Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium Bromide Research Articles

Rapid screening of benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide co-metabolic degrading bacteria based on NIR hyperspectral imaging technology

As a typical disinfectant, the use of benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB) has dramatically increased since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, posing a threat to environmental balance and human health. Screening BDAB co-metabolic degrading bacteria is required for efficient microbial degradation. Conventional methods for screening co-metabolic degrading bacteria are laborious and time-consuming, especially when the number of strains is large. This study aimed to develop a novel method for the rapid screening of BDAB co-metabolic degrading bacteria from the cultured solid medium using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) technology. Based on NIR spectra, the concentration of BDAB in the solid medium can be well predicted by partial least squares regression (PLSR) models, non-destructively and rapidly, with Rc2 > 0.872 and Rcv2 > 0.870. The results show that the predicted BDAB concentrations decrease after degrading bacteria utilization, comparing with the regions where no degrading bacteria grew. The proposed method was applied to directly identify the BDAB co-metabolic degrading bacteria cultured on the solid medium, and two kinds of co-metabolic degrading bacteria RQR-1 and BDAB-1 were correctly identified. This method provides a high-efficiency method for screening BDAB co-metabolic degrading bacteria from a large number of bacteria.

Molecular surface engineering via collision-induced-dissociation-assisted grafting of antimicrobial molecules on self-assembled-silanized glass

The surface of a glass plate was molecularly engineered to become antimicrobial by coating it with a self-assembled layer of (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and then with an overlayer of antimicrobial benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (BAB). Hyperthermal H2 molecules with a kinetic energy of about 15 eV were used as “bullets” to collide with BAB and APTMS to selectively cleave the CH bonds in them. Subsequent recombination of the carbon radicals thus formed lead to the crosslinking and fixation of BAB to APTMS which is itself strongly bonded to the glass surface via silanization. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to validate this peculiar hyperthermal hydrogen induced cross-linking (HHIC) mechanism, and hyperthermal hydrogen molecules with a high flux density over 1 × 1015 H2/cm2s for completing the HHIC process in 10 s in reaction-time were experimentally generated with a specifically designed instrument. The glass silanization with APTMS and the fixation of BAB molecules were assessed and confirmed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as atomic force microscopy (AFM). The antimicrobial activity against staphylococcus aureus was confirmed with the standard ISO/DIS 22196 test-method.

Metagenomic insights into the effects of benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB) shock on bacteria-driven nitrogen removal in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)

The use of disinfectants made from quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has greatly increased since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. However, the effect of QACs on wastewater treatment performance is still unclear. In this study, a commonly used QAC, i.e., benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB), was added to a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) to investigate BDAB's effect on nutrient removal. When the BDAB concentration was increased to 50 mg L−1, the ammonia removal efficiency (ARE) greatly decreased, as did the nitrate production rate constants (NPR). This inhibition was partly recovered by decreasing the BDAB concentration to 30 mg L−1. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the functional genera present during different stages of the control (Rc) and BDAB-added reactors (Re). The enriched genera (Rudaea, Nitrosospira, Sphingomonas, and Rhodanobacter) in Rc mainly related to the nitrogen metabolism, while the enriched genera in Re was BDAB-concentration dependent. Functional genes analysis suggested that a lack of ammonia oxidase-encoding genes (amoABC) may have caused a decrease in ARE in Re, while the efflux pump-encoding genes emrE, mdfA, and oprM and a gene encoding BAC oxygenase (oxyBAC) were responsible for BDAB resistance. The increase in the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Re revealed a potential risk arising from BDAB. Overall, this study revealed the potential effect and ecological risks of BDAB introduction in WWTPs.

Enhanced Perovskite Solar Cell Stability and Efficiency via Multi‐Functional Quaternary Ammonium Bromide Passivation

AbstractThe Achilles heel of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the long‐term stability under working condition which restricts the commercialization. There are many causes for the poor stability including intrinsic defects in perovskite and humidity‐induced degradation. This work systematically investigates the synergistic working mechanism of defect passivation and humidity erosion protection on organic‐inorganic metal‐halide perovskite with benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (BDDAB). The functionalized parts of halogen anions (Br−) can simultaneously passivate defects and improve the resistance of the humidity erosion by repairing [PbI6]4− octahedron defects as well as providing hydrophobicity. Moreover, the benzene ring in BDDAB tends to form π–π stacking with the benzene ring in the hole transport layer, which increases the intermolecular interaction. Thus, the highest efficiency of 22.08% is obtained by BDDAB‐modified PSCs, and 93.29% initial efficiency is retained after aging for 500 h at 80% relative humidity.

