Bending Angle Research Articles

Bending deformation effects on the optoelectronic performance of flexible GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs triple junction solar cells

To achieve genuine carbon neutrality, PV-powered vehicles show promise for future automotive development. However, the impact of curved surfaces on flexible solar cell module performance remains uncertain. This study specifically focuses on newly-designed flexible GaInP/GaAs/InGaAs triple junction solar cells, which have the highest potential output efficiency. A computational model was developed to analyze the electrical performance of curved solar cells, and variations in short-circuit current (Isc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) with bending angles were determined to closely match experimental data. The effects of incident light intensity, angle, and bending strain on solar cell performance were analyzed to explain the observed Isc and Voc trends. This method can be applied to other III-V group solar cells, providing theoretical support for accurately calculating the performance of curved solar cell modules.

Structural optimization and parameter investigation of trapezoidal shape soft pneumatic actuator

Abstract This study investigates the effects of actuator design parameters on the performance of developed trapezoidal shaped soft pneumatic actuator, optimizes its geometric structure using the finite element method and validates its performance experimentally. To optimize the soft pneumatic actuator, the effects of structural parameters such as wall thickness, gap between the adjacent chambers, passive layer thickness, width of inside chamber and the bending angle of the actuator were evaluated. Finite Element Analysis is used to determine the displacement variation of actuator with different levels of applied pressures. A Global Analysis of Variance was conducted to determine the influence of variables affecting the displacements of soft pneumatic actuator was determined. The ANOVA results, a geometric actuator with a wall thickness of 1.5 mm, gap between chambers of 4 mm, passive layer thickness of 2 mm and the width of inside chamber of 4 mm is recommended for the actuator to be achieve maximum bending angle. The proposed actuator model can be used to select the suitable actuator for grasping soft objects without deformation. In addition, experiment was conducted to correlate the results with finite element analysis data.

Enhanced Photodetection Performance of WSe2/V2O5 Nanocomposite on Flexible Substrate: Synergistic Advantages and Improved Efficiency.

The two-dimensional (2D) chalcogenide WSe2/V2O5 composite nanostructures were synthesized using the hydrothermal method and extensively characterized with various spectroscopic techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the hexagonal crystal structure exhibiting space symmetry of P63/mmc. Scanning electron microscopy images provided insights into the irregular and nonuniform morphology. Optical spectrum analysis indicated a band gap value of 2.01 eV for 15% WSe2/V2O5 nanostructures, as determined by the Wood and Tauc equation. Photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectra at emission wavelengths of 550 and 750 nm exhibited broad emission attributed to self-trapped excitons for V2O5 and WSe2 nanostructures. Under excitation at λexc = 365 nm, PL emission spectra displayed distinct peaks at 550 and 750 nm, demonstrating the ability to emit vivid red light. A device optimized for photoresponsivity (R) of approximately 7.80 × 10-1 A W-1 and detectivity (D) of around 8.65 × 1011 Jones, and quantum efficiency of approximately 3.42 × 10-2 A W-1 were achieved at a wavelength of 390 nm while using a lamination sheet as a substrate. These findings underscore the capability of devices for efficient photoconversion at specified wavelengths, indicating potential applications in sensing, imaging, and optical communication. The photoresponsivity of the device remained stable at 3.38 × 10-3 A W-1 at 0° and 3.09 × 10-3 A W-1 at 55° bending angle. This indicates the resilience of device to mechanical strain, making it ideal for flexible and wearable sensor applications. The structural, morphological, and optical characterizations confirm the suitability of luminescent WSe2/V2O5 chalcogenide for practical optoelectronic applications, especially in display technologies.

