Addition Of Benzoic Acid Research Articles

Host plant-derived benzoic acid interferes with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid degradation in the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris by competitively binding to PobR

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassica vegetables, which can induce the host plant to produce salicylic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) during infection. Xcc was previously shown to sense and degrade host plant-derived 4-HBA via the sensor PobR and a PobA-dependent pathway. The degradation of 4-HBA is associated with Xcc virulence in cabbage. The present study generated a reporter strain XC1::PpobA-gusA to monitor pobA transcription. 4-HBA-like compounds were screened for their ability to interfere with pobA transcription. Benzoic acid (BA) was found to efficiently decrease pobA transcription in a dose-dependent manner. Xcc neither produced nor degraded BA; however, the exogenous addition of BA to the 4-HBA-containing Xcc culture significantly decreased the 4-HBA degradation rate. Furthermore, addition of BA into the Xcc culture did not significantly affect the transcription of pobA or pobR; however, addition of BA into the 4-HBA-containing culture significantly decreased the transcription of both genes. Isothermal titration calorimetry and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that BA binds to PobR with a moderate affinity, which interfered with the binding of 4-HBA/PobR complex to the pobA promoter and thereby inhibiting pobA transcription and 4-HBA degradation. The endogenous BA level of the infected cabbage leaves increased in response to Xcc infection. In the presence of BA, the virulence of Xcc on cabbage decreased significantly. Taken together, these results suggest that cabbage utilizes BA to interfere with 4-HBA degradation, thereby reducing Xcc virulence. Thus, BA has the potential to be developed as a bactericide against Xcc infection.

The Effects of Exogenous Benzoic Acid on the Physicochemical Properties, Enzyme Activities and Microbial Community Structures of Perilla frutescens Inter-Root Soil.

This study analyzed the effects of benzoic acid (BA) on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of perilla rhizosphere soil. The analysis was based on high-throughput sequencing technology and physiological and biochemical detection. The results showed that with the increase in BA concentration, soil pH significantly decreased, while the contents of total nitrogen (TN), alkaline nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) significantly increased. The activities of soil conversion enzymes urease and phosphatase significantly increased, but the activities of catalase and peroxidase significantly decreased. This indicates that BA can increase soil enzyme activity and improve nutrient conversion; the addition of BA significantly altered the composition and diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities. The relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Gemmatimonas, Pseudolabrys, and Bradyrhizobium decreased significantly, while the relative abundance of harmful fungi such as Pseudogymnoascus, Pseudoeurotium, and Talaromyces increased significantly. Correlation analysis shows that AP, AN, and TN are the main physicochemical factors affecting the structure of soil microbial communities. This study elucidates the effects of BA on the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of perilla soil, and preliminarily reveals the mechanism of its allelopathic effect on the growth of perilla.

The impact of benzoic acid and lactic acid on the treatment efficiency and microbial community in the sulfur autotrophic denitrification process.

Nitrate poses a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. This study focuses on the sulfur autotrophic denitrification mechanism in the process of water culture wastewater treatment, which has been successfully applied to the degradation of nitrogen in water culture farm effluents. However, the coexistence of organic acids in the treatment process is a common environmental challenge, significantly affecting the activity of denitrifying bacteria. This paper aims to explore the effects of adding benzoic acid and lactic acid on denitrification performance, organic acid removal rate, and microbial population abundance in sulfur autotrophic denitrification systems under optimal operating conditions, sulfur deficiency, and high hydraulic load. In experiments with 50 mg·L-1 of benzoic acid or lactic acid alone, the results show that benzoic acid and lactic acid have a stimulating effect on denitrification activity, with the stimulating effect significantly greater than the inhibitory effect. Under optimal operating conditions, the average denitrification rate of the system remained above 99%; under S/N = 1.5 conditions, the average denitrification rate increased from 88.34% to 91.93% and 85.91%; under HRT = 6h conditions, the average denitrification rate increased from 75.25% to 97.79% and 96.58%. In addition, the addition of organic acids led to a decrease in microbial population abundance. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria has always been the dominant bacterial genus, and its relative abundance significantly increased after the addition of benzoic acid, from 40.2% to 61.5% and 62.4%. At the genus level, Thiobacillus, Sulfurimonas, Chryseobacterium, and Thermomonas maintained high population abundances under different conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Employing autotrophic denitrification process for treating high-nitrate wastewater. Utilizing organic acids as external carbon sources. Denitrifying bacteria demonstrate high utilization efficiency towards organic acids. Organic acids promote denitrification more than they inhibit it. The promotion is manifested in the enhancement of activity and microbial abundance.

