Amidst European integration and the global implementation of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Ukrainian industry faces the necessity of a radical transformation in environmental reporting. Traditional methods of monitoring pollutant concentrations are being superseded by integrated assessments of the product carbon footprint, necessitating the implementation of high-precision standards (EMAS, ISO 14064). The issue becomes particularly acute in the context of post-war reconstruction, which must be based on the principles of low-carbon development. The aim of the article is to develop the technical and methodological foundations for integrating international environmental standards into the management systems of Ukrainian industrial enterprises to ensure their competitiveness and environmental safety. The study employs methods of systems engineering analysis, mathematical modeling of energy and material balances according to ISO 14040/44, and satellite remote sensing methods for verifying environmental data under martial law conditions. A comparative analysis of the ISO 14001 architecture and the EMAS Regulation has been conducted. It was established that for successful export activities, Ukrainian enterprises must implement mandatory key performance indicators (KPIs) and public environmental statements. The mathematical algorithm for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been detailed. Using a practical example of steel rolled products manufacturing, a methodology for calculating specific embedded emissions (CO2e) was demonstrated, allowing for the identification of "hotspots" within the technological cycle. The technical aspects of applying EU Regulation 2023/956 (CBAM) are substantiated. A model for calculating direct and indirect carbon loads has been developed, accounting for the specifics of the Ukrainian power grid and embedded emissions from precursors. The role of digital tools (the "EcoZagroza" platform, Sentinel satellites) as a basis for verifying environmental damage in conditions of limited physical access to objects has been determined. Conclusions and Practical Significance. A strategic "roadmap" for the implementation of Best Available Techniques (BAT) for enterprises in the Prydniprovya region is proposed. The research results can be utilized by environmental engineers and industrial managers to prepare for cross-border carbon regulation and to implement "green recovery" projects based on the "Build Back Better" principle.

The Slovak automotive sector is a major contributor to the national economy and hosts several Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) with diverse production profiles. Increasing environmental and sustainability commitments have reshaped production strategies and accelerated the adoption of cleaner technologies. Environmental Performance Indicators (EPIs) provide a quantitative basis for assessing plant-level environmental efficiency and benchmarking against Best Available Techniques (BAT) defined in the BAT Reference Document for Surface Treatment using Solvents (BAT STS BREF). This study presents a quantitative, observational comparison of plant- and paint-shop-level EPIs for three OEMs operating in Slovakia in 2024. The analysis covers energy consumption, carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions, volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, water consumption, wastewater generation, and waste generation, normalised per complete vehicle and, where relevant, per painted vehicle body and per square metre of coated surface. Substantial inter-factory variability was observed, with paint-shop operations identified as the primary driver of performance differences. OEM 2 demonstrated the strongest overall environmental performance, recording the lowest CO2e emissions (0.08 t CO2e·veh-1), lowest VOC emissions (8.66 g VOC·m-2), and relatively low water use and wastewater generation, while meeting most BAT benchmarks for energy (0.46 MWh·veh-1), water per coated body, and VOC emissions. However, OEM 2 also generated the highest plant-level waste (186 kg·veh-1). In contrast, OEM 3 exhibited the weakest performance, with the highest energy consumption (1.35 MWh·veh-1), plant-level water use (3.10 m3·veh-1), and wastewater discharges (plant-level: 2.81 m3·veh-1; paint shop: 1.55 m3·veh-1), and failed to meet BAT benchmarks for paint-shop waste generation (26.05 kg·veh-1) and water use (1.9 m3·veh-1). Although energy use per painted body and VOC emissions remained within BAT-associated levels, none of the OEMs complied with indicative BAT benchmarks for waste generation. This study provides the first cross-OEM, plant-level EPI benchmarking of the Slovak automotive sector and highlights the need for harmonised, industry-wide EPI reporting to support transparency and continuous improvement.

