of plant waste residues. These waste materials contain various bioactive compounds, but their concentrations are typically low, rendering their extraction economically unviable. In this study, we assessed the impact of abiotic stress induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the compounds derived from red and green prickly pear peels. Six different AgNP lots were tested at varying concentrations. The total phenol content was consistently higher than that of the control group across all lots. Notably, the AgNP systems exhibited selectivity in inducing the formation of specific compounds, such as caffeic (10.36%), vanillic (6.71%), p-coumaric (6.63%), malic (4.86%) acids, and catechin (46.15%). Moreover, the betanin content in red prickly pear increased by up to 2.4 times compared to the control group. However, the data analysis indicated a tendency towards increased variability in phenolic acids and flavonoids. This suggests that the AgNP systems might be activating these metabolic pathways. These findings are highly relevant as they demonstrate the potential of AgNP systems to enhance the accumulation of bioactive compounds in agro-industrial waste materials, which can then be utilized in the development of functional ingredients.

Assessing the toxicity and anti-anemia of Beta Vulgaris L.: in silico, phytochemical and antioxidant analysis

The objective of this investigation was to determine the toxicity, anti-anemia activity, betanin content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity of Beta vulgaris L. Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was implemented to optimize the extraction procedure. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Furthermore, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method was employed to ascertain antioxidant capacity, whereas thin-layer chromatography was used to identify betanin content. The toxicity and anti-anemia properties were assessed in silico. The in-silico methods encompass several steps: ligand and target protein synthesis, docking of betanin compounds with the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) target protein via SwissDock, docking data visualization via USCF Chimera, and toxicity analysis via the pkCSM and Protox online tools. The findings indicated that the beetroot extract contained a total of 34.96 ± 3.97 mg GAE/g sample of phenol. The flavonoid content of beetroot was 4.93 ± 0.33 mg QE/g sample. Qualitative analysis conducted using thin-layer chromatography yielded results indicating the presence of betanin in the extract. The IC50 value for the antioxidant activity was 97.31 μg/ml. The docking study revealed the effective interaction of betanin with several amino acid residues, suggesting a low toxicity potential, supported by toxicity class 4 and an LD50 of 305 mg/kg, and the absence of liver and Ames toxicity. It concluded that betanin is a promising anti-anemia agent. levels.

Исследование композитов для создания стабильной красящей пищевой системы эмульсионного типа

Composites to create a food system of the W/O emulsion type with a maximum yield of coloring substances were determined. Refined deodorized sunflower oil, beet juice and its concentrates with a dry matter content of 12.23; 18.73; 30.12 and 64.61, a mixture of mono-, diglycerides and glycerin were studied. By gas chromatography, the mass fraction of fatty acid in sunflower oil was determined from the sum of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including palmitic (6.5%), oleic (20.9%), and linoleic (66.4%). The content of betanin, conformational changes in mono-, di- and polysaccharide components, and the presence of peptide structures were determined by spectrophotometric methods in beet juice and concentrates. Flow curves of composites for the emulsion were studied by rheometric methods, and interfacial tension was studied by the hanging drop method. To check the physical and sensory properties of the emulsion, the selected composites were dispersed: sufficient conditions for the process were set for its duration – 10 minutes at a rotation speed of 6000 rpm. It is shown that, to create a food emulsion W/O with stable color characteristics during storage, beet juice concentrates with a dry matter content of 64.61% and betanin 0.54% can be used as a dispersed phase. The critical concentration of micelle formation of the emulsion is achieved by adding 0.5% surfactant. The phenomenon of syneresis at a storage temperature of 4 ±0.5℃ for 30 days was not detected.

Beet red food colourant can be produced more sustainably with engineered Yarrowia lipolytica

Synthetic food colourants are widely used in the food industry, but consumer concerns about safety and sustainability are driving a need for natural food-colour alternatives. Betanin, which is extracted from red beetroots, is a commonly used natural red food colour. However, the betanin content of beetroot is very low (~0.2% wet weight), which means that the extraction of betanin is incredibly wasteful in terms of land use, processing costs and vegetable waste. Here we developed a sustainability-driven biotechnological process for producing red beet betalains, namely, betanin and its isomer isobetanin, by engineering the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Metabolic engineering and fermentation optimization enabled production of 1,271 ± 141 mg l−1 betanin and 55 ± 7 mg l−1 isobetanin in 51 h using glucose as carbon source in controlled fed-batch fermentations. According to a life cycle assessment, at industrial scale (550 t yr−1), our fermentation process would require significantly less land, energy and resources compared with the traditional extraction of betanin from beetroot crops. Finally, we apply techno-economic assessment to show that betanin production by fermentation could be economically feasible in the existing market conditions.