Numerical simulation of open channel basaltic lava flow through topographical bends

In this study, we utilised computational fluid dynamics to investigate the behaviour of open-channel basaltic lava flows navigating bends on shield volcanoes. Our focus was on understanding the relationship between flow velocity, rheology, and bend geometry. Employing a simple Force Balance Model (FBM), which considers the equilibrium between hydrostatic pressure and centrifugal force, we accurately approximated the changes in the height of the lava’s free surface through various bend geometries. Our analysis includes examining the influence of channel depth, width, and bend radius on the flow, revealing that variations in these parameters significantly affect the flow’s vertical displacement. Additionally, the bend sector angle emerged as a critical factor, indicating a minimum angle necessary for the flow to fully develop before exiting the bend.Further, we assessed the applicability of the Shallow Water Equations (SWE) for modelling the inertial displacement of the lava flow in bends, finding a good fit. The study extended to comparing the FBM’s predictions of the tilt angle of the flow’s free surface with the SWE results, showing notable agreement under specific conditions, particularly at a bend angle of 90 degrees. The impact of fluid density was also considered, revealing that density is a contributing factor to the development of the wetted line in the bend, a factor that is not captured by the simple FBM model. Finally, we explored different rheologies akin to natural lava flows, such as viscoplastic flow, and determined that factors like yield stress, consistency index, and power law index have a small impact on the flow behaviour in a steady-state condition within a bend.

Two-stage assembly of patchy ellipses: From bent-core particles to liquid crystal analogs.

We investigate the two-dimensional behavior of colloidal patchy ellipsoids specifically designed to follow a two-step assembly process from the monomer state to mesoscopic liquid-crystal phases via the formation of the so-called bent-core units at the intermediate stage. Our model comprises a binary mixture of ellipses interacting via the Gay-Berne potential and decorated by surface patches, with the binary components being mirror-image variants of each other-referred to as left-handed and right-handed ellipses according to the position of their patches. The surface patches are designed so as in the first stage of the assembly the monomers form bent-cores units, i.e., V-shaped dimers with a specific bent angle. The Gay-Berne interactions, which act between the ellipses, drive the dimers to subsequently form the characteristic phase observed in bent-core liquid crystals. We numerically investigate-by means of both Molecular Dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations-the described two-step process: we first optimize a target bent-core unit and then fully characterize its state diagram in temperature and density, defining the regions where the different liquid crystalline phases dominate.

Exploring the Magnetism of C5/C2B3 Heteroleptic Organolanthanide Sandwiches

Comprehensive SummaryTwo families of cyclopentadienyl (Cp)/carboranyl heteroleptic sandwiched organolanthanide complexes, namely [Ln{η5:σ‐Me2C(C5H4)(C2B10H10)}2][Li(DME)3] (1Ln, Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er) and [2‐THF‐2'‐(μ2‐Cl)Li(THF)3‐2,2'‐Ln(nido‐1,7‐C2B9H11)Cp*] (2Dy), were synthesized. Family of 1Ln has been proposed based on the mixing‐ligands idea by linking Cp and nido‐dicarborllide. However, the carborane cage of [Me2C(C5H4)(C2B10H10)]2− deprotons and forms a mono‐C− anion rather than deboron to form dicarborllide dianion. Hence, the family of 1Ln features a dysprosocenium skeleton with extra two coordination of C− anions of carborllides. Such coordination geometry is more like a tetrahedron if abstracting the centroids of two coordinated Cp rings. In this cubic‐type geometry, no significant magnetic axiality is presented; only 1Dy and 1Tb show field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation behavior below 10 K. Inspired by 1Ln, the free pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*−) and nido‐dicarborllide ligands are used to sandwich central Dy3+ ion, achieving heteroleptic complex 2Dy. The bending angle by linking the centroid of Cp*−, Dy3+ and C2B32− in 2Dy is increased to 132.8(1)°. As such, the effective energy barrier for magnetic reversal (Ueff) and magnetic blocking temperature TB (ZFC) are both increased (Ueff = 616(10) K; TB = 6 K). The effort of further enhancing Ueff and TB in such heteroleptic organolanthanide sandwiches should rely on keeping increasing the ligand axiality.