A novel universal strategy for fabricating soybean protein adhesive with excellent adhesion and anti-mildew performances

Soybean meal (SM) adhesive is a promising alternative to petroleum-based ones. However, the poor water resistance, low bonding strength, and susceptibility to mildew limit its industrial application. Inspired by the micro-nano micelle structure's strengthening mechanism, a facile and green method of synthesizing a high-performance soy protein adhesive by a dual cross-linking strategy was reported. The in-situ self-assembled micelles of benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (BDAB) interacted with protein chains via dynamical bonds, while 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether (HDE) acted as the flexible cross-linker. The BDAB micelles interact with protein chains via non-covalent electrostatic interactions, improving the cross-linking density of the network system and the micelles with numerous amino cations exhibit efficient anti-bacterial properties. The as-obtained adhesive exhibits excellent mechanical properties and stable network structure, showing strong bonding strength and water resistance (2.22 and 1.25 MPa). Especially, the incorporation of HDE and BDAB imparts the modified SM adhesive with excellent antifungal and antibacterial (E. coli and S. aureus) performances, significantly extending the adhesive storage life. Additionally, this work provides a new facile and universal strategy for fabricating formaldehyde-free, environment-friendly, and renewable protein-based adhesives, which is a promising alternative to traditional adhesives in the wood industry.

Surfactant-mediated electrodeposition of a pseudocapacitive manganese dioxide a twofer

Electrochemical energy storage is one of the most promising ways of storing energy from intermittent, renewable sources. To meet the needs, the development of scalable, earth-abundant, chemically stable, and environmentally friendly electrode materials is crucial. This work presents four cationic surfactant-mediated manganese sulfate electrolytic solutions used for the synthesis of electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) to produce scalable material that satisfies the pre-requisites desired for supercapacitor applications. The influence of the surfactant molecular structure, its concentration, and its interaction in the electrolytic sulfate bath was studied, which opens up new possibilities for the fabrication of the supercapacitor electrode. The performance of three surfactants (Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide) was benchmarked against the widely used Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide under identical conditions. The surfactants were chosen based on their different head groups and hydrocarbon chains. Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide-assisted EMD (EMD/B-AB) in a single-electrode device showed improved capacitance of 602 F g−1 (at 1 mA cm−2) over the other surfactant-mediated samples. The molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the electrodeposition of manganese dioxide is highly influenced by B-AB, as it adsorbs with the aryl group planar to the Pb surface. The appropriate concentration of B-AB surfactant in the bulk solution appears to be incorporated into the EMD deposit due to their hydrophobic nature and controlled nucleation and established improved pseudocapacitive performance to score a twofer. The asymmetric capacitor of EMD/B-AB30 vs. porous activated carbon exhibited a high specific capacitance of 91 F g−1, with an energy density of 32.4 Wh kg−1 for a corresponding power density of 971 W kg−1.

Influence of head group structure of cationic surfactants on the desorption of cesium from clays and clay minerals

The role of cationic surfactants head group for cesium (Cs) desorption from clays and clay minerals was investigated in this study by using two surfactants having similar hydrocarbon chain lengths but different head group types. Two surfactants used were dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) with linear structure and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (BDAB) containing bulkier head group. The results indicated that Cs desorption from bentonites using both surfactants was accompanied by interlayer expansion. In the case of Na-bentonite, BDAB showed higher Cs desorption efficiency than DTAB due to larger interlayer expansion after intercalation of BDAB. In contrast, the amount of desorbed Cs from Ca-bentonite was comparable, corresponding to the almost identical interlayer expansion after intercalation of both surfactants. It was because Ca ions present in Ca-bentonite must associate with two negatively charged interlayers, hence limiting its expansion. Cs desorption from kaolinite was more governed by surfactant micelles. When the surfactant micelles were formed earlier at low concentration, considerable desorption of Cs was achieved. In this regard, BDAB more efficiently desorbed Cs compared to DTAB owing to rapid formation of BDAB micelles at lower concentrations caused by the increase in head group size. For Cs desorption from illite, both surfactants even exhibited similar insignificant results with HCl used as a control of desorbent. Frayed edge sites in illite probably provoked strong Cs retention causing the difficulty in desorbing Cs. Furthermore, desorption kinetic data of Cs from all samples using both surfactants fitted well with pseudo-second order model, suggesting the occurrence of chemical desorption by involving ion-exchange mechanism.