Synthesis of betanin by expression of the core betalain biosynthetic pathway in carrot

Betalain has received increased attention because of its high nutritional value and crucial physiological functions. Based on the elucidation of its core biosynthetic pathway, betalain can be produced in additional plants by metabolic engineering. Synthesis of betalain in carrot (Daucus carota L.) can improve its nutritional quality and economic value by extracting betalain from the fleshy root, non-edible part, and processing residue of carrot. In this study, two different constructs, namely, pYB:mCD (AomelOS, BvCYP76AD1S, and BvDODA1S) and pYB:CDD (BvCYP76AD1S, BvDODA1S, and MjcDOPA5GTS), were introduced into carrot for betanin synthesis by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Betanin can be synthetized in both transgenic calli, and pYB:mCD-transgenic callus can be used to produce betacyanin by suspension culture. However, pYB:mCD-transgenic seedlings can synthetize betanin only by tyrosine feeding. The pYB:CDD-transgenic lines can synthetize betanin in whole plants. The betanin content in fleshy root of pYB:CDD-transgenic carrot was (63.4 ± 9) μg ·g−1 fresh weight according to quantitative analysis. These betanin-producing carrot plant materials can be used to synthesize betanin for industrial application or consumption as dietary sources.

Primary metabolites and betanin: their interplay in the roots of Table Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Relevance. The main source of the natural pigment betanin is table beet, known for its medicinal and antioxidant properties, earliness and long shelf life, rich in bioactive compounds, minerals and vitamins. This research was induced by the lack of information required by breeders to increase betanin content in beet. Metabolite profiling is an effective way to assess the interplay between individual metabolites and betanin content in table beet.Materials and methods. The material was selected from the the N.I. Vavilov Institute of plant industry (VIR) collection. Biochemical analysis was based on VIR’s guidelines, and metabolite profiling on gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry.Results. 17 free amino acids were found in the beet root extract. The greatest number of positive correlations with other amino acids (r˃0.72) was found in tyrosine, alanine and phenylalanine. A significant (r = –0.66) negative correlation was observed between betanin and succinic acid, credibly associated with betalamic acid. Sucrose predominated among carbohydrates (95%). Sucrose and maltose showed a weak positive correlation with betanin. Unsaturated oleic and saturated palmitic acids dominated among fatty acids (52% and 20% of total fatty acids, respectively). Earlier-ripening and cold-resistant table beet accessions showed a predominance of unsaturated fatty acids and lower betanin content. The disclosed interactions are important for betanin-rich red beet breeding.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of active compounds from Beta vulgaris using deep eutectic solvents

The aim of this study is to investigate the application of ultrasound in the extraction of betanin from beets (Beta vulgaris) using Deep eutectic solvents (DES). The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology. The time variable was found to be correlated with the extraction performance. Three DES (choline chloride: urea (CC:U), choline chloride: glycerol (CC:G), and choline chloride: citric acid (CC:Ac)) were studied. The concentration of betanin extracted with CC:U, CC:G, and CC:Ac was 41.27-67.51, 82.46-104.45, and 50.06-111.93 mg/100 g. The maximum betanin extraction of 111.193 mg/100 g was achieved with CC:Ac in 38 min using 44% DES in water in an ultrasonic bath. These results demonstrate that DESs are excellent solvents for the extraction of betanin with superior efficiency to conventional extraction solvents. Ultrasound significantly improved the efficiency of betanin extraction from beets. However, a higher betanin content in the extracts did not translate into greater active antioxidant capacity, which may be related to the synergistic effects of other compounds present in the beet extracts. This study is the first attempt to optimize the parameters for ultrasound extraction of betanin from B. vulgaris using eutectic solvents.

Effect of Temperature and Packaging Method on Bioactive Compounds of Freeze-dried Red Beet Powder during Storage

In this study, the effect of two different storage temperatures (4 and 25°C) and two different packaging techniques (normal atmosphere (NAP) and modified atmosphere (MAP)) on some quality properties of freeze-dried red beet powder during storage for 28 days. Color, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity and betanin analyses were performed weekly during storage. The L*, a*, b*, chroma and hue angle values of all samples stored at low temperature and room temperature decreased during storage while their ΔE values increased. At the end of the storage, a loss between 1.20 and 2.30% occurred in the total phenolic contents of powder samples. The highest antioxidant activity value was determined in MAP samples stored at low temperature, and the lowest antioxidant activity value in NAP samples stored at room temperature. Losses in the betanin contents of NAP and MAP samples stored at room temperature were 12.02 and 10.14%, respectively. In samples stored at low temperature, their loss rates were 2.03 and 0.81%, respectively. In general, the storage condition in which the bioactive compounds of freeze-dried red beet powder suffered the least loss was at low temperature and in samples packaged with a MAP technique.