Benzoic acid as additive: A route to inhibit the formation of cracks in catalyst layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Cracks are a common defect in the catalyst layers (CLs) of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), deteriorating their performance. This study proposes benzoic acid as a cracking inhibitor in the catalyst ink. The additive strengthens the network of catalyst particles by promoting attractive interaction within them. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the inhibitor facilitates the desorption of ionomer from the Pt/carbon surface, weakening the repulsion force within catalyst particles. Rheology experiments indicate that the addition of benzoic acid transforms the catalyst ink from a sol-like to a gel-like, improving its viscosity and storage modulus. The stronger attractive interactions within the inhibitor-added ink impart anti-cracking ability, preventing stress release during the drying process. Furthermore, optical microscopy reveals a significant decrease in both the crack area and the maximum length of cracks in the CL after incorporating the inhibitor. Specifically, the crack area decreases from 13% to 2%, while the maximum crack length decreases from nearly 400 μm to 150 μm. Single cell tests show that the inhibitor-added sample exhibits a higher peak power density of 0.893 W/cm2 compared to the standard sample's 0.873 W/cm2. Overall, this study presents an effective method for manufacturing high-quality CLs in PEMFCs, ensuring improved performance.

PSII-8 Effects of Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal and Benzoic Acid on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Carcass Fat Iodine Value of Finishing Pigs

Abstract A total of 2,162 pigs (PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 31.4 ± 0.47 kg) were used in a 109-d finishing trial to evaluate the effects of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat iodine value. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 27 to 28 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of soybean meal source and benzoic acid. Diets contained either conventional soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM; Lester Feed and Grain, Lester, IA) with or without 0.25% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products; Parsippany, NJ). The EESBM was analyzed to be 43.2% CP and 7.73% fat (acid hydrolysis). Experimental diets were not balanced for energy, but rather formulated to the same SID Lys:ME ratio and fed based on a feed budget from d 0 to 109 in 6 phases. Overall (d 0 to 109), there were no interactions between soybean meal source and benzoic acid (P > 0.10; Table 1). There was a main effect of soybean meal source where pigs fed EESBM had reduced (P = 0.010) ADFI compared with pigs fed conventional SBM without influencing ADG, resulting in increased (P < 0.001) G:F. Also, pigs fed diets with benzoic acid had reduced (P = 0.022) ADFI compared with pigs fed diets without benzoic acid without changes in ADG, resulting in pigs fed benzoic acid having increased (P = 0.006) G:F. When evaluating caloric efficiency, pigs fed diets containing benzoic acid had improved (P < 0.001) metabolizable energy (ME) caloric efficiency compared with pigs fed diets without benzoic acid, with soybean meal source not having any impact. For carcass belly fat IV, pigs fed EESBM had increased (P < 0.001) carcass belly fat iodine value compared with pigs fed conventional SBM. In summary, replacing conventional SBM with EESBM and the addition of benzoic acid improved feed efficiency. Also, as expected, pigs fed EESBM had a greater carcass belly fat iodine value compared with pigs fed conventional SBM, most likely due to the greater dietary unsaturated fatty acid contribution from EESBM.