PH-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles based on sulfobutylether7-β-CD/cationic surfactant and its controllable release of doxorubicin

Novel supramolecular nanoparticles were successfully built by sulfobutylether7-β-cyclodextrin and benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide. The assembly and disassembly behavior were determined by UV–Vis, Tyndall effect, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential. Upon decreasing pH values, the resulting nanoparticles disassemble. The nanoparticles will be restored to spherical nanoparticles when the pH increases to the initial value. Due to the negative zeta potential, the nanoparticles showed good loading capacity for doxorubicin (DOX). DOX-loaded nanoparticles exhibited pH-responsive drug release behavior and possess higher cytotoxicity than the positive control, cisplatin. Thus, the simple and effective supramolecular nanoparticles with desirable load/release DOX property was constructed as pH-responsive drug delivery system.

Benzalkonium Bromide Cationic Surfactant Removal from Wastewater Using Magnetite Nanomaterial

The cationic surfactants have various applications being found in personal care products, detergents, cleaning products, disinfectants, hair conditioners, etc. Cationic surfactants are presented in domestic or industrial wastewater, being very resistant pollutants to biodegradation during conventional wastewater treatment (WT) methods, which generated the need to develop new efficient alternative methods. One of the alternative to conventional WT methods involves the utilization of the adsorbent nanomaterials, which are highly efficient, easy to operate, environmental friendly and cost effective. In this study, it was investigated the adsorption process of a cationic surfactant, benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (benzalkonium bromide) from wastewater on magnetite nanomaterial. The adsorption investigation of benzalkonium bromide was analyzed by TOC analysis and the maximum adsorption efficiency obtained was 91.4 %. The experimental data fitted very well with Langmuir model, the correlation coefficient (R2) being 0.9792.

Synthesis and characterization of conducting poly(2-ethylaniline) nanoparticle: Effect of surfactant template on morphology and electrical conductivity

Abstract Poly(2-ethylaniline) (PEAn) was synthesized via emulsion polymerization using 2-ethylaniline as a monomer, ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant, and various surfactants as shape templates. The effects of FeCl3 concentrations, surfactant types and surfactant concentrations were systematically investigated. Five surfactants namely cetyltrimethyl- ammonium bromide (CTAB), benzyldodecyldimethyl-ammonium bromide (BDAB), and dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DODAB) as cationic surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant, and polysorbate 20 (TW20) as a non-ionic surfactant were utilized as the surfactant templates. The PEAn particle shapes were found to be irregular, globular, and fibrillar, with the sizes varying from 127 to 840 nm depending on the surfactant type and concentration. PEAn with the fibrillar shape provided higher electrical conductivity than PEAn with the globular shape, as observed in the cationic surfactant templates at 1 CMC namely CTAB, BDAB, and DODAB. Herein, the PEAn electrical conductivity was in the range from 5.74 × 10−6 to 7.79 × 10-2 S cm-1, as varied by the synthesis conditions. The PEAn as synthesized by the BDAB emulsion system at 1 CMC provided the higher electrical conductivity value of 7.79 × 10-2 ± 7.52 × 10-4 S cm-1, relative to CTAB, DODAB, SDS, and TW20, due to the obtained PEAn fibrillar shape and the benzene ring of BDAB which facilitated the electron delocalization. Thermal stability of PEAn in various synthesis conditions was investigated. The PEAn without a surfactant provided the highest thermal stability; as it produced a higher char yield than the PEAn synthesized in other conditions.

The preparation and morphology control of heparin-based pH sensitive polyion complexes and their application as drug carriers

Heparin as negative polysaccharide is a universal building block to form polyion complex with different cationic counterparts. In this paper, three different cations, including chitosan, benzyldodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide and doxorubicin hydrochloride, were used to prepare heparin-based polyion complexes (HPICs). Their morphologies could be tuned by heparin content in HPIC, and they also showed pH-sensitive decomposition. Doxorubicin was further encapsulated into micelle and vesicle carrier made from heparin-benzyldodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide PIC, whereas heparin-doxorubicin PIC could be directly used as drug carrier. In vitro drug release proved the drug carriers exhibit obvious pH sensitive release behaviour. Cytotoxicity indicated the drug carrier possessed significant cytotoxicity to tumor cells. The cell uptake observed by CLSM showed the carrier was able to deliver antitumor drug into tumor cell’s nucleus. Consequently, these results showed the promising potential of HPIC in drug carrier application.

