Viewpoint Of Benefits Research Articles

Employee well-being: the role of perceived competence

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to gain more understanding of how competence might matter from the perspective of well-being at work. The authors explore how perceived competence is connected to perceived work-related well-being among Baby Boomer, Generation X and Generation Y employees.Design/methodology/approachThe authors explore how perceived competence is connected to perceived work-related well-being among Baby Boomer, Generation X and Generation Y employees. The frames of reference of the study are based on literature on employee well-being (measured with work engagement and overcommitment) and competence, as well as on generational discussions. The quantitative, questionnaire-based study was conducted in 88 companies in Finland, with the total number of respondents being 4,418.FindingsThe main finding was that perceived competence related to current duties is statistically significantly connected to employee well-being. The results indicate that high competence results in high employee well-being in all generational groups. Further, Generation Y estimated their work well-being, both in terms of work engagement and overcommitment, lower than Baby Boomers or Generation X. The results suggest that developing competence of employees in organizations seems to be an important means to also support work well-being. It is especially important to pay attention to that among Generation Y, who take their first steps in working life. Competence is a meaningful factor for coping in working life in continually changing work environments. Incompetence is not just a factor for poor performance but also a potential threat to employee well-being.Originality/valueMost of the competence/workplace learning results research concentrates on cognitive competence and skills, often from the employers’ benefit viewpoint (useful skills, productivity increase). This study starts from the finding that new generations of workers rather look for a meaningful work life, and thus, a feeling of having the necessary competences directly improves their well-being and, thus, life quality. Furthermore, the study is based on an original questionnaire-based study conducted in 88 companies in Finland, with the total number of respondents being 4,418.

The Viewpoint of Righteousness and Benefit in China’s Diplomacy: Learning from the Traditional and Building the Contemporary

The contemporary viewpoint of righteousness and benefit, proposed by President Xi Jinping of China in 2013, initially originated from the traditional concept during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period over 2000 years ago. On the evolution, traditional views are usually individual- and domestic-level based; feudal kings were assumed the subject (dominant stakeholder) of practice with the people objects (passive takers); the subject and object enjoyed a hierarchical relationship in the domestic society. The contemporary concept focuses fully on the international level, viewing Chinese state as the subject and its neighbors (as well as some developing countries) as objects; they maintain an equal relationship in the international community. The upgraded analysis level and the changed subject and object as well as the altered relationship between them drive China’s diplomacy to practice the contemporary righteousness–benefit viewpoint. Nowadays, the group of subject players expanded to include not only Chinese government but also Chinese enterprises, whose responsibilities still need additional clarification. For China case, the government is assumed to take the major responsibility in practicing righteousness, with enterprises for benefit. Subjects and objects enjoy a mutually beneficial relationship with each other; China, as the subject of practicing righteousness, naturally has the expectations to get righteousness in return from the objects. The contemporary viewpoint of righteousness and benefit will work as a practicing guidance to China’s diplomacy, entailing a working mechanism to put it into practice. If implementation of such viewpoint fails to take route, correction mechanism from economic side will be needed as war is not always considered the ideal way.

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE AND DIPLOMATE OF NATIONAL BOARD COURSES IN INDIA–ISSUES AND EQUIVALENCE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

India is the only country in the world running two different doctoral courses for doctors, i.e., Doctor of Medicine (MD) and Diplomate of National Board (DNB). DNB course was introduced in 1975 to overcome shortage of specialist doctors and medical teachers. Both courses have centralized entry examination, similar tenure period, academic and clinical activities, and research exposure and exit examination (in the host institute in MD examination and in designated exit exam centre in institute other than poarent institute in case of DNB examination). Initially, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Medical Council of India (MCI) established the equivalence between two. Discrimination started since October 2012 through MCI gazette notification for DNB trainees from non-MCI recognized institutes with regards to teacher appointment. DNB doctors were united to raise their voice against this. While the Government of India (GOI) is in favor of equivalence between two, MCI is against the same. Recently, MCI is dissolved and is going to be replaced by the National Medical Commission and positive outcome is expected for the DNB side. A recent notification is issued toward equivalence of two courses provided candidate completed DNB course from hospitals with minimum 500 beds. Evaluating quality of education on the basis of number of beds seems unjustifiable as there are many better indicators of quality of medical education. The NMC act also retained the same 500 bed criteria. Taking into account the view point of benefit of population and improvement in medical education in India, it is desirable to reconsider the issue by the Government of India (GOI) and to act accordingly. To enhance the standard of current medical education, higher standards should be imposed in curriculum and centralized exit examination to be made compulsory for both the courses.