IDENTIFICATION OF BENZOIC ACID BY GC AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid naturally present in plant and animal tissues which can also be produced by microorganisms. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenoid compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavouring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products. Benzoic acid (BA) is a commonly used antimicrobial preservative in food and beverages, especially in carbonated beverages, as it presents in its strongest antibacterial activity at pH 2.5–4.0. BA has inhibitory effects on the proliferation of bacteria and yeasts, a major cause of food spoilage. Although the addition of BA can extend the shelf life of drinks and prevent nutritional losses.Excessive intake of BA may cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms and even interfere with the intermediate metabolic processes of the body.

Catalytic Reaction with Benzoic Acid Phenylacetylene in the Presence of Complex Catalysts

In this work, we studied the processes of vinyl ester formation by the addition of benzoic acid to phenylacetylene in the presence of complex catalysts of diacetate-di (2-amino-5-methylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazolo) cobalt(II) ([Co(C3H5N3S2)2(CH3COO)2] and tetrakis(2-amino-5-ethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazole)-zinc(II) dinitrate ([Zn(C4H7S2)4](NO3)2): 1-phenylvinyl benzoate and anti-Markovnikov coupling product - styryl benzoate were obtained. The effect of the nature of solvents on the yields of products in the presence of the [Zn(C4H7S2)4](NO3)2 complex catalyst was studied. The structure of the synthesized vinyl esters was proved by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopies.

Determination of Oseltamivir in Human Plasma by HPLC-MS/MS.

A procedure for the determination of oseltamivir in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography( tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was proposed and validated. Arapid and easy-to-use method of liquid(liquid extraction with ethyl acetate using venlafaxine as an internal standard was used during sample preparation. The addition of benzoic acid to aqueous acetonitrile solutions of the analyte was shown to prevent its oxidative degradation. The detection limit and limit of quantitation were 0.08 and 0.30 ng/mL, respectively; the calibration range, 0.3-200 ng/mL (R 2 = 0.9937); the total analysis time, 3.2 min. The within- and between-run accuracy ranged from 97 to 105%. The precision was <10%. The proposed procedure was characterized by selective determination of the analyte, the absence of significant matrix effects, the ability to dilute samples with high analyte concentrations, and satisfactory extraction recovery (≥89%). The analyte was stable when stored in plasma samples (4 h at room temperature, 31 d at (80°C, after three freeze(thaw cycles) and extracts under autosampler storage conditions (24 h at 15°C). The procedure was successfully used for oseltamivir quantitation in actual plasma samples from healthy volunteers obtained during a bioequivalence study of the new generic drug.

Fraction of Free-Base Nicotine in Simulated Vaping Aerosol Particles Determined by X-ray Spectroscopies.

A new generation of electronic cigarettes is exacerbating the youth vaping epidemic by incorporating additives that increase the acidity of generated aerosols, which facilitate uptake of high nicotine levels. We need to better understand the chemical speciation of vaping aerosols to assess the impact of acidification. Here we used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to probe the acid-base equilibria of nicotine in hydrated vaping aerosols. We show that, unlike the behavior observed in bulk water, nicotine in the core of aqueous particles was partially protonated when the pH of the nebulized solution was 10.4, with a fraction of free-base nicotine (αFB) of 0.34. Nicotine was further protonated by acidification with equimolar addition of benzoic acid (αFB = 0.17 at pH 6.2). By contrast, the degree of nicotine protonation at the particle surface was significantly lower, with 0.72 < αFB < 0.80 in the same pH range. The presence of propylene glycol and glycerol completely eliminated protonation of nicotine at the surface (αFB = 1) while not affecting significantly its acid-base equilibrium in the particle core. These results provide a better understanding of the role of acidifying additives in vaping aerosols, supporting public health policy interventions.

Development and Characterization of a Sustainable Bio-Polymer Concrete with a Low Carbon Footprint.