A Highly Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Gallium Determination with Chrome Azurol S in the Presence of Mixed Cationic-Nonionic Surfactants and its Application in Plant Analysis

ABSTRACTA simple and very sensitive spectrophotometric method determining microgram quantities of gallium (Ga) has been developed. The method is based on the complex of Ga(III) with Chrome Azurol S (CAS) in the presence of benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (ST) and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monopalmitate (Tween 40). The complex forms in weakly acid solution (pH 3.8) and shows the absorption maximum at 627 nm. The molar absorptivity (ε) of this system is 1.87 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1, and it is clearly higher than ε of other spectrophotometric methods of gallium determination. The detection and quantification limits (LOD, LOQ) are 7.6 × 10–3 and 0.023 µg mL−1, respectively. Beer‘s law is obeyed in the range from 0.02 to 0.60 µg mL−1 of Ga. The precision and accuracy are good. This first spectrophotometric method of Ga(III) determination in the four-component system has been successfully applied for the analysis of mushrooms and grasses with low content of gallium.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Molybdenum in the Presence of Tungsten Using Gallein and Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium Bromide

Spectrophotometric Determination of Molybdenum in the Presence of Tungsten Using Gallein and Benzyldodecyldimethylammonium Bromide

Spectrophotometric study of colour reaction of vanadium(IV) with Chrome Azurol S in the presence of cationic and non-ionic surfactants

The optimum conditions for the formation of complexes of vanadium(IV) with Chrome Azurol S (CAS) in the presence of cationic (benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (ST)) and non-ionic (Triton X-100, Tween 20 and Brij 35) surfactants have been determined. The complexes are formed in weakly acid solution (optimum pH: 4.6, 4.0 and 3.9) and show the absorption maxima at 603, 600 and 598 nm, respectively. The highest sensitivity was obtained for the method based on quaternary system V(IV)-CAS-ST-Triton X-100 due to the higher CAS: V(IV) molar ratio in this complex than in binary and ternary complexes: V(IV)-CAS) and V(IV)-CAS-ST. The molar absorptivity of this system is 8.08 × 104 L/mol cm. The LOD and LOQ values are: 0.006 and 0.02 μg/mL, respectively. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range: 0.02–0.60 μg/mL of V. The precision (RSD = 0.51%) and accuracy (1.9%) are satisfactory. This method has been applied to the determination of vanadium in plant materials.

Spectrophotometric determination of molybdenum in the presence of tungsten using gallein and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide

The chemical similarity between molybdenum and tungsten makes the direct spectrophotometric determination of these metals impossible. Usually the determination is preceded by a separation step. In order to find out a selective and quantitative isolation method, coprecipitation with thioacetamide and Cu(II) as a carrier; MnO2; cupferron, tannin and crystal violet; quinolin-8-ol, tannin and thioacetamide, were examined. Molybdenum(VI) could be determined in the presence of 100-fold mass excess of tungsten after precipitation with thioacetamide and Cu(II). The remaining methods could only be applied if mass excess of W is equal to or lower with respect to Mo. For the resolution of this problem, the derivative spectrophotometry was used. The studies of different order spectra of gallein complexes of molybdenum, tungsten and their mixtures have shown that the fifth-derivative spectra allows one to eliminate the interfering effects of W on the determination of Mo. At 650 nm the spectral features of tungsten is zeroing while the value of the fifth-derivative spectrum of mixture of Mo and W corresponds only to the concentration of molybdenum in the examined solution. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range 0.32–0.80 μg/mL of Mo. The developed derivative spectrophotometric method and the most selective pre-separation method, based on the precipitation of molybdenum(VI) sulphide, were applied to the determination of Mo in Armco iron and steel. The accuracy of the elaborated methods was confirmed by comparison of the determined content of Mo with certified values as well as with the result obtained by the reference ICP-OES technique.

Spectrophotometric and Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectroscopy Determination of Gallium in Natural Soils and Soils Polluted by Industry: Relationships between Elements

The aim of this work was to determine gallium contents in different soils of Poland using a sensitive spectrophotometric method based on the complex of Ga(III) with chrome azurol S and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry technique. The total content of gallium in the soils clearly depends on the soil location and properties and ranged from 41.7 to 437 μg g–1. The contents of gallium determined in 10% nitric acid and 1 M of magnesium chloride extract ranges respectively from 38.0 to 81.9% and 20–40% of the total content of this element. A strong correlation has been found between gallium and zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper. The high Pearson correlation coefficient values and the proportional relationship between the concentrations of Ga and these metals may make it possible to treat gallium as an indicator of soil contamination with heavy metals.