Reinforced Nacre-Like MXene/Sodium Alginate Composite Films for Bioinspired Actuators Driven by Moisture and Sunlight.

MXene-based soft actuators have attracted increasing attention and shown competitive performance in various intelligent devices such as supercapacitors, bionic robots and artificial muscles. However, the development of robust MXene-based actuators with multi-stimuli responsiveness remains challenging. In this study, a nacre-like structure soft actuator based on MXene and sodium alginate (SA) composite films is prepared using a straightforward solvent casting self-assembly method, which not only enhances the mechanical performance (tensile strength of 72MPa) but also diversifies the stimuli responsiveness of the material. The composite actuators can be powered by external stimuli from renewable energy sources, from moisture inducing a maximum bending angle of 190 degrees at a relative humidity (RH) of 91%, and sunlight irradiation generating a maximum curvature of 1.45 cm-1 under 100mW cm-2. The feasibility of practical applications, including moisture-responsive flowers and walkers, sunlight-responsive oscillators, and smart switches, is demonstrated through comprehensive experimental characterization and performance evaluation. The work presented here provides insight into the design of robust actuators via the utilization and conversion of environmentally renewable energy sources.

Low-temperature growth of CuS thin film on flexible substrates for photodetection

Abstract The covellite phase of copper sulfide thin film (CuS), owing to its excellent electronic, optical, and chemical properties, has attracted enormous attention in cutting-edge research. This research work emphasizes a comprehensive study of structural, optical, morphological, and electrical properties of CuS thin film deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate at different deposition temperatures, i. e. 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C, and 70 °C for fabrication of flexible photodetector. XRD and Raman studies depict presence of hexagonal covellite phase (CuS), where as the RMS roughness of CuS thin film increases with a rise in deposition temperature. The optical bandgap of CuS thin film gets reduced with a rise in deposition temperature. The optimized CuS thin film, deposited at 70 °C, has exhibited a homogeneous surface with RMS roughness of 13.72 nm, mobility of 25.09 cm2/Vs, and bandgap of 1.86 eV. The mobility of CuS thin film is found to be increased with the rise in deposition temperature. The flexible CuS photodetector, deposited at 70 °C, has shown better photoresponse characteristics, exhibiting the highest responsivity of 0.18 mA/W, detectivity of 1.39×108 Jones, and sensitivity of 173.25 % upon light illumination. The photocurrent established possesses an outstanding dependence on various intensities of illuminated light. Furthermore, the bending test of flexible CuS photodetectors reveals the absence of any sign of deterioration up to a bending angle of 30°. The CuS thin film-based photodetector device exhibits the optimized photodetector device with reproducibility and steady photoresponse after bending. This suggests that the Al/CuS-PET/Al photodetector device could be used in various wearable optoelectronic device applications.

Static Model of the Underwater Soft Bending Actuator Based on the Elliptic Integral Function

Underwater soft manipulators are increasingly used for grasping underwater organisms and cultural relics due to their compliance and ability to protect delicate objects. Unlike rigid manipulators, these soft manipulators feature underwater soft bending actuators that deform under external forces, making their shape and output force challenging to predict. Consequently, classical beam theory is no longer applicable. To address these issues, this article models the underwater soft bending actuator as a cantilever beam and establishes its shape and output force using elliptic integral functions. Additionally, this article proposes a method for determining the unknown parameters of the driver shape and output force model using optimization techniques and introduces a solution process based on the particle swarm optimization framework. Given the role of tensile and bending stiffness in the actuator’s performance, this paper employs a parameter identification method based on length and bending angle information. Tests demonstrate that the proposed method effectively estimates the deformation and output force of the underwater soft bending actuators, confirming its accuracy.