Influence of Fermentation Beetroot Juice Process on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Spray Dried Powder.

Picking vegetables is, along with salting and drying, one of the oldest ways to preserve food in the world. This is the process of decomposition of simple sugars into lactic acid with the participation of lactic bacteria. The aim of the study was to obtain powders from fermented red beet juice with the highest possible amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and active ingredients. For the analysis, juices were squeezed from the vegetables and two types of fermentation were used: a spontaneous fermentation and a dedicated one. After inoculation, samples were taken for analysis on a daily basis. Extract, pH, total acidity, pigments, and color were measured. In addition, microbiological tests were also carried out. The juices from the fifth day of fermentation was also spray dried, to obtain fermented beetroot powder. Juices from 3–5th day were characterized by a high content of LAB and betanin, had also a low pH, which proves that the lactic fermentation is working properly. The exception was the juice from spontaneous fermentation. According to the observations, the fermentation process did not run properly, and further analysis is needed. The powders were stable; however, results obtained from the pigment content and the LAB content are not satisfactory and require further analysis.

Dynamic changes in betanin content during the growing season of table beet: their interplay with abiotic factors.

The table beet, a widespread edible root crop known for its medicinal and antioxidant properties, early maturation, good shelf life, and high contents of bioactive compounds, vitamins and minerals, is used for the production of a natural red food dye. The relevance of this study is dictated by the lack of knowledge about the dynamic changes in the content of betanin during the growing season when developing table beet cultivars with a focus on pigment extraction. The article presents the results of a study of 29 red-colored table beet accessions from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). Dynamic changes in the content of the pigment during the growing season were observed on two beet accessions, cvs. ‘Russkaya odnosemyannaya’ and ‘Bordo odnosemyannaya’. Four pH versions of the buffer solution were tested, and the test results are presented. A buffer solution with pH 6.5 is recommended for research purposes. The amplitude of variability in the content of betanin in the peel (39.9–239.2 mg/100 g) and f lesh (14.4–127.5 mg/100 g) of beets was determined. It was conf irmed that the content of betanin in the peel exceeded that in the f lesh in all samples. A positive relationship between these indicators was revealed (r = 0.74, p ≤ 0.05). It was found that betanin accumulation did not occur in beet roots during the growing season. The pigment showed considerable f luctuations associated with abiotic environmental factors. Correlation analysis showed a signif icant positive relationship between air temperature and betanin content in the root f lesh (r = 0.32–0.31, p ≤ 0.05). A negative impact of environmental temperature on betanin content in the peel manifested itself on the third day (r = –0.34…–0.35, p ≤ 0.05). The negative response to precipitation was less expressed in cv. ‘Bordo odnosemyannaya’ due to the genotype’s more active metabolism and plasticity. Structural morphological features of the photosynthetic apparatus were described for the tested accessions, and their interrelations with the studied character were specif ied. Recommendations are given concerning the choice of a planting pattern and the timing of table beet harvesting for pigment extraction

Potential of Betanin Natural Dye for Solar Cells Application

Background: A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, is an electronic component which, exposed to light, produces electricity due to the photovoltaic effect. Organic photovoltaic cells are photovoltaic cells, of which at least the active layer consists of organic molecules. It has a yield of at least 15%. The future prospects of the research for solar cell application have been required for development in the field. Objectives: In this work, we propose this paper to study the potential of purified betanin dye on the DSSC applications. Methods: Extraction was elaborated under sonication conditions (25 kHz, 100 W) for 15 minutes. Various films of TiO2 with different thicknesses were prepared referring to the doctor blade method on an FTO glass substrate. Results: The increase of the thickness value of dye_TiO2 films induces a hyperchromic shift of the emission intensity. Conclusion: In this work, betanin dye was extracted from mature red fruits of Opuntia ficus indica and purified with fractional crystallization protocol using an 8:2 (v/v) ratio of ethyl acetate/ethanol. TiO2_films with different thickness values have been prepared by CV and US sensitization of TiO2_films using betanin dye proving an enhancement on the uniformity distribution of the dye on the film in case of the US method. Emission spectra of Dye_TiO2 films have been measured and show a hyperchromic shift of the emission intensity with the increase of the thickness due to the augmentation of betanin content. A comparison between the photovoltaic properties of prepared betanin_ DSSC and N719 dye_DSSC reveals that betanin dye could be successfully proposed as a sensitizing dye in solar cell applications.

