Benign Type Research Articles

Biosensor device for the photo-specific detection of immuno-captured bladder cancer cells using hexaminolevulinate: An ex-vivo study.

This study investigate the relationship between different regulatory factors (time, concentration, temperature and addition of a fluorescent dye) and Hexaminolevulinate (HAL)-mediated photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer (PDD) in vitro. We examine the natural photosensitizer Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence induced by HAL in several human bladder cancer cell lines and one non-cancer foreskin fibroblast cell line and identify the processing conditions that maximise the difference in fluorescence intensity between malign and benign cell types. The detection of HAL induced fluorescence at a single cell level by a selective cancer cell capture platform is also tested. Experiments were performed on cultured monolayer cells and cells in suspension. The cell lines examined included the transitional epithelium carcinoma cell lines HT1197, HT1376, EJ138 and RT4, and the non-cancer foreskin fibroblasts HFF. Cells were incubated with HAL in various doses, time and temperature settings. We also used the nuclear red as a tool to study the PpIX subcellular localization. PpIX fluorescence intensities were measured and analysed using fluorescence microscope software. Finally, we evaluated the possibility of using HAL to discriminate between cancer and non-cancer cells from a mixed cell population using a newly developed immunofunctionalized microfluidic platform. The accumulation of PpIX in bladder cancer cells was significantly higher than in non-cancer cells, both cultured monolayer cells and cells in suspension. Effectively, the fluorescence intensity was 4.5 times brighter in bladder cancer cells than non-cancer foreskin fibroblast cells when incubated in the optimum condition, in which the nuclear stain adjuvant acted as a fluorescence enhancer. Cancer cells displayed PpIX accumulated mainly in mitochondria but none or very little PpIX was observed in non-cancer cells. HAL-induced fluorescence could be used to correctly identify bladder cancer cells within the EpCAM conjugated POx based microfluidic sensor with an 88% capture selectivity rate. These findings prove that the application of HAL-induced PpIX fluorescence can successfully distinguish between cancer and non-cancer cells in vitro. This test can provide advanced second level of confidence on the cancerous nature of cells captured by the immunofunctionalized bladder cancer diagnostic platform.

Association between the cervicovaginal microbiome, BRCA1 mutation status, and risk of ovarian cancer: a case-control study.

Various factors-including age, family history, inflammation, reproductive factors, and tubal ligation-modulate the risk of ovarian cancer. In this study, our aim was to establish whether women with, or at risk of developing, ovarian cancer have an imbalanced cervicovaginal microbiome. We did a case-control study in two sets of women aged 18-87 years in the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Norway, and the UK. The ovarian cancer set comprised women with epithelial ovarian cancer and controls (both healthy controls and those diagnosed with benign gynaecological conditions). The BRCA set comprised women with a BRCA1 mutation but without ovarian cancer and controls who were wild type for BRCA1 and BRCA2 (both healthy controls and those with benign gynaecological conditions). Cervicovaginal samples were gathered from all participants with the ThinPrep system and then underwent 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For each sample, we calculated the proportion of lactobacilli species (ie, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus jensenii), which are essential for the generation of a protective low vaginal pH, in the cervicovaginal microbiota. We grouped samples into those in which lactobacilli accounted for at least 50% of the species present (community type L) and those in which lactobacilli accounted for less than 50% of the species present (community type O). We assessed the adjusted association between BRCA1 status and ovarian cancer status and cervicovaginal microbiota community type, using a logistic regression model with a bias reduction method. Participants were recruited between Jan 2, 2016, and July 21, 2018. The ovarian cancer set (n=360) comprised 176 women with epithelial ovarian cancer, 115 healthy controls and 69 controls with benign gynaecological conditions. The BRCA set (n=220) included 109 women with BRCA1 mutations, 97 healthy controls wild type for BRCA1 and BRCA2 and 14 controls with a benign gynaecological condition wild type for BRCA1 and BRCA2. On the basis of two-dimensional density plots, receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, and age thresholds used previously, we divided the cohort into those younger than 50 years and those aged 50 years or older. In the ovarian cancer set, women aged 50 years or older had a higher prevalence of community type O microbiota (81 [61%] of 133 ovarian cancer cases and 84 [59%] of 142 healthy controls) than those younger than 50 years (23 [53%] of 43 cases and 12 [29%] of 42 controls). In the ovarian cancer set, women younger than 50 years with ovarian cancer had a significantly higher prevalence of community type O microbiota than did age-matched controls under a logistic regression model with bias correction (odds ratio [OR] 2·80 [95% CI 1·17-6·94]; p=0·020). In the BRCA set, women with BRCA1 mutations younger than 50 years were also more likely to have community type O microbiota than age-matched controls (OR 2·79 [95% CI 1·25-6·68]; p=0·012), after adjustment for pregnancy (ever). This risk was increased further if more than one first-degree family member was affected by any cancer (OR 5·26 [95% CI 1·83-15·30]; p=0·0022). In both sets, we noted that the younger the participants, the stronger the association between community type O microbiota and ovarian cancer or BRCA1 mutation status (eg, OR for community type O for cases aged <40 years in the ovarian cancer set 7·00 [95% CI 1·27-51·44], p=0·025; OR for community type O for BRCA1 mutation carriers aged <35 years in the BRCA set 4·40 [1·14-24·36], p=0·031). The presence of ovarian cancer, or factors known to affect risk for the disease (ie, age and BRCA1 germline mutations), were significantly associated with having a community type O cervicovaginal microbiota. Whether re-instatement of a community type L microbiome by using, for example, vaginal suppositories containing live lactobacilli, would alter the microbiomial composition higher up in the female genital tract and in the fallopian tubes (the site of origin of high-grade serous ovarian cancer), and whether such changes could translate into a reduced incidence of ovarian cancer, needs to be investigated. EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme, EU Horizon 2020 European Research Council Programme, and The Eve Appeal.