Polymer concrete (PC) has been used to replace cement concrete when harsh service conditions exist. Polymers have a high carbon footprint when considering their life cycle analysis, and with increased climate change concerns and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emission, bio-based polymers could be used as a sustainable alternative binder to produce PC. This paper examines the development and characterization of a novel bio-polymer concrete (BPC) using bio-based polyurethane used as the binder in lieu of cement, modified with benzoic acid and carboxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The mechanical performance, durability, microstructure, and chemical properties of BPC are investigated. Moreover, the effect of the addition of benzoic acid and MWCNTs on the properties of BPC is studied. The new BPC shows relatively low density, appreciable compressive strength between 20-30 MPa, good tensile strength of 4 MPa, and excellent durability resistance against aggressive environments. The new BPC has a low carbon footprint, 50% lower than ordinary Portland cement concrete, and can provide a sustainable concrete alternative in infrastructural applications.

Effect of added calcium carbonate without and with benzoic acid on weanling pig growth performance, fecal dry matter, and blood Ca and P concentrations

Abstract The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of increasing levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with and without benzoic acid on weanling pig growth performance, fecal dry matter (DM), and blood Ca and P concentrations. In experiment 1, 695 pigs (DNA Line 200 × 400, initially 5.9 ± 0.02 kg) were used in a 28 d study. Pigs were weaned at approximately 21 d of age and randomly assigned to pens and then pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments. Treatment diets were fed from weaning (day 0) to day 14, with a common diet fed from days 14 to 28. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0%, 0.45%, 0.90%, 1.35%, and 1.80% added CaCO3 at the expense of ground corn. From days 0 to 14 (treatment period), average daily gain (ADG) and G:F decreased (linear, P ≤ 0.01) as CaCO3 increased. From days 14 to 28 (common period) and for the overall experiment (days 0 to 28), there was no evidence of differences in growth performance between treatments. For fecal DM, there was a trend (quadratic, P = 0.091) where pigs fed with the highest CaCO3 diets had the greatest fecal DM. Experiment 2 used 360 pigs (DNA Line 200 × 400, initially 6.2 ± 0.03 kg) in a 38 d study. Upon arrival to the nursery facility, pigs were randomly assigned to pens and then pens were allotted to one of six dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were fed in three phases with treatment diets fed from days 0 to 10 and days 10 to 24, and a common phase 3 diet fed from days 24 to 38. Dietary treatments were formulated to provide 0.45%, 0.90%, and 1.35% added CaCO3 with or without 0.5% benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ) added at the expense of ground corn. There was no evidence (P &amp;gt; 0.05) for any CaCO3 by benzoic acid interactions. For the experimental period (days 0 to 24), there was a tendency for benzoic acid to increase ADG (P = 0.056), average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.071), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; linear, P = 0.014) as CaCO3 decreased. During the common period (days 24 to 38), pigs previously fed benzoic acid had increased (P = 0.045) ADG and marginally increased (P = 0.091) ADFI. For the overall study, pigs fed benzoic acid had increased ADG (P = 0.011) and ADFI (P = 0.030), marginally increased G:F (P = 0.096) and final body weight (P = 0.059). Serum Ca decreased (linear, P &amp;lt; 0.001) as CaCO3 decreased in the diet. These data show that decreasing the CaCO3 content in the nursery diet immediately after weaning may improve ADG and G:F. Dietary addition of benzoic acid may also provide beneficial effects on ADG and ADFI, regardless of dietary Ca level.

ENHANCED CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALE INHIBITOR BASED ON LINSEED MUCILAGE

This study evaluates an improved linseed-based calcium carbonate scale inhibitor. Initially, the linseed gel is extracted through a hydrolysis process for the formulation of seven inhibitors at different concentrations, with the addition of benzoic acid as a preservative and chelating agent. They are characterized together with the linseed gel, to subsequently determine the efficiency of the different products. Finally, an analysis of variance is carried out to check if the developed product showed similar behavior to the referential inhibitor. In the study, the 50% V/V inhibitor was the most efficient in a range between 38.04 and 89.57%. Likewise, it showed an inhibition efficacy with a notable difference in relation to the previously developed product, which verified the benzoic acid effect as a chelating additive, thus, preventing mineral precipitation. In this manner, the improved bioinhibitor was able to inhibit the calcium carbonate scale formation.