Selective Ion Exchange (Selective IX) in Complex Industrial Matrices Comparative Analysis under Directive (EU) 2024/1785 (IED 2.0) based on High-Fidelity Operational Data

This study applies the Flash Pressurized Flotation (FPF) process, which generates stable and uniform microbubbles under low-pressure conditions without a high-pressure saturator, and comparatively evaluates its treatment efficiency and energy-saving performance against the conventional Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) process from a Best Available Technology (BAT) perspective. The bubble generation characteristics of the FPF process were quantitatively analyzed by evaluating the effects of major operational parameters, including the number of orifices, number of plates, nozzle configuration, flow rate, and pressure. Experiments were conducted using synthetic lake water, where bubble size was measured by the Particle Counter Method (PCM) and bubble volume was determined by the Water Substitution Method. Increasing the number of orifices from 5 to 15 reduced the average bubble size from 4.3 μm to 4.1 μm and increased the bubble volume from 1.1 mL/L to 1.5 mL/L. Under a flow rate of 2.04 L/min and a pressure of 2 atm, the FPF process showed relatively superior bubble generation characteristics with an average bubble size of 26 μm and a bubble volume of 60 mL/L, while the FPF-type dual-plate nozzle exhibited the best performance, producing an average bubble size of 31.5 μm and a bubble volume of 51 mL/L. Compared with the DAF process at the same pressure, the FPF process achieved higher removal efficiencies for phosphorus (94.1%) and turbidity (89.9%), whereas the DAF process showed removal efficiencies of 30.1% and 33.1%, respectively. The specific energy consumption of the FPF process was 0.0024 kWh/m³, representing an approximately 98% reduction compared to that of the DAF process, demonstrating the potential of FPF as a low-energy flotation process suitable for small- and medium-sized water treatment plants and as a BAT.

The article considers specific features of the environmental and technological transformation of the Russian economy aimed at reducing negative environmental impacts and enhancing the resource efficiency of production. We analyze the results achieved by water-supply and wastewater treatment enterprises. It is noteworthy that the Russian Federation is the only country where such enterprises are classified as belonging to category I of negative environmental impact, which obliges them to implement Best Available Techniques (BATs) and obtain Integrated Environmental Permits. The sector has joined the environmental and technological transformation on its own initiative and a unique BAT Reference Document has been developed for water supply and wastewater treatment enterprises. Technological indicators (or BAT-associated Emission Limits) (requirements for the composition of wastewater upon treatment) were established. They vary depending on the size of the treatment facilities and the category of the receiving water bodies. Enterprises of the sector are leaders in the development and implementation of environmental and technological modernization programs: 75 % of the Integrated Environmental Permits granted to enterprises involve the implementation of such programs. The article analyzes the experience of St. Petersburg Vodokanal (water supply and wastewater treatment enterprise), whose sewage treatment facilities are undergoing gradual reconstruction and modernization and ensure proper treatment of 99.8 % of the municipal wastewater. Saint Petersburg Vodokanal and Petrozavodsk Vodokanal became the first facilities with negative environmental impact to be excluded from the lists of regional environmental “hot spots” based on decisions of international organizations and compliance with BAT-associated requirements. We conclude that the experience of St. Petersburg Vodokanal in implementing a continuous self-monitoring system for treated wastewater should be replicated at other facilities, with adjustments for their size. Such a solution will enable fulfillment of the environmental legislation requirements established for the transition to environmental and technological regulation of key economic sectors.

Statistical/machine learning is discussed as a part of permit conditions for monitoring emissions into air using surrogate parameters. It is unavoidable step in establishing system of monitoring by models. Requirements for such learning, given by Directive for industrial emissions (IED) and Conclusions for best available techniques (BATC) are recognized. They are compared with requirements in standards for direct continuous emission monitoring and automated measuring systems and then use to broadly define statistical learning seeking the common principles that could be applied in permits. Such are found to be clear phases of learning introducing training, validation and testing, basic equations for learning, learning paths, blocking of observations and quality assurance based on statistical criteria. The findings are intended for monitoring practice using continuous monitoring of air emissions (mineral and energy sector and for waste incineration and co-incineration and even broader), needs permitting procedure and could use surrogate parameters models for monitoring emissions into air.

Tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) is a secondary atmospheric pollutant formed through complex photochemical reactions of precursors, mainly involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), which poses critical challenges to air quality, public health, and environmental sustainability. This study provides an in-depth analysis of industrial emissions of O 3 precursors in Spain, focusing on their spatial distribution, sectoral contributions, temporal trends, and the effectiveness of realistic mitigation strategies. By analysing the emission inventories of the precursors and collecting information from visits to 50 industrial facilities in the four critical O 3 air basins in Spain, the research identifies the main emission sources, assesses the application of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and examines the potential impacts of decarbonisation initiatives. Findings revealed that a small number of facilities contribute largely to total emissions of precursors, with significant regional and sectoral differences in monitoring practices and emission abatements. NOx emissions, largely channelled, have seen significant reductions mainly due to the high penetration of renewable energies in electricity generation in Spain, while VOC emissions remain challenging due to their diffuse nature and reliance on solvent-intensive processes. Decarbonisation efforts are shown to have a dual effect, with potential reductions in NOx but limited influence on VOC emissions. The recommendations include strengthening regulatory harmonisation, improving emission monitoring methodologies, especially for multi-source and non-channelled emissions, as well as promoting innovation in precursor reduction technologies. The conclusions and recommendations will be integrated into the Spanish Tropospheric Ozone Mitigation Plan (STOMP) and may provide valuable insights for other mitigation plans. • A small number of facilities are responsible for most emissions of O 3 precursors. • Large emission sources are more controlled than multi-source for similar mass emission. • NOx control challenges: phasing out combustion and extending abatement systems. • VOC challenges: increase water-base & low OFP solvents and control non-channelled emissions. • Decarbonisation plans are expected to reduce mainly NOx emissions.

The activity of railway transport is accompanied by the formation of a large amount of waste of various hazard classes, which are sources of negative impact on the environment. In this regard, ensuring the environmentally sound management of production and consumption waste is a task and one of the main directions of corporate environmental policy and management in the field of railway transport. The article describes and justifies the need to take into account the specifics of the types of waste in railway transport, the degree of their impact on the environment, depending on the hazard class in the organization and implementation of activities in railway transport, including rail transportation of waste, including hazardous waste. As a result of the analysis of industry documents defining environmental policy in the railway sector, including waste management, as well as practical experience in implementing the best available technologies (BAT) at Russian Railways, the positive dynamics of achieving national goals and objectives in the field of waste management, reducing the volume of their formation, disposal and burial, increasing recycling and reuse during the transition to a closed-loop economy. The existing legal problems are highlighted, the solution of which is necessary to improve legal support and improve the efficiency of waste management in railway transport. The interdisciplinary approach, the method of systematic analysis of statistical data, strategic planning documents, as well as the provisions of the concept of sustainable development were used as the methodological basis of the study. Their application made it possible to provide an objective assessment of strategic planning, management and legal support for waste management in the field of railway transport, as well as to substantiate proposals for their optimization. The results include conclusions and proposals for improving transport legislation; ensuring consistency and correlation of railway industry strategies, including provisions on waste management, with strategic planning documents in environmental, transport, innovation, investment and other areas.; about the need to take into account the specifics of waste types and the specifics of the stages of their handling in railway transport in standards, other technical regulation documents, regulatory and technical documents, reference books of the best available technologies, recommendations in the field under study.

Integrated permitting systems are being progressively implemented by governments worldwide owing to their beneficial effects on site-level environmental management. However, different countries have implemented different systems that reflect their own national conditions, resulting in varying efficacy. Based on experience from Korea, here, we propose an e-permit system that implements (i) package management of industries related to or within the value chain of permitted industries, (ii) site-specific best available techniques (BATs), (iii) automatic calculations of BAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs), and (iv) code-based management of environmental factors using a ReGreen-BAT (RG-BAT) diagram. The e-permit system improves permitting process efficiency and reduces the review period from 35 days to 2–23 days depending on the industry sector. Additionally, by leveraging big data collected through the Integrated Environmental Permitting System for post-permit management, administrative efficiency could be further improved. Integrating industries related to or within the value chain of the target industries in the Integrated Environmental Management System (IEMS) can reduce pollution, improve resource circulation, and promote energy efficiency and cost savings. When selecting BATs, the balloon effect and internal site-specific factors should be evaluated to realize more tailored and acceptable BAT selection. Automation of BAT-AEL calculations using Python considerably reduces the processing time to 2–3 weeks. The RG-BAT diagram helps visualize BAT effectiveness and allows businesses to easily identify suitable BATs. The insights gained herein indicate that countries implementing IEMS can benefit from sharing implementation experiences and should collaborate on the development of advanced systems.