A Review of Operational Surgery in Ent and Cervical-Facial Tumours - Oral Cavity and Pharynx

It is extremely difficult to synthesize in a paper the extremely wide diversity of the issues related to such a vast chapter such as the tumours in the ENT area and the cervical-facial region. The review analyses the variety of benign and malignant types of tumours, presenting various types of tumours on anatomical organs or regions, insisting with more extensive data from the literature on less frequent tumours or involving more distinct therapies, perhaps leading to a lack of balance and uniformity. Tumours are defined as excessive proliferation of abnormal cells that resemble more or less the tissue in which they develop and end up by acquiring biological autonomy. The study performed presents a batch of 425 patients diagnosed with benign tumours - 306 cases (72.0%) and 119 cases with ENT and cervical-facial malignant tumours that had extensions to the surrounding organs and metastatic adenopathies, admitted and treated at the Clinical Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the County Clinical Hospital between 1.01.2015 - 31.12.2018. The entire cancerous lesion is surgically removed together with a small surrounding healthy tissue area to ensure that all malignant cells have been removed. The purpose of the surgery is to remove all affected tissues without compromising the integrity of the structures in the other areas of the oral cavity. Tumours develop from the oropharynx: the tonsils, the base of the tongue, the soft palate, the pharyngeal posterior wall. Most often, the tumour affects the tongue floor, the mucous of the mouth and the tonsils.