Prolonging the Shelf Life of Homemade Gelatin Ultrasound Phantoms.

A significant limitation of homemade phantoms is shelf life. Our goal was to compare the impact on shelf life of easily obtained additives. Fifteen additives were mixed into a gelatin-psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid fiber phantom; three of these additives were used as a layer on top of the phantom. The mixtures were stored in the refrigerator and at room temperature. The samples were evaluated daily for microbial growth and phantom degradation. A 4% of chlorhexidine gluconate layer on top of the phantom quickly made the phantom unusable. The addition of benzoic acid and bleach to the mixture negatively affected phantom appearance with ultrasound imaging. The addition of household bleach or 4% chlorhexidine gluconate to the mixture or a 10% povidone-iodine layer on top of the phantom was the best way to preserve samples stored at room temperature. The refrigerated sample outlasted the paired room temperature sample in every case, with most room temperature samples becoming unusable by day 10 and most refrigerated samples lasting past 50 days.

Effects of Extruded-Expelled Soybean Meal and Benzoic Acid on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Carcass Iodine Value of Finishing Pigs

A total of 2,162 pigs (PIC 1050 × DNA 600; initially 69.2 ± 4.9 lb) were used in a 109-d finishing trial to evaluate the effects of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass iodine value. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 27 to 28 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of soybean meal source and benzoic acid. Diets contained either conventional soybean meal (SBM) or extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM; Lester Feed and Grain, Lester, IA) with or without 0.25% VevoVitall (DSM Products; Parsippany, NJ), a source of benzoic acid. The EESBM was analyzed to be 43.2% CP and 7.73% fat (acid hydrolysis). Experimental diets were not balanced for energy, but rather formulated to the same SID Lys:ME ratio and fed based on a feed budget from d 0 to 109 in 6 phases. Overall (d 0 to 109), there were no interactions between soybean meal source and benzoic acid addition. There was a main effect of soybean meal source where pigs fed conventional SBM had greater (P = 0.01) ADFI compared to pigs fed EESBM without influencing ADG, resulting in improved (P < 0.001) F/G. Also, pigs fed diets without benzoic acid had greater (P = 0.02) ADFI compared to pigs fed diets that contained benzoic acid without influencing ADG, resulting in pigs fed benzoic acid having improved (P = 0.01) F/G. When evaluating caloric efficiency, pigs fed diets containing benzoic acid had improved (P < 0.001) caloric efficiency compared to pigs fed diets without benzoic acid, with soybean meal source not having any impact. For carcass characteristics, pigs fed EESBM had increased (P < 0.001) carcass fat iodine value compared to pigs fed conventional SBM. For economics, there was a main effect of soybean meal source where pigs fed EESBM had a higher (P ≤ 0.002) feed cost per pig placed in the low and high feed cost scenarios. There were no differences in revenue per pig placed in the low or high revenue scenarios regardless of soybean meal source or the inclusion of benzoic acid. Pigs fed conventional SBM had a higher (P ≤ 0.02) income over feed cost (IOFC) compared to pigs fed EESBM in the high feed cost, high revenue; high feed cost, low revenue; and low feed cost, low revenue scenarios. In summary, replacing conventional SBM with EESBM improved feed efficiency, but due to increased feed cost without influencing gain, it was less economical as measured by IOFC. Also, the addition of benzoic acid improved feed efficiency but did not improve IOFC.

SERS Detection of Benzoic Acid in Milk by Using Ag-COF SERS Substrate

Benzoic acid, which has a pivotal role in food additive, is prohibited to add as a preservative in dairy products. China, Brazil, and other countries have proposed standard methods to detect the addition of benzoic acid in food. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an upcoming spectral detection technique, which has been widely used in the field of material analysis with the advantages of non-invasive, fast detection speed and complex environment with little interference. To detect the illegal use of benzoic acid in dairy industry, we developed Ag-COF (covalent-organic framework) material as SERS substrate to detect benzoic acid in liquid milk. The great enhancement ability of Ag-COF substrate is controlled by the addition of acetic acid and complex interplay between COF material and benzoic acid. This detection method has high sensitivity and reliability that allows us to achieve limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 μg/mL in milk and 0.00372 μg/mL in water by applying this method. In experiment on recovery rate of real samples, the detection time is less than 15 minutes and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 2.82% to 5.69%. Therefore, this method has practical significance of the detection of benzoic acid in dairy products.