Enhanced remediation of simulated wastewaters contaminated with 2-chlorophenol and other aquatic pollutants by TiO 2-photoassisted ozonation in a sunlight-driven pilot-plant scale photoreactor

Solar photoassisted remediation of a simulated wastewater contaminated with 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) was carried out by various advanced oxidation processes in a pilot-plant-scale Pyrex glass tubular-type photoreactor using solar cell derived electricity to drive the whole setup. The UV-assisted degradation and mineralization (loss of total organic carbon, TOC) of 2-CP in the co-presence of TiO 2 and ozone (UV/TiO 2/O 3) was enhanced significantly compared with ozonation alone (UV/O 3) and conventional TiO 2 photocatalysis in oxygenated dispersions (UV/TiO 2/O 2). The mineralization process was monitored by TOC assays and chloride ion analyzes. The utilization of immobilized TiO 2 was also examined with a TiO 2-coated glass photoreactor and compared with dispersed TiO 2 in aqueous media. In addition, simulated wastewaters contaminated with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), the endocrine disruptor bisphenol-A (BPA), the anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) and sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate (BNS), together with the cationic benzyldodecyldimethyl- ammonium bromide (BDDAB) surfactant were also efficiently remediated under otherwise identical conditions. The TiO 2-photoassisted ozonation of organic wastewater contaminants is a promising synergistic methodology to accelerate the remediation of such wastewaters, even when the TiO 2 is immobilized which can lead to reduced costs of operation.

Remediation of simulated aquatic sites contaminated with recalcitrant substrates by TiO2/ozonation under natural sunlight

The fates of four aquatic contaminants, namely the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4-D), the bisphenol A endocrine disruptor (BPA), and the sodium butylnaphthalenesulfonate (BNS) and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide (BDDAB) surfactants by the TiO2-photoassisted ozonation (TiO2/O3/UV method) were investigated indoors under laboratory conditions (super-high-pressure Hg lamp) and outdoors under natural Sunlight. In laboratory experiments the TiO2/O3/UV methodology led to significant increases in degradation efficiency relative to ozonation (dark: O3; or under UV light: O3/UV) and to the TiO2-photoassisted method of oxygenated dispersions (TiO2/O2/UV). Mineralizations of the substrates were monitored by total organic carbon (TOC) assays. The BDDAB surfactant, being most recalcitrant to biodegradation and to the TiO2-photoassisted degradation, was mineralized efficiently by the TiO2/O3/UV method under natural Sunlight at relatively high concentrations of contaminants (1.0mM) using a tubular-type photoreactor consisting of Pyrex glass tubes and a solar cell system that supplied the needed electrical power.

Speciation of scandium and gallium in soil

A method for the speciation of scandium and gallium in soil has been developed. The sequential extraction scheme of Tessier et al. for heavy metals was examined for the scandium and gallium separation. The regents proposed by Tessier were used for the extraction, and only for the residual fraction the HClO 4 was replaced with H 2SO 4. The optimum conditions for leaching scandium and gallium from the soil were chosen for each fraction. Very sensitive, spectrophotometric methods based on the mixed complexes of Sc(III) and Ga(III) with Chrome Azurol S and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide were applied for the scandium and gallium determination after their separation by solvent extraction. 100% mesityl oxide and a 0.5 M solution of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone in xylene were chosen for the extraction of scandium and butyl acetate was selected for gallium. Soil samples from two different regions of Poland were the object of this research. The content of scandium and gallium found in the individual fractions of Upper Silesia soil (industrial region) was [in μg g −1] Sc: I, 1.52; II, 0.53; III, 7.78; IV, 1.79; V, 0.20; Ga: I, 24.7; III, 29.2; IV, 35.4; V, 6.9. In Podlasie soil (agricultural region), the content of both elements was clearly lower. The total content of scandium and gallium in the five soil fractions was in good correlation with the total content of these elements in the soils found after HF–H 2SO 4 digestion. Analysis using the ICP-OES method gave comparable results.

A Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Trace Quantities of Indium in Soil

A simple and very sensitive method determining microgram quantities of indium in soil has been developed. The spectrophotometric method (ɛ = 1.74 × 105 l mol-1 cm-1) based on the mixed complex In (III) with Chrome Azurol S and benzyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide was used for the analysis. A preliminary separation is made by extracting indium into butyl acetate from 5 M HBr solution. The selectivity of indium extraction and determination in the presence of macro- and micro components of soil was studied. Prior reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) with ascorbic acid prevents its co-extraction with indium. Indium was determined in synthetic mixtures corresponding to soil compositions and real samples of soil from different agricultural and industrial regions of Poland. The content of indium was found from the calibration graph (in the range, 0.12–0.48 μg/ml; r = 0.9991) obtained after extraction. The precision was satisfactory: % RSD (n = 6) ranged from 2.7 to 8.2. The average indium standard recovery ranged from 95 to 101%. Analysis using an ICP-OES method gave comparable results.