Benign and Malignant Tumors of Parotid Gland: A Retrospective Two Year Study

Introduction: Parotid tumors affect 1in100,000 people, representing 2-3%of tumors of the head and neck and 80% of salivary gland tumors. The literature estimates that approximately 80% of these tumors are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma being the most common followed by Warthin’s tumor. Among the malignant tumors mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the commonest, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma. Material methods: It was a retrospective study done from January 2016 to December 2017 in the department of pathology Government Medical college Srinagar. Results: our study included 42 cases of parotid gland tumors. Out of 42 cases 25 were female and 17 were male patients. Thus the male to female ratio observed was 1:1.4. Pleomorphic adenoma (twenty cases) was the most frequent benign tumor followed by warthin’s tumor (five cases) while as mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most frequently identified malignant tumor. Conclusion : pleomorphic adenoma is the most prevalent benign histological type while as mucoepidermoid carcinoma is commonest malignant tumor. Malignant tumors are more common in 5th decade while as benign lesions are commoner in 4th decade of life. Key words: pleomorphic adenoma , warthins tumor , mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Introduction: Tumours of salivary glands are rare constituting less than one percent of all tumors and 3% to 10% of the neoplasms of head and neck region (1). Parotid tumors affect 1in100,000 people, representing 2-3%of tumors of the head and neck and 80% of salivary gland tumors (2). The literature estimates that approximately 80% of these tumors are benign, with pleomorphic adenoma being the most common followed by Warthin’s tumor (3). The parotid gland has a superficial lobe, lateral to the facial nerve, that comprises 4/5 of the glandular parenchyma, and a smaller deep lobe. As 90% of the tumors are located in the superficial lobe and thus, do not affect the facial nerve hence superficial parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation is the most often indicated surgical procedure, (4). The most common manifestation of pleomorphic adenoma is the presence of a solitary, solid, firm, lobulated, painless, mobile nodular lesion with well-defined margins (5). Among the malignant tumors mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the commonest, followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma. The presence of pain, facial paralysis, rapidly growing tumor with ill-defined margins, and skin infiltration should raise the suspicion of malignancy (4). The first diagnostic imaging assessment for parotid tumors is usually ultrasonography (5). Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), whether or not guided by ultrasound, can be used as a complementary diagnostic test, especially when a non-characteristic manifestation of pleomorphic adenoma is suspected. The purpose of FNA is to differentiate benign from malignant lesions, as it usually does not establish the definitive histological diagnosis. However, histopathology remains the gold standard as it avoids diagnostic pitfalls of FNAC (3,4). Material methods: It was a single institute retrospective study done from January 2016 to December 2017 in the department of pathology Government Medical college Srinagar. Clinical data and gross features of tumours were recorded and tabulated. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections and corresponding paraffin tissue blocks were retrieved from the archives of the department and reviewed. The tumors were categorized according to the WHO classification. Results: During the period of two years a total of 69 salivary gland surgeries were performed, which included 42 (60.8%) parotidectomies. Thus, our study included only these 42 cases of parotid gland tumors. The demographic analysis is given in (Table.1). Out of 42 cases 25 were female and 17 were male patients. Thus the male to female ratio observed was 1:1.4. At presentation, the main finding was a tumor mass measuring >2cm in size in 73.8% of all cases reported in our study. Superficial lobe of parotid gland was the commonest site involved in Pleomorphic adenoma (twenty cases) (fig-1) was the most frequent benign tumor followed by warthin’s tumor (fig-2) (five cases) while as mucoepidermoid carcinoma (fig-3) was the most frequently identified malignant tumor (three cases) (Table.2). The most relevant clinical characteristics of the benign and malignant tumors are shown in Table 3.The ratio between men and women for malignant tumors was1:2, while for benign tumors it was 1:1.4. The mean age for the presentation of benign tumors was 46 years and for malignant tumors was 58 years.

An Efficient Logical Average Distance Measure Algorithm (LADMA) to Analyse MRI Brain Images

Malignant and benign types of tumor infiltrated in human brain are diagnosed with the help of an MRI scanner. With the slice images obtained using an MRI scanner, certain image processing techniques are utilized to have a clear anatomy of brain tissues. Some of such data mining technique is k means and fuzzy C means algorithms. This work proposes a new hybrid algorithm namely LAMDA, which offers successful identification of tumor and perform well for the segmentation of tissue regions in brain. Automatic detection of tumor region in MR (magnetic resonance) brain images has a high impact in helping the radio surgeons assess the size of the tumor present inside the tissues of brain and it also supports in identifying the exact topographical location of tumor region. Experimental results show that the proposed approach reduces the number of features and at the same time it achieves high accuracy level. The observed results to achieve high accuracy level using minimum number of selected features.

Comparation Between Linear and Polynomial Kernel Function For Ovarium Cancer Classification

Ovarium cancer is a kind of cancer disease which often attacks a woman. Ovarium cancer consists of benign and malignant type. Based on the data set obtained, this research try to classify the data set with support vector machine algorithm. The principle of SVM is how to identify a hyperplanes with maximal margin. Hyperplanes is a border line between the data. Here, we will used two kernel function in SVM, linear and polynomial kernel function. Next We will compare both of them algorithm to reach the hyperplanes with maximal margin. The hyperplanes then used to predict the class of data testing given. Finally, comparation result will be obtained from confussion matrix and accuration calculation for each kernel function while used to classify the ovarium cancer data set. Accuration result with Linear kernel function is 68.98% for first schema and 66.67% for second schema. Then accuration result with Polynomial Kernel Function is 83.79% for both of schema.