Optimization of antioxidant activity properties of a thermosonicated beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) juice and further in vitro bioaccessibility comparison with thermal treatments

The purpose of this research was to obtain optimal thermosonication (TS) processing conditions of beetroot juice by using response surface methodology and its comparison with two thermal treatments at 70 °C for 20 min (TT1) and 80 °C for 10 min (TT2). Optimal TS processing conditions were amplitude of 80% and 10.5 min. Treated beetroot juice by TS had a greater inactivation in microbiological load and enzymatic activity in comparison to treated juices by thermal treatment (TT). Higher betanin content, antioxidant activity by ABTS and chelating activity were found in treated beetroot juice by TS than TT ones. After in vitro digestion processing, juice by TS presented higher betalains content than TT1, similar TPC and high chelating activity in comparison with both juice by TT and similar antioxidant activity by ABTS with TT1. These results suggest that TS processing can replace the thermal treatment in beetroot juice, maintaining their antioxidant properties as well as providing better in vitro digestion.

The optimization of table beet cultivation by using a boron-containing chelate

In the field experiment, the possibility of optimizing the cultivation of table beet Beta vulgaris L. using a borate complex based on ethylenediamine disuccinic acid (B-EDDS) was investigated. Before sowing, beet seeds were soaked for a day in a solution of this compound, as well as in solutions of boric acid and a borate complex based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (B-EDTA), taken for comparison, with a concentration of solutes of 1.5·10-3 mol/L. During the growing season, the plants were sprayed twice with experimental solutions at a rate of 100 ml/m2. In the first decade of August, the content of photosynthetic pigments in plant leaves and microbial carbon in the soil was determined, after harvesting, sugars and betanin in root crops were determined by spectrophotometric methods. The boron content in beet root crops was analyzed by the fluorometric method. According to the results of the two-year experiment, all three boron-containing compounds, to varying degrees, had a positive effect on the experimental plant. In decreasing efficiency, they can be arranged in a row: B-EDDS > H3BO3> B-EDTA. Treatment with the solution of borate-ethylenediamine disuccinate complex increased the boron content in root crops by 65% in comparison with treatment with boric acid. In comparison with the control variant, the sugar content in root crops increased by 37%, the content of betanin increased by 25% and the yield of root crops increased by 39%. At the same time, the mass of microbial carbon in the soil increased by 20%, which serves as one of the arguments confirming the ecological safety of the compound under study. Judging by the results of the experiment, borate-ethylenediamine disuccinate has good prospects for use as boron micronutrient fertilizer.

In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Opuntia spp. Fruits Measured by the LOX-FL Method and its High Sensitivity Towards Betalains

Current in vitro methodologies neglect or subestimate the contribution of betalains to antioxidant capacity in foods because they do not reflect their in vivo biological mechanisms. In this study, we assessed the sensibility of the lipoxygenase-fluorescein (LOX-FL) method towards betalains, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid from Opuntia spp. fruits; and (ii) the antioxidant capacity of peel and pulp extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill (var. Fresa, Colorada and Blanco) and Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii; by comparing the LOX-FL method to traditional antioxidant methods (ORAC and TEAC). The spectrophotometric monitoring of the LOX-FL reaction avoided interference caused by betalain pigments. Indicaxanthin and betanin showed high antiperoxidative and radical scavenging mechanisms in the LOX-FL assay. O. stricta var. Dillenii tissues the highest antioxidant capacity which correlated with betanin content. ORAC and TEAC antioxidant methods were less sensible towards betalain antioxidant activity. To our knowledge, this is the first time the LOX-FL antioxidant method has been used on betalains and betalain-rich foods.Graphical

Study by absorption and emission spectrophotometry of the efficiency of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the extraction of betanin from red beetroot

In this paper, we intend to present a classical method of extraction and analysis of betanin from Algerian red beetroot, and to know the efficiency of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the extraction. Also, to know the betanin content of the extract obtained using optical spectroscopic methods. This dye is a natural pigment with high antioxidant power and widely used as a natural dye. In addition, the high bioavailability of this pigment reinforces its potential for future therapeutic applications. However, commercially the betanin content beet extracts never exceeds 1,2% and this molecule does not exist marketed in a more purified form, therefore it is necessary to have efficient tools for the enrichment of betanin extracts. The experimental results made in our laboratory, confirm the effectiveness of the binary mixture (Ethanol-Water) on the betanin extraction from Algerian beetroot, the yield obtained of extracted betanin pigment from red beetroot is 0,342 mg/g, when the mixture of solvents (Ethanol-Water) is used with a large quantity of water. As well as, the betanin has an absorption band varying from 480 nm to 540 nm and it has an emission band at 800 nm.