전기저장장치의 건물수용가 적용에 따른 Demand영향 및 경제성 향상방안

Recently, ESS became efficient device to stabilize electric power supply system with the development SG related technology. In fact. there are some constraints to supply ESS, because of the high cost and required space, but rapid technology development for ESS will make it more useful soon. So, through this paper, we analyzed the benefit and demand effect when the battery is applied the building based on the measured energy consumption. After that, we got the conclusion that there is a volume limit in ESS application, in a benefit view point. And we realized that there is a demand violation, and the Cost-based BEMS is the best solution to enhance the effect of ESS application.

Can Sensors Solve the Deterioration Problems of Public Infrastructure?

Various deteriorations are detected in public infrastructures, such as bridges, viaducts, piers and tunnels and caused fatal accidents in some cases. The possibility of the applications of health monitoring by using sensors is the issues of this lecture. The inspection and diagnosis are essential in the maintenance works which include appropriate rehabilitations and replacements. The introduction of monitoring system may improve accuracy and efficiency of inspection and diagnosis. This seems to be innovation of maintenance, old structures may change smart structures by the installation of nerve network and brain, specifically. Cost- benefit viewpoint is also important point, because of public infrastructures.The modes of deterioration are fatigue, corrosion, and delayed fracture in steel, and carbonization and alkali aggregate reaction in concrete. These are like adult disease in human bodies. The developments of Infrastructures in Japan were concentrated in the 1960th and 1970th. These ages are approaching 50 and deterioration due to aging has been progress gradually. The attacks of earthquakes are also a major issue. Actually, these infrastructures have been supporting economic and social activities in Japan and the deterioration of public infrastructure has become social problems. How to secure the same level of safety and security for all public infrastructures is the challenge we face now.The targets of monitoring are external disturbances such as traffic loads, earthquakes, winds, temperature, responses against external disturbances, and the changes of performances. In the monitoring of infrastructures, 3W1H(WHAT, WHERE, WHEN and HOW) are essential, that is what kind of data are necessary, where sensors place, when data are collected, and how to collect and process data. The required performances of sensors are accuracy, stability for long time. In the case of long term monitoring, the durability of systems needs more than five years, because the interval of regular bridge inspection works are five years. The supply of powers sometimes becomes serious problem. Some case studies will be presented here.

Evaluating the adoption of green information technology on the viewpoint of benefit and cost

Evaluating the adoption of green information technology on the viewpoint of benefit and cost

Is screening for hypothyroidism in the diabetes clinic effective?

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of annual screening for hypothyroidism requiring thyroxine treatment (HRTT) in a hospital‐based diabetes clinic.A retrospective study of case records of patients attending a hospital‐based diabetes clinic was undertaken. Random samples of 400 patients with type 1 diabetes and 400 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Patient data including thyroid function tests and thyroxine use were recorded. The outcomes were the prevalence of HRTT, and the cost‐per‐diagnosis of screening for HRTT in the diabetes clinic.Type 1 diabetes patients were younger (41 vs 60 years, p<0.001) and their diabetes was of longer duration (median 9.5 vs 5 years, p<0.05) than those with type 2 diabetes. Hypothyroidism was common in patients with type 1 (10.8%) or type 2 diabetes (10.8%). The prevalence of HRTT was 6.8% in type 1 diabetes and 6.0% in type 2 diabetes, with the majority being female (81% and 83%). The prevalence of HRTT increased after 50 years of age in type 1 diabetes, and somewhat later in type 2 diabetes, in the over 60s reaching 18.8% in type 1 diabetes and 8.4% in type 2 diabetes. Annual screening detected one case of HRTT for every 470 blood tests, equating to £4600 per diagnosis.In conclusion, hypothyroidism was common in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who attended a hospital‐based diabetes clinic. However, annual screening at the hospital clinic only rarely found new cases of HRTT, and so is questionable from a cost:benefit viewpoint. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.