Ultrasonographic features of different pathological types of breast phyllodes tumors

Objective To investigate the ultrasonographic features of different pathological types of phyllodes tumors (PT) of breast. Methods The clinical manifestations and sonographic findings were analyzed retrospectively in 132 patients with 136 different subtype PTs. Ultrasonographic features of benign, borderline and malignant types were compared. Results All the lesions were classified into benign (46/136, 33.8%), borderline (62/136, 45.6%) and malignant (28/136, 20.6%). On sonography, most tumors were shown as oval or lobulated (77.9%), well-defined margins (70.6%), and posterior echo enhancement (72.1%). Cystic areas were observed in 36 lesions (26.5%). No significant difference was observed in age, lesion shape, echo patterns, posterior acoustic features or cystic area (P>0.05). Large size, indistinct margins and grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ vascularity were more frequent in borderline and malignant tumors (P=0.002, P=0.028, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions Phyllodes tumors of breast have certain characteristics on ultrasonography.Large size, unclear margins and rich blood flow signals may indicate malignancy. Key words: Ultrasonography; Breast neoplasms; Phyllodes tumor

NF1 Patients Receiving Breast Cancer Screening: Insights from The Ontario High Risk Breast Screening Program.

Neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is caused by variants in neurofibromin (NF1). NF1 predisposes to a variety of benign and malignant tumor types, including breast cancer. Women with NF1 <50 years of age possess an up to five-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer compared with the general population. Impaired emotional functioning is reported as a comorbidity that may influence the participation of NF1 patients in regular clinical surveillance despite their increased risk of breast and other cancers. Despite emphasis on breast cancer surveillance in women with NF1, the uptake and feasibility of high-risk screening programs in this population remains unclear. A retrospective chart review between 2014–2018 of female NF1 patients seen at the Elizabeth Raab Neurofibromatosis Clinic (ERNC) in Ontario was conducted to examine the uptake of high-risk breast cancer screening, radiologic findings, and breast cancer characteristics. 61 women with pathogenic variants in NF1 enrolled in the high-risk Ontario breast screening program (HR-OBSP); 95% completed at least one high-risk breast screening modality, and four were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Our findings support the integration of a formal breast screening programs in clinical management of NF1 patients.

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging features of solid serous cystadenomas of the pancreas.

Solid serous cystadenomas (SSC) of the pancreas are the rarest benign type of serous cystic neoplasms and are frequently misdiagnosed, resulting in unnecessary invasive surgical procedures. A retrospective study was performed to collect imaging features of SSC using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging. The clinical data and imaging study of 5 female patients with pathologically confirmed SSC (mean age, 44.2 years; range, 23–69 years) diagnosed between January 2006 and July 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The imaging study was assessed by two experienced radiologists in consensus. All patients had tumors with a mean size of 2.3 cm (range, 1.5–3.2 cm; 4/5 lesions ≤3 cm). The tumors were located in the tail of pancreas in 3 cases and in the neck of the pancreas in 2 cases. The tumors were all well defined, with an ovoid and lobulated shape and fibrous capsules. Consequently, they presented as low density on unenhanced CT images, marked hyperintensity on T2-weighted images in 4 cases and slight hyperintensity in 1 case. However, they exhibited heterogeneous wash-in and wash-out enhancement in 2 cases and moderate and prolonged enhancement in 3 cases. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of the lesions were >2×10−3 mm2/sec. Therefore, a small tumor size, signal intensity on T2-weighted images, high ADC values, fibrous capsules and enhancement patterns may be indicative imaging features of SSCs.

Which Is the Best Reference Tissue for Strain Elastography in Predicting Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules, the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle or the Thyroid Parenchyma?