Quality Assessment and Application of Red Natural Dye from Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris)

| Beet root (Beta vulgaris) is an excellent source of natural red colorant. In the present work red beet root dye was prepared in the powder form and then candies were prepared using this red beet root dye as food color. The stability studies of both, the prepared red beet dye and candies were performed at different storage conditions 4oC, 25oC, 45oC for eight weeks. Betanin content (%) was measured to evaluate the stability of color which showed the maximum retention of betanin content in red beet dye and candies stored at 4°C while lowest %age of betanin content was observed at 45°C showing that at higher temperatures the color is deteriorated. Stability in pH of red beet dye was also monitored at three different temperatures (4°C, 25°C and 45°C). Increase in pH was observed with increasing storage temperatures. Maximum stability of the color was observed at 4°C at most stable acidic pH and color degradation was observed with gradual increase in pH at 45°C. Microbiological analysis of candies and beet powder at 4°C and 25°C ensure that they are safe for consumption at both storage temperatures.

Microencapsulation of beet dye (Beta vulgaris L.) using maltodextrin and xanthan gum as encapsulant agents and application in yogurt

Beet is a vegetable rich in antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds, besides being used as a natural dye, which has as a disadvantage the instability in relation to several factors, such as temperature, pH, oxygen and light. Therefore, this work aimed to microencapsulate the beet dye, evaluate the stability of powders and their application in yogurt. Beet extract was encapsulated in a combination of maltodextrin and xanthan gum, with subsequent drying in spray dryer or lyophilizer. In the powders obtained, color parameters, betanin content, phenolic compounds content, yield, microcapsule morphology and powder storage stability were evaluated for 40 days, with light, temperature and oxygen variation. The samples with the best results were applied in yogurt and the products were evaluated sensorially. The performance of powders dried by spray dryer was approximately 43% lower than lyophilized, with no variation in moisture content and soluble solids. Morphologically the samples dried by spray dryer were different from those dried by lyophilization. The content of phenolic compounds in the powders showed an increase after 40 days of storage in all samples, while the content of betanin showed a considerable drop in the first 7 days, followed by stability up to 40 days. With respect to color the parameter a*, was stable in storage, and the samples dried by spray dryer showed a higher value than the samples dried by lyophilization. The samples lyophilized with maltodextrin and with xanthan gum were added to the yoghurt, both in concentrations 0.5 and 1%. There was no significant difference between the yogurt samples prepared with the powders both in the sensory analysis and in the physical-chemical analysis, except for the ashes. Therefore, all the microcapsules evaluated presented good encapsulation efficiency and good stability during the 40 days evaluated.

Effectiveness of the combined application of micro-fertilizers and fungicides on the beet crops

The purpose of the research was to find out the effect of foliar fertilization with complex microfertilizers together with fungicides on the growth and development of plants and the yield of beet root in the Western Forest Steppe. Methods. Field, analytical and statistical. Results. It was found that the foliar fertilization of ADOB micro and macrofertilizers with the fungicide Impact in the Harold variety – 61.46 thousand m2/ha, and in Kestrel – 73.06 thousand m2/ha, provided the largest leaf area. The highest photosynthetic potential was in the Kestrel variety with foliar ADOB macro+micro compatibility with the Impact fungicide (2.37 million m2 × days/ha). Foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro with application rate of 2.0 kg/ha and fungicide Impact with application rate of 0.25 l/ha provides the highest weight of Harold root crops for the harvesting period at 413.0 g and Kestrel variety – 516.1 g. The introduction of ADOB macro+micro complex microfertilizers, in combination with Topsin M and Impact fungicides, provided the highest yield of beet root in Harold variety – 62.0-62.2 t/ha and Kestrel variety – 75.4-77.4 t/ha. The highest solids content and sugars were also observed in the variant, where they applied foliar ADOB macro+micro compound fertilizers with Topsin M and Impact fungicides in Harold variety - 15.6-15.7% and 8.5%, in Kestrel variety – 16.0-16.1% ??? 8.9%, respectively. The foliar fertilization of ADOB microfertilizer macro+micro in combination with the fungicide Impact provided the highest betanin content of 352.5 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Harold variety, and 270.9 mg/100 g of raw weight in the Kestrel variety. The combined application of ADOB microfertilizers macro+micro and fungicide Impact allowed to obtain maximum rates of profitability in the Kestrel variety - 241.6%, in the Harold variety - 182.3%.