Springback behavior after air bending of pre-strained AA 6016-T4 sheets: Influence of dislocation density and backstress on model accuracy

Predicting springback in sheets of aluminum alloys is challenging, particularly for complex strain path deformation used to form the material. This paper presents experimental and modeling results for air bending of AA 6016-T4 sheet material. Prior to bending, pre-strains were applied to the specimens in uniaxial tension, plane-strain tension, and biaxial tension. Specimens were then cut from the pre-strained material and were subjected to air bending using three different bend angles in a v-die, after which springback was measured. It was found that greater levels of pre-strain result in larger springback magnitudes, and that the biaxial pre-strained specimens generally exhibited greater springback than the others. A CPFE – EPSC model with phenomenological backstress component in the hardening law was used to predict springback magnitude across the different pre-strain paths, pre-strain levels, and imposed air bend angles. It was observed that the more significant the strain path change, as was seen in the case of biaxial tension pre-strain followed by bending, the greater the influence of backstress on model accuracy, owing to the activation of new slip systems. When backstress was excluded from the model, a 3.2 % prediction error in springback angle was observed in the worst case, versus an error of 0.8 % when backstress was included. Backstress was correlated to more rapid dislocation density development on both the tensile surface of the sheet, and also through the thickness, after the strain path change. On the other hand, for the case of plane-strain pre-strain followed by bending, dislocation density development was more gradual and the backstress impact on model prediction was less significant, with the same slip systems active during both pre-strain and bending. Therefore, it is seen that the influence of backstress on accuracy springback modeling in AA 6016-T4 varies significantly depending on the strain path. Thus, the use of a phenomenological backstress law within the CPFE-EPSC framework is seen to be an accurate and efficient approach for modeling springback after strain path changes that can occur during industrial forming applications.

Flexible supercapacitors based on in-situ synthesis of composite nickel manganite@reduced graphene oxide nanosheets cathode: An integration of high mechanical flexibility and energy storage

Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention in the context of electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and industrial equipment. Nevertheless, further work is required to enhance the energy storage performance and improve the adaptability of supercapacitors under mechanical loads. To address these challenges, we propose a novel design strategy for composite micro-nano structures of reduced graphene oxide coated in situ growth of nickel manganite nanoarrays on the carbon fiber surface (CF@NiMn2O4@rGO). This design enables the fabrication of flexible supercapacitor electrodes with optimised electrochemical and mechanical properties. The CF@NiMn2O4@rGO cathode exhibits a synergistic effect that enhances energy storage, as evidenced by a high specific capacitance of 1003.35 F g−1 (at 10 mA cm−2) and exceptional cycling stability over more than 4000 cycles. Furthermore, the flexible carbon fiber (CF) and in-situ grown nickel manganite@reduced graphene oxide (NiMn2O4@rGO) contribute to improved mechanical properties of the electrode. The assembled supercapacitor exhibits both high energy density and cycling stability. Notably, the flexible bending angle ranging from 0° to 180° has minimal impact on the energy storage performance of this flexible supercapacitor. Even under a bending angle of 180°, it successfully powers a small light bulb. This novel nanostructured material presents an innovative approach for designing flexible supercapacitors.

Finite element study on the mechanism of the influence of pretension force and block strength on the shear resistance of the anchor cable with C-shaped tube