The effects of feeding benzoic acid and/or live active yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on beef cattle performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics.

Fifty-nine Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate benzoic acid, active dry yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), or a combination of benzoic acid and active dry yeast when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on live animal performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics. Steers were fed a high-grain diet for the final 106 d of finishing. Treatments were as follows: no additional supplementation (CON), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD), 3 g per head per day active dry S. cerevisiae (YST), or both 0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/head per day S. cerevisiae (AY). Steers were weighed every 14 d, and ultrasound was performed for rib and rump fat thickness at the beginning (day 1), middle (day 57), and end (day 99) of the experiment. Insert feeding stations were used to collect individual feeding behavior data and DMI daily throughout. Blood samples were collected on days 21 and 22 and days 99–101 to assess plane of nutrition and metabolism. Ruminal fluid samples were collected by oral gavage 4 wk prior to slaughter. Carcass characteristics were examined at a federally inspected slaughter facility. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with initial body weight (BW) as a covariate. Benzoic acid supplementation increased (P = 0.002) overall dry matter intake (DMI) compared to YST and CON steers, which may be due to a faster eating rate (P ≤ 0.008). Animal performance parameters (BW, average daily gain, feed conversion, and ultrasound fat depth) were not different (P ≥ 0.11) among treatment groups. Aspartate aminotransferase concentration was greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for YST steers, which may have been reflected in numerically greater liver abscesses. Carcass traits did not differ (P ≥ 0.33) among treatment groups. Ruminal pH was greater (P = 0.006) for ACD steers than AY steers (pH of 6.16 vs. 5.66, respectively), which indicated that there may be an interactive effect between benzoic acid and active dry yeast. To summarize, steers fed a high-grain finishing diet supplemented with benzoic acid, active dry yeast, or both benzoic acid and active dry yeast had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics compared to those without supplementation. However, the addition of benzoic acid alone increased DMI, variation in DMI, eating rate, and ruminal pH. Future studies are warranted to further investigate the impacts of benzoic acid on the ruminal environment of feedlot cattle.

Dietary supplementation with benzoic organic acid improves the growth performance and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with benzoic organic acid in different concentrations on juvenile Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Was analyzed the growth performance, hemato-immunological parameters and survival after challenge via gavage with Streptococcus agalactiae. A total of 320 juvenile fish were divided into 16 tanks were divided into four groups according to the concentrations of inclusion of benzoic acid in diets previously formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of the species. Namely control group without inclusion (Control0%); fish fed diet supplemented with 0.1% benzoic acid (BA0.1%); fish fed diet supplemented with 0.2% (BA0.2%) benzoic acid and fish fed diet supplemented with 0.3% (BA0.3%) benzoic acid for 54 days. Four replicates were included per treatment. The fish fed with BA0.1% showed better results in weight gain (51.01 ± 3.40), final biomass (1040.88 ± 79.40), specific growth rate (4.18 ± 0.05), food conversion (1.38 ± 0.03), end mean weight (56.96 ± 3.60) and in biomass gain (922.15 ± 58.21) when compared to the control group. The fish fed with BA0.1% still showed higher percentage of survival (59%) after exposure to the pathogen. Fish fed BA0.1% presented high haemoglobin values (9.31 ± 1.14), leukocytes (3.45 ± 0.48) and lymphocytes (285.00 ± 40.90) in relation to other treatments, before exposure. Total protein and total immunoglobulin, increased in pre-exposured fish supplemented with 0.1% benzoic acid. These results suggest that the addition of benzoic acid supplemented at 0.1% in the Nile tilapia diet improved the growth performance, hemato-immunological parameters and survival.