The aim of the study is to systematize current methods for assessing the economic efficiency of the best available food and agri-biotechnologies in domestic and international science and practice. The research applies methods of comparative analysis, systematization, and critical evaluation of scientific publications focused on the economic and environmental effectiveness of best available technologies (BAT). A classification-based approach was also employed to identify and group methods according to their orientation and application area. The empirical base includes regulatory documents, in particular, methodological guidelines for identifying technologies as BAT, national standards (GOST), and scientific publications on biotechnology, precision agriculture, organic waste processing, alternative protein sources, and more. The study examines methods such as investment feasibility analysis, life cycle environmental impact assessment, life cycle costing, multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), stochastic analysis, cluster analysis, among others. The findings demonstrate that integration of several methods enables assessment of both the financial and environmental viability of technology adoption. For example, in the case of cultivated meat, key indicators include both unit production cost and carbon footprint, which necessitates a shift from narrow economic assessment to eco-efficiency evaluation. The use of stochastic frontier analysis and clustering methods reveals that differences in farm efficiency are influenced not only by technology type, but also by the degree of its adoption. Overall, the systematization of methods for evaluating the efficiency of BAT indicates a clear trend toward transitioning from isolated economic indicators to comprehensive, data-driven approaches that combine economic and environmental metrics and validate results through empirical evidence.

This article explores the transition toward environmental and industrial regulation in Russia, grounded in the concept of best available techniques (BAT). In the Russian context, BAT is framed as a developmental category, with the transition toward environmental and industrial regulation intended to drive the modernization of domestic industries and improve resource efficiency. The study provides a critical analysis of the current practices surrounding the development of environ-mental performance enhancement programs and the preparation of applications for integrated environmental permits, with a particular focus on cement producers.

In the current context of the international climate agenda, understanding both the sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the mechanisms for their mitigation is a fundamental requirement for low-carbon development strategies. Kazakhstan has pledged to reduce its GHG emissions by 15–25% by 2030, relative to 1990 levels, and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. However, there is no unified methodology for comprehensively assessing the national carbon balance, particularly at the regional scale. This study addresses this gap by analyzing GHG emissions and carbon sequestration capacities across Kazakhstan’s regions using a sectoral disaggregation approach and scenario-based modeling aligned with IPCC methods. Emission hotspots were identified in the energy sector (328 MtCO2-eq), agriculture (118 MtCO2-eq—primarily from pasturelands), and transport (7 MtCO2-eq). In contrast, current carbon sinks—mainly forest ecosystems and abandoned pasturelands—account for only 3.97 and 13.9 MtCO2-eq, respectively. The research evaluates the technical potential for emissions reduction through the best available technologies (BAT), livestock management, partial transition to gas-powered vehicles, and reforestation. A geoengineering scenario combining all measures suggests that Kazakhstan could meet its 2030 climate targets, although full carbon neutrality by 2060 would remain out of reach under current policy trajectories. The Akmola region is examined as a representative case study, demonstrating a possible 35% reduction in net emissions by 2035. This work contributes a regionally nuanced, data-driven framework for integrating ecosystem services into national climate policy and identifies nature-based solutions—especially forest management—as essential components of Kazakhstan’s decarbonization pathway, offering insights for other carbon-intensive economies.

Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) removal is a critical aspect of waste gas treatment, particularly in industries, municipalities, and agriculture. This study investigates the impact of pH and loading rate on the efficiency of hydrogen sulphide removal in biotrickling filters. Biological methods, acknowledged as Best Available Techniques (BAT), are gaining prominence due to their advantages over classical physicochemical methods. The research aims to elucidate the influence of pH levels and loading rates on the performance of biotrickling filters in mitigating hydrogen sulphide emissions. The tests were conducted at constant pH values of 1, 2, 3 and 4, which were automatically maintained using a pump dispensing NaOH solution. The H2S concentrations at the inlet to the column were selected from a range of 60 – 300 ppm. During the study, the proportions of various groups of microorganisms (mesophilic bacteria for environmental application, potentially pathogenic mesophilic bacteria and microscopic fungi), the loading rate (LR), elimination capacity (EC), and removal efficiency (RE) were determined at pilot-scale level, with gas volume flow rates of 40 L*min-1 During the series of measurements, a maximum elimination capacity of the biotrickling filter of 224 g H2S/(m3ˑh), with nearly 100 % H2S removal, was achieved.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the implementation of the best available technologies (BAT) – a modern tool for developing the concept of quality management of agricultural products as the most promising area of focus for investing funds and efforts to strengthen positions in both domestic and international markets. At the current stage of enterprise development, the implementation of the BAT concept, which is a modern tool for environmental industrial policy, can be easily applied in practice.

This study aims to assess and reduce water consumption and environmental footprints in denim mills located in the industrial areas of Lahore. Two mills, M1 and M2, were selected for the implementation of Best Available Technologies (BAT) based on the IPPC BREF Textile Document. The study was conducted in five distinct phases: (1) Planning & Mill Selection, which involved identifying mills based on their environmental impact; (2) Pre-assessment, where baseline data on water consumption and wastewater generation were collected; (3) Quantitative Assessment, consisting of detailed measurements and analysis of water usage at both mills; (4) Feasibility Evaluation Study, in which the applicability and potential effectiveness of various BAT options were evaluated; and (5) Implementation & Continuation, which involved applying the selected BAT measures, followed by ongoing monitoring and optimization. Baseline data for the year 2022 revealed specific water consumption of 53 L/kg for M1 and 47 L/kg for M2. The results demonstrated significant reductions in both specific water consumption and wastewater generation following BAT implementation, with reductions of 28.3% and 29.7% in specific water consumption for M1 and M2, respectively, during the period from January 2022 to December 2023. Total water consumption decreased by 14.5% in M1 and 23.6% in M2 compared to the baseline year. Furthermore, production increased by 19% in M1 from the baseline year. The findings suggest that the application of BAT measures, including wastewater reuse, machinery modifications, steam condensate recycling, and improved management practices, significantly reduced water consumption and wastewater discharge, contributing to a lower environmental footprint in the studied mills. However, these results may vary mill to mill based upon the type of processes, machinery and management practices, these results emphasize the role of BAT in driving water conservation and environmental sustainability in the textile industry.

This study addresses the growing global concern regarding electronic waste (e-waste) management, focusing on the challenges and potential solutions within the Russian Federation. This study employs a systematic approach, statistical analysis, and comparative studies to evaluate the current state of e-waste management, including its collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal. Data from Rosprirodnadzor and other regulatory bodies were analyzed to assess the dynamics of e-waste generation, recycling rates, and the implementation of best available technologies (BATs) through integrated environmental permits (IEPs). The study findings reveal a significant increase in e-waste generation (from 87,832 tons in 2019 to 113,372 tons in 2022, but decreased to 82,965 tons in 2023), with only a fraction being properly recycled (the amount of waste processed has decreased significantly: from 79,616 tons in 2019 to 11,569 tons in 2023), and highlight the inefficiencies in existing regional waste management systems (including monopolistic operators and inefficient infrastructure, with just six certified e-waste recyclers operating nationally). This study concludes that a comprehensive, regionally tailored e-waste management system, supported by financial mechanisms such as parafiscal charges, is essential for improving recycling rates and reducing the environmental impacts of e-waste. Key recommendations include QR-code labeling for traceability, expanded collection networks, and BAT-aligned permits to meet the 65% collection target set by EU Directive 2012/19/EU. Our findings underscore the urgency of scaling recycling capacity—currently 481,935 tons/year nationally—to match annual e-waste generation (1.4 million tons). The proposed system emphasizes the prioritization of ecological over economic considerations, aiming to create an effective system for e-waste management in Russia. The proposed hypothesis includes an effective e-waste management system that can be established through BAT-based processes, financial incentives, and systemic regional integration—but it requires empirical validation under real-world conditions. To achieve this, it is necessary to conduct a pilot implementation in a selected region. A pilot with partial infrastructure exists in Moscow (e.g., Ecopolis Corporation’s facilities) and integrates disjointed processes (collection → sorting → recycling) while monitoring key metrics (e.g., volume processed, cost per ton, stakeholder compliance). A 3-year evaluation period would provide actionable data for a nationwide rollout.