To prevent the early breakage of anchor cables under shear loads in support engineering, a combined structure of Anchor Cable with C-shaped Tube (ACC) has been proposed. The shear resistance enhancement mechanism of this structure and the mechanisms of various influencing factors have yet to be fully revealed. A refined nonlinear finite element model of ACC was original established using ABAQUS software, taking into account the actual structure of the steel strands and the interactions, such as contact and failure between the various components. Various anchor cable pretension forces and block strengths were set to investigate their effects on the shear mechanical response of ACC. The results successfully demonstrated a high correlation between peak shear load and pretension force. The results demonstrate that an increase in pretension force reduces the ACC’s peak shear load and break displacement. Additionally, the structure exhibited higher flexural stiffness, the block strength was mobilized earlier, and the block failed locally more quickly. Under high pretension forces, the system exhibited higher shear stiffness in the early stages of shearing due to the influence of the axial force component. With low pretension forces, the ACC exhibited a larger break displacement due to the minor tensile deformation at the shear plane position for the same shear displacement. At low pretension forces, the structure’s bending angle increased more rapidly during the middle and later stages of shearing, accompanied by a larger break displacement. Both of these factors led to a greater bending angle at the shear plane position at the point of failure. The results reveal the characteristic of the peak shear load initially increasing and then decreasing with the increase in test block strength, along with its underlying mechanism. As the block strength increased, the bending angle of the structure at the shear plane position increased more rapidly, resulting in higher shear stiffness. With high block strength, the combination of smaller break displacement and greater shear stiffness led to an initial increase followed by a decrease in peak shear load. A comprehensive RSSB (Relative Stiffness between Structure and Test Block) that considers both structural and test block stiffness was proposed. The deformation pattern of the structure was controlled by the RSSB. The higher the RSSB, the wider the plastic hinge extension range for the same shear displacement, the smaller the bending angle at the shear plane position, and the smaller the maximum curvature of the structure. The contact force of the C-shaped tube generally exhibited a “single peak” distribution. As the shear displacement increased, the peak position of the contact force moved away from the shear plane, and the maximum contact force increased rapidly and remained relatively stable. At the end of the shearing process, the contact force of the C-shaped tube exhibited a “double peak” distribution.

Sign To Speech Conversion And Home Automation Control Using Smart Gloves

In today's world, there are many new technologies changing the way we do things. One interesting technology is the home automation system. It helps people control things in their homes from far away, making life more comfortable, saving money, and being easy to use. But some people find it a bit tricky to use these systems well. To make it simpler for everyone, we can use something called a flex sensor-based home automation system. This system lets you control things by moving your hands, which is really helpful for older people or those who might find it a bit hard to move. It's also great for people who haven't had much learning. And if we add voice help, it becomes even easier. This way, people who are in bed or dealing with physical problems can use it too. This makes technology not just cool but helpful for everyone in different situations. In this paper, we explore the integration of flex sensors onto hand gloves to facilitate a dynamic interaction between hand movements and technological outputs. The flex sensors, akin to miniature potentiometers, are strategically affixed to the fingers, registering changes in value corresponding to the bending action. As the finger bends, the sensor's resistance alters, influencing the output in an inversely proportional manner. This innovative system allows for nuanced control, where specific angles of finger bending lead to calibrated adjustments in output, demonstrating a responsive and intuitive interface between human gestures and technology. The implementation of flex sensor- based gloves introduces a versatile means of capturing and translating hand movements into actionable data. The project leverages the concept of resistance modulation to precisely interpret the degree of finger bending, creating a reliable framework for diverse applications such as gesturecontrolled devices or assistive technologies for individuals with limited mobility. The abstracted communication between human hand gestures and technology opens avenues for accessible and intuitive interfaces, promising potential applications across various domains.

Design and kinematics analysis of a cable-stayed notch manipulator for transluminal endoscopic surgery

The friction between the joints of the continuum manipulator with discrete joints brings great difficulties to kinematic modeling. The traditional driving wire arrangement limits the load capacity of the manipulator. A cable-stayed notch manipulator for transluminal endoscopic surgery is proposed, and a driving force coupling kinematic mode is established. The manipulator is fabricated from a superelastic Nitinol tube with bilaterally cut rectangular notches and is actuated by a stay cable. By applying the comprehensive elliptic integral solution (CEIS) for large deformation beams, the bending angle of each elastic beam is obtained, and the kinematics from the driving space to the joint space is formed. According to the bending angle of each elastic beam, the expression of the manipulator in Cartesian space can be obtained by geometric analysis. The kinematics from the joint space to the Cartesian space is established. The outer diameter of the manipulator is only 3.5 mm, and the inner diameter can reach 2 mm, allowing instruments to pass through. The maximum error of the manipulator movement is less than 5%. The load capacity of the manipulator has been verified through the stiffness experiments, and the maximum load of the manipulator can reach 400 g. The cable-stayed notch manipulator can be accurately modeled on the base of CEIS, and its motion accuracy can meet the needs of engineering applications. The compact size and excellent load capacity of the manipulator make it potential for application in transluminal endoscopic surgical robots.