Asymmetric Hetero-Michael Additions to α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids by Multifunctional Boronic Acid Catalysts

Several direct asymmetric Michael additions to α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids with integrated catalysts comprising chiral bifunctional thiourea and arylboronic acid were developed. First, the asymmetric aza-Michael addition of hydroxylamine derivatives efficiently afforded a variety of optically active β-amino acid derivatives. Furthermore, upon detailed investigation of the reaction, tetrahedral borate complexes, comprising two carboxylate molecules, were found to serve as reaction intermediates. Based on this observation, a drastic improvement in product enantioselectivity was achieved upon benzoic acid addition. Second, on merely changing the solvent, the asymmetric thia-Michael addition of arylthiols afforded both enantiomers of the adducts, which are important building blocks for biologically active compounds.

PSXII-11 The effects of feeding finishing cattle benzoic acid and/or live active yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on feeding behaviour, growth performance, and carcass characteristics

Abstract In a randomized complete block design, 59 Angus-cross finishing steers were used to evaluate the effects of benzoic acid, active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a combination of both when supplemented in a high-grain finishing diet on feeding behavior, animal performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers were fed for 106 d (77% high-moisture corn, 16% alfalfa haylage, 6% soybean meal, 1% mineral and vitamin supplement with salt and limestone) containing: no supplementation (CON; n = 15), 0.5% benzoic acid (ACD; n = 14), 3 g/hd/d active dry S. cerevisiae (YST; n = 15), or both 0.5% benzoic acid and 3 g/hd/d S. cerevisiae (AY; n = 11). Every 14 d steers were weighed, and ultrasound images for rib and rump fat thickness were collected at the beginning, middle, and end of the experiment. Insentec feeding stations were used to collect individual animal feeding behaviour data and DMI throughout the study. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with initial BW as a covariate. Benzoic acid supplementation increased (P = 0.002) overall DMI compared to YST and AY steers, which was due to faster eating rates for ACD steers (P ≤ 0.008). Individual animal DMI variation was greater (P = 0.001) for ACD and AY steers. Rumen pH was greater (P = 0.006) for ACD steers vs. CON and AY steers (6.16, 5.84, and 5.66, respectively). Growth performance measures were similar (P ≥ 0.11) between treatment groups. Aspartate aminotransferase concentrations in blood were greatest (P ≤ 0.01) for YST steers, which was reflected in greater proportions of abscessed livers at slaughter. Carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.68) between treatment groups. The results from this experiment suggest that steers fed a high grain finishing diet supplemented with benzoic acid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or both had similar growth performance and carcass characteristics as a control group. The addition of benzoic acid increased eating rate and elevated rumen pH, which was ultimately reflected in increased DMI.

Benzoic and salicylic acid are the signaling molecules of Chlorella cells for improving cell growth

Cell-to-cell communication regulates microalgae production via signaling molecules (SMs), but few microalgal SM species are known. Here, we document two new microalgae SMs, benzoic acid (BA) and salicylic acid (SA). Initially, crude SMs were extracted from a microalgae culture in which microalgae grew on heterotrophic-enriched phosphorus nutrition. The extracted SMs enhanced Chlorella growth by ∼72%, promoted nutrient uptake, and up-regulated the mitogen-activated protein-kinase signaling cascade. Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses identified the putative SMs was aromatic carboxylic acids. BA and SA were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry. BA and SA addition increased cell growth by ∼75% and ∼25%; and improved ATP production by ∼35% and ∼20%. Transcriptomic analysis showed that BA and SA were biosynthesized via CoA-dependent, non-oxidative pathway. The SMs upregulated TCA-cycle enzymes, which promoted carbon assimilation and activated DNA-replicating enzyme, so that accelerated cell division. This study identified two new SMs for microalgae cell communication and provides means to identify other SMs.