This study aimed to compare 2 types of strain ratios (SRs) in thyroid nodules. Two reference points were used: the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and the thyroid parenchyma. A total of 101 nodules in 83 patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. For the semiquantitative analysis, 2 types of SRs were used: SR1, the ratio of the SCM muscle strain to the thyroid nodule strain; and SR2, the ratio of the surrounding normal thyroid tissue strain to the thyroid nodule strain. For each nodule, the SR1 and SR2 elastographic values were calculated, and their averages were compared. Eighty-one (80.2%) of 101 thyroid nodules were benign, and 20 (19.8%) were malignant. In both benign and malignant histopathologic types, the SR1 averages were significantly higher than the SR2 averages (P = .001; P < .001, respectively). Both the SR1 and SR2 values were found to be significantly successful in differentiating benign from malignant histopathologic types (P < .001 for both). The areas under the curve were then compared for the methods, and the difference was found to be statistically significant (P = .046). The diagnostic accuracy of the SR1 was superior to that of the SR2. The SR1 and SR2 are effective adjunctive diagnostic tools for identifying malignant thyroid nodules. Using the SCM muscle as a reference point instead of thyroid tissue may be a more valuable way to measure SRs.

Compared to What? Is BMI Associated with Histopathological Changes in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Specimens?

BackgroundObesity is a risk for many different cancers. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is common, and benign or pre-malignant histopathology types are reported in the removed gastric specimens. We assessed whether higher BMI was associated with certain benign or pre-malignant histopathological changes.MethodRetrospective chart review of all primary LSG patients (N = 1555). Demographic, clinical, and LSG histopathology data were retrieved. BMI of patients with specific benign or pre-malignant conditions in their gastric specimens was compared with the BMI of the rest of the patients with abnormal histopathology specimens and also compared with the BMI of patients with normal control specimens.ResultsFemales comprised 70% of the patients. Mean BMI were 46.3 (females) and 48 (males). Normal LSG specimens comprised 52%. Most common abnormal histopathologies were chronic inactive gastritis (33%), chronic active gastritis (6.8%), follicular gastritis (2.7%), lymphoid aggregates (2.2%), intestinal metaplasia (1.4%) and GIST (0.7%). After controlling for confounders (age, gender, H. pylori, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension), no significant association was observed between the BMI of patients with specific benign or pre-malignant histopathology compared with the BMI of the rest of the patients with abnormal histopathologies and compared to the BMI of patients with normal histopathologies.ConclusionWhen confounders were taken into account, there appeared no significant associations between the BMI of patients with specific benign or pre-malignant histopathology compared with the BMI of the rest of the patients with abnormal histopathologies and compared to the BMI of patients with normal histopathologies of their gastric specimens. There was a very weak correlation between BMI and other covariates.

Unicystic ameloblastoma: A case series

Ameloblastoma is locally intrusive and is envisioned to be a neoplasms of benign type originated from odontogenic epithelium type, which generally affects the mandible. Ameloblastoma comprises different types with precise clinical and histological features. Apart from all these usually encountered varieties there are not so generally occurring types of the ameloblastoma, unicystic type of ameloblastoma being one among those signifies to that cystic lesions that display features clinically, radiographically or gives gross descriptions of jaw cyst but on histological inspection displays an epithelium which is seen lining the cystic cavity typically ameloblastomatou cells type, with or without luminal and or mural tumor proliferation. Albeit unicystic ameloblastoma being an infrequently encountered type of ameloblastoma and is well-thought-out to be less aggressive, this tumor displays significant similarities with Dentigerous cyst equally when seen clinically and on radiographs too, it befalls difficult to conclude the correct diagnosis and suitable form of treatment. We are bestowing a case report of 15 histologically diagnosed unicystic ameloblastoma cases, among which 4 comprised intraluminal type and 11 mural type. Keywords: Ameloblastoma, Unicystic, Mural, Tumor, Cyst.

Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency type A and type C: Characterization of five novel pathogenic variants in PC and analysis of the genotype-phenotype correlation.

Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency (PCD) is caused by biallelic mutations of the PC gene. The reported clinical spectrum includes a neonatal form with early death (type B), an infantile fatal form (type A), and a late-onset form with isolated mild intellectual delay (type C). Apart from homozygous stop-codon mutations leading to type B PCD, a genotype-phenotype correlation has not otherwise been discernible. Indeed, patients harboring biallelic heterozygous variants leading to PC activity near zero can present either with a fatal infantile type A or with a benign late onset type C form. In this study, we analyzed six novel patients with type A (three) and type C (three) PCD, and compared them with previously reported cases. First, we observed that type C PCD is not associated to homozygous variants in PC. In silico modeling was used to map former and novel variants associated to type A and C PCD, and to predict their potential effects on the enzyme structure and function. We found that variants lead to type A or type C phenotype based on the destabilization between the two major enzyme conformers. In general, our study on novel and previously reported patients improves the overall understanding on type A and C PCD.