Design and experimental investigation of an origami inspired X-band accordion waveguide

This paper presents design, numerical analysis and experimental investigation of an origami inspired X-band accordion waveguide that is aimed to create a flexible and adaptive solutions. The design process is conducted in a Finite Integration Technique (FIT) based microwave simulation software to model and simulate the proposed waveguide, and that shows structural benefits of origami technique based paper folding. Proposed waveguide model is numerically analyzed under both X and Y bending with 30˚, 60˚, 90˚ and 120˚ bending angle to provide its flexibility. Besides, the electric and magnetic field distributions were also obtained and explained in details to provide working mechanism of the proposed accordion waveguide. The S21 transmission characteristics between ports exhibits a decrease of 0.015 dB in numerical results, which is negligible and acceptable in applications. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed waveguide has effective transmission characteristics within the 8–12 GHz X-band frequency range, with a satisfactory S21 transmission parameter. The numerical and experimental results show that proposed origami inspired accordion waveguide has a huge potential for application in dynamic microwave and satellite components.

Controlled shape morphing of potatoes and carrots during drying using a novel stamping approach

This study investigates groove-based controlled shape morphing in potatoes and carrots during drying. Stamps were manufactured and used to create groove depths (2 mm and 4 mm) onto the surface of the samples, which were then dried at various temperatures (45 °C, 55 °C, and 65 °C). Bending transformation, drying profiles, shrinkage, porosity, and surface morphology were measured as indicators of shape morphing. Potatoes exhibited a positive correlation between morphing transformation with increasing temperatures, reaching maximum angles of 244° (2 mm) and 263° (4 mm). Similarly, carrots showed similar observations with maximum bending angles of 145.1° (2 mm) and 153° (4 mm). The morphing in these samples was observed within the moisture content range of 1–0.5 kg water per kg solids and was concomitant with a substantial shrinkage of 80–84% in both samples. Grooving significantly affects the morphing, creating high-stress points and increasing the moisture transfer rate during drying. This study lays foundational knowledge for the controlled shape morphing of foods using drying technology.

Microstructure evolution and springback behavior in single-pass roll bending of magnesium alloy plates

Using magnesium alloy plates instead of high-strength steel and titanium alloys in roll-formed parts significantly improves the lightweight, damping, and heat dissipation properties of automotive components. This paper employs finite element simulation combined with experimental methods to perform single-pass roll bending of AZ31B magnesium alloy plates at angles of 0°-15°, 0°-25°, and 0°-35°. Measured the springback angle and microhardness at the bends, and used optical microscopy (OM) and electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) to analyze the microstructural characteristics, texture, and orientation evolution at the bend during the roll bending process. The results indicate that during roll bending, the inner bend area has significantly more twins than the outer area, with more pronounced grain refinement on the inner side. {10-12} tensile twins mainly coordinate plastic deformation, with some {10-12}-{10-12} tensile twin variants present. The inner bend area's texture shifts from ND to TD direction, strengthening the TD direction texture, while the outer area retains typical rolling texture. The prismatic slip in the inner region of the bend changes from hard to soft orientation. The inner region is mainly coordinated plastic deformation by prismatic slip, while the outer region is mainly coordinated by basal slip. As single-pass roll bending angles increase, the increase in twin boundaries and low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) significantly reduces the springback angle. Additionally, grain refinement and increased geometric necessary dislocation density lead to higher microhardness.

Research on the Internal Flow Properties of the Bending Pipeline Based on the CFD

Abstract Pipeline connection is the main connection of hydraulic parts. For the study of pipe diameter, turning Angle and the turning radius of pipe, the influence law