The Role of Customer Factors in Multiple Store Patronage: A Cost–Benefit Approach

This paper is concerned with the use of multiple stores by supermarket customers. It relates the number of stores patronized to a set of customer factors under a unifying theoretical framework emphasizing cost–benefit analysis. Respective hypotheses are tested in a large random sample. This study is a first attempt to empirically address the structure of multiple store patronage. It is demonstrated that multiple store patronage is affected by variables such as customer income, satisfaction, and expenditure that are suggestive of heterogeneous cost–benefit tradeoffs and opportunity costs of time. It is shown that customers are intrinsically different in the predisposition to being loyal. In this respect, store patronage is a continuum between single store loyalty and use of several different stores, on which customers vary depending on individual preferences. The empirical analysis also suggests that exclusive patronage of the favorite store arises from two observationally equivalent latent segments that differ in their inclination to remain loyal. The results yield valuable insights into the structure of store patronage and lead to important implications for retail managers. Several extensions are considered. A broad set of research questions surrounding store patronage can be considered from a cost–benefit viewpoint in the sense that consumer decisions in this area involve trading off economic resources against assortment, spatial and temporal benefits.

Measurement of quality in monopolistic product market

The Hedonic approach provides a powerful analytical tool to extract the quality factor from price, but has difficulty in its application in the case of a monopolistic product market. R&Dactivities directed toward raising product quality in high-tech product markets, is one of a company’s most important strategic factors. Tremendous excess profits can be the result of presenting the market with high-quality products versus average products. In this paper, we present a model designed to estimate the quality index of a product under a monopolistic situation. To investigate how the model works we apply it to the classical orchestra concert market in Japan, where foreign orchestras with higher quality than the Japanese ones, seem to have market power and pricing. The estimation results show that a ticket for a foreign orchestra concert is priced 50–100 percent higher than its quality as measured based on the model in this paper. The simulation, through using the model estimates, derives an interesting implication that monopolist’s profit maximizing behavior could raise the product quality above an optimal level from the economic cost–benefit viewpoint.

Welfare from a benefit viewpoint

Individual welfare is most naturally measured in terms of individual utility but this has the well-known disadvantage that utility levels of different consumers cannot be meaningfully compared. This difficulty is traditionally avoided by using various willingness-to-pay measures, such as compensating and equivalent variation. These measures are based on price changes. This paper develops alternative welfare measures using willingness-to-trade concepts as originally proposed by Dupuit (1844). These measures are based directly on commodity bundle changes. These welfare measures can be represented as integrals under certain inverse demand functions. An important property of the proposed welfare measures studied here is that they can be meaningfully aggregated to form overall welfare measures. These measures in turn directly quantify a compensation criterion. It is shown that competitive prices provide a first-order approximation to the welfare measures. Furthermore a second-order approximation can be found by forming a suitable aggregation of the individual second-order effects. Finally, it is shown that the representations for consumer welfare as integrals under inverse demand curves can be extended to the aggregate measures as well. This then provides a complete complement to traditional measures based on price changes.

Welfare from a benefit viewpoint

Welfare from a benefit viewpoint

Externalities and benefits

This paper presents the theory of consumer externalities from the viewpoint of benefits. The theory is based on the social benefit function, which measures how much of a reference commodity bundle the individuals comprising an economy are willing to trade, collectively, for the opportunity to move to a given allocation. This function transforms the question of Pareto efficiency into an optimality principle — namely, the zero-maximum principle. In particular, it is shown that an allocation is Pareto efficient if and only if it maximizes the social benefit function and renders its value zero. Corresponding Pareto efficient prices are Lagrange multipliers of the benefit maximization problem. Competitive behavior is characterized by individual maximization of a private benefit function. Hence, the misalignment of competitive equilibria and Pareto-efficient allocations can be traced to the fact that (as is often argued intuitively) private benefits do not correspond to social benefits in the presence of externalities. The misalignment can be corrected by artificially converting the perceived private benefit function into the social benefit function. It is shown that traditional tax incentive systems essentially work that way.

Family Welfare as Health Need in Indian Population Policy

In India and several other developing countries the concept of family planning has been changed to family welfare a change which has enabled health workers to implement a more health-oriented viewpoint in family planning delivery. Being in the position of a medical consultant in the appraisal of the Second India Population Project in 1979 the author had a chance to scrutinize both in the project text and in the field the meaning of family welfare. In most cases it was found that the demographic rather than the health benefit viewpoint is emphasized; in this way family welfare is instead of corresponding to the areas needs considered a nonperceived need since as many as 85% of Indian women are overtly opposed to female sterilization. In order to overcome the negative opinions an extensive information education and communication program plays down fears by disguising the family planning message and promoting the idea of a small family in schools. Withdrawal of health personnel from various sectors to support family welfare campaigns in which monetary incentives were offered to acceptors had a negative impact on the malaria situation obstetric services and the status of auxiliary nurse midwives. To compensate for these setbacks plans exist to link welfare measures to health incentives. The interpretation of family welfare still suffers from the demography-oriented bias and runs the risk of being inimical to perceived health needs in the population.