Towards a Personalized Approach in Pancreatic Cancer Diagnostics Through Plasma Amino Acid Analysis.

Body fluid biomarkers may provide means for early pancreatic cancer diagnosis, patient stratification, application of personalized approaches and, finally, improved outcomes. Amino acids are the most frequently distinguished metabolite class in the metabolomics of pancreatic cancer patients. They have been identified as pre-diagnostic and diagnostic markers and associated with pancreatic cancer risk factors. Deep phenotyping and quantitative amino acid analysis were performed in patients scheduled for pancreatic surgery due to pancreatic tumors (n=75). Significant differences in plasma amino acid concentrations were observed between diagnostic categories (malignant vs. benign lesions and histological cancer types) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma stages. Characteristic patterns of plasma amino acid concentration dynamics according to cancer stage were identified. Standardization of metabolomics methods and deep phenotyping may provide means for improved patient stratification and effective personalized approaches in pancreatic cancer prevention, early diagnosis and treatment.

Isolated subdural hematoma secondary to Dural arteriovenous fistula: a case report and literature review

BackgroundDural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an uncommon subtype among the intracranial arteriovenous malformations, which is characterized by pathological anastomoses between meningeal arteries and dural venous sinuses, meningeal veins, or cortical veins. While intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for most of the hemorrhagic cases in patients with DAVF, isolated subdural hematoma (SDH) is rarely reported.Case presentationA 45-year-old man was admitted for a progressively worsening headache over 2 weeks. Head computed tomography on admission revealed an isodense chronic SDH (CSDH) on the left hemisphere with mild midline shift. Further angiography of the external carotid artery revealed a DAVF at the transverse sinus. The DAVF was embolized via the middle meningeal artery. His CSDH gradually resolved without surgical intervention. In order to further elucidate this rare entity, a review of relevant literature was also conducted.ConclusionsIsolated SDH is a rare complication of DAVF. In this report, we presented a rare case of CSDH secondary to an intracranial DAVF. According to this case report and our literature review, the so-called benign type of DAVF without cortical venous drainage does not always warrant a benign process and might be complicated with SDH. Careful preoperative investigation is needed for relative young patients presenting with idiopathic or atypical SDH.

Aberrant DOCK2, GRASP, HIF3A and PKFP Hypermethylation has Potential as a Prognostic Biomarker for Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a clinically heterogeneous disease and currently, accurate diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers are lacking. This study aimed to identify novel DNA hypermethylation markers for PCa with future potential for blood-based testing. Accordingly, to search for genes specifically hypermethylated in PCa tissue samples and not in blood cells or other cancer tissue types, we performed a systematic analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data (Infinium 450K array) available in the Marmal-aid database for 4072 malignant/normal tissue samples of various types. We identified eight top candidate markers (cg12799885, DOCK2, FBXO30, GRASP, HIF3A, MOB3B, PFKP, and TPM4) that were specifically hypermethylated in PCa tissue samples and hypomethylated in other benign and malignant tissue types, including in peripheral blood cells. Potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers was further assessed by the quantitative methylation specific PCR (qMSP) analysis of 37 nonmalignant and 197 PCa tissue samples from an independent population. Here, all eight hypermethylated candidates showed high sensitivity (75–94%) and specificity (84–100%) for PCa. Furthermore, DOCK2, GRASP, HIF3A and PKFP hypermethylation was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP; 197 patients), independent of the routine clinicopathological variables. DOCK2 is the most promising single candidate marker (hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.96 (1.24–3.10), adjusted p = 0.016; multivariate cox regression). Further validation studies are warranted and should investigate the potential value of these hypermethylation candidate markers for blood-based testing also.