Energy system models or energy demand analysis, such as top-down and bottom-up models, provide energy consumption data in energy end-uses, energy carriers, and subsectors. A technical energy efficiency potential can be determined by applying the best available technology (BAT) values. This paper aims to take the consideration of the energy efficiency potential in an energy system model to a new level by including environmental and social aspects. Using the example of the tertiary sector, it is shown how to incorporate a quantification methodology for non-energy benefits (NEBs) together with the (avoided) environmental costs into the energy efficiency potential of an energy demand analysis. This leads to an overall environmental assessment of the tertiary sector and shows how integrating avoided environmental costs and NEBs increases the economic efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and profitability of energy efficiency measures. Assuming a price of 29.04 EUR-ct2020/kWh for the (avoided) environmental costs and a ratio of the total net savings to the net energy savings of 2.3 for the NEBs, all considered energy efficiency measures are economic. This paper shows that including environmental costs and considering NEBs could be important policy instruments.

This report consolidates findings from two key engagements: capacity-building workshops held in Hanoi, Viet Nam, involving the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE), and with the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) in Ahmedabad, Gujarat/India. Both workshops focused on the development and implementation of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and BAT Reference Documents (BREFs), exploring their status, associated challenges and actionable solutions. The insights gained offer a comparative perspective on advancing industrial pollution prevention and control across Iron-steel, textiles and paper-pulp sectors and inform ongoing OECD work areas.

Traces of mercury present in the ambient air has led the world to talk about mercury pollution in the environment that consequently resulted in the introduction of the Minamata Convention (MC) on Mercury, an international treaty on mercury. It was signed on 10th October 2013 in Japan that became effective from 16th August 2017. The Minamata Convention is a global treaty that aims to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions of mercury and its compounds. The MC recognizes mercury as a pollutant of global concern considering mercury to be capable of long-range transport, to be persistent, and to bioaccumulate, which ultimately results in elevated human exposure levels associated with a range of negative health effects.

This article discusses technical measures aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the production of granular fertilizers, and relate to one of the two key approaches to the organization of the technological process. The first key approach implies a more complete use of the heat of exothermic reactions. The second key approach implies the use of a set of measures aimed at using (recovering) heat from internal and external heat flows of the installation. The activities of each key approach make it possible to solve the issues of energy saving, reducing natural gas consumption and reducing the "carbon footprint" in the production of mineral phosphorus-containing fertilizers. Examples of technical measures that were carried out or are planned to be implemented at the chemical enterprises with the direct participation of specialists of JSC NIUF at the stage of pre-design study, development of project documentation, start-up and development of design production indicators are given. The most dynamic development of production capacities for the production of mineral phosphorus-containing fertilizers at the chemical enterprises has occurred since the beginning of the tenth years of this century due to the reconstruction of existing systems and the construction of new installations. When developing the organization of production, developing technologies and designing technical re-equipment and new construction, the principles of the best available technologies (BAT) were applied, including the implementation of energy saving measures. The use of energy- and resource-saving approaches in the production of mineral phosphorus-containing fertilizers, the introduction of modern equipment and aggregates into production makes it possible to reduce the specific consumption of natural gas per unit of production, reduce energy consumption, as well as reduce the negative impact on the environment, including reducing the "carbon footprint" in fertilizer production to zero. For citation: Mednikov D.S., Marik Yu.A., Pagaleshkin D.A., Fedotov P.S., Norov A.M. Directions in energy saving and reduction of the "carbon footprint" in the production of mineral phosphorus-containing fertilizers. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2025. V. 68. N 5. P. 28-38. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20256805.5f.