Case on Pituitary Macroadenoma

Pituitary adenomas are slowly progressive and usually benign type of tumors which may induce a poor quality of life of patients due to progressive loss of vision over time by compression of optic nerves, cavernous sinus, optic chiasm. Its therapy generally involves differential diagnosis with an MRI of Brain and surgical option with radiation therapy. Here with we present a case of 48 year old women who had undergone microscopic transnasal transphenorbital excision of tumor two years ago of pituitary macroadenoma. She was not on any chemotherapy which led to a recurrence of her tumor. Presently her MRI scan and histopathologic reports confirms the diagnosis of Pituitary macroadenoma which was effectively treated surgically and put up on Dihydroartemisnin, a derivative of Artemether which has similar cytotoxic properties as that of artemether.

Simultaneous occurrence of benign and malignant tumours in the ipsilateral parotid gland—retrospective study

The simultaneous occurrence of benign and malignant tumours in the ipsilateral parotid gland is extremely rare. The cases of five patients with synchronous multiple parotid gland tumours consisting of diverse combinations of benign and malignant histological types are presented here. In addition, all published cases of this entity identified in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases up to January 2018 were reviewed. It is concluded that clinical vigilance should be raised when multifocal tumours are indicated by imaging examinations, in the presence of unmovable, painful, and rapid growth or symptoms of facial nerve palsy. In such cases, resected specimens should be sectioned meticulously, especially for tiny lesions, during histopathological sampling. Based on the possibility of the co-existence of benign and malignant neoplasms, it is necessary for clinicians to pay attention to this entity in order to have a favourable outcome.

Differential expression of phospho-S6 in hair follicle tumors: Evidence of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway activation.

The role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in hair follicle tumorigenesis is unclear. mTOR controls cell growth and can be activated through ribosomal S6 kinase. Herein, we sought to evaluate the expression of phospho-S6 in six different benign and malignant follicular tumor types. 76 cases were selected (17 fibrofolliculomas, 20 trichoepitheliomas, 10 tricholemmomas, 19 pilomatricomas, 1 malignant proliferating tricholemmal tumor, 8 tricholemmal carcinomas, and 1 trichoblastic carcinoma) and collected over 16 years. Immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody for phospho-S6 was performed and analyzed semi-quantitatively; statistical analysis using the χ2 test was performed, with P < 0.05 considered significant. All malignant neoplasms in our series (8/8 [100%] cases of tricholemmal carcinoma, 1/1 [100%] trichoblastic carcinoma, and 1/1 [100%] malignant proliferating tricholemmal tumor) showed a strong and diffuse pattern of staining for phospho-S6 involving 70% to 90% of tumor cells. By contrast, a minority of benign tumors were positive for phospho-S6 and most stained in a patchy pattern including 12/17 (71%) fibrofolliculomas, 9/20 (45%) trichoepitheliomas and 1/10 (10%) tricholemmomas, involving 30% to 50%, 5% to 20%, and 40% to 50% of tumor cells, respectively. Most pilomatricomas (17/19 [89%]) exhibited a stronger, but distinctive staining pattern, staining mostly the basaloid cells with a multifocal distribution, involving 70% to 90% of tumor cells. Phospho-S6 is differentially expressed among benign and malignant hair follicle tumors (P = 0.0044). While malignant tumors show diffuse expression, only a small subset of benign neoplasms were positive, primarily in a patchy distribution.

Oxidative Stress and Serum Creatine Kinase BB Levels can Help Mark Severity and Stage of Brain Tumor

The exact cause of brain tumor is still unknown, and it is a multi-factorial disease. Brain tumor can originate from brain cells or secondary from other organs via metastasis. Generally, tumor cells show aberrant metabolism of free radicals. The current study aims at evaluating creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels among brain tumor patients for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategy. Hospital-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 90 participants (50 brain tumor patients and 40 healthy controls) from April 2018 to October 2018. Venous blood samples were collected for TOSand CK-BB activity measurement. Purposive sampling technique was implemented to select study participants in the hospital. Catalytic activity of CK-BB and TOS were significantly increased in the serum of brain tumor patients as compared to controls. TOS levels in patients with malignant brain tumor were significantly higher than those with benign tumor, but CK-BB levels were not significantly different between benign and malignant types of brain tumor. Both serum levels of TOS and CK-BB were significantly associated with brain tumor. The CK-BB activity was significantly associated with brain tumor and can be used as markers for diagnosis. Participants with increased TOS had significantly higher risk of brain tumor development compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, oxidative stress status and CK-BB level may be used as possible brain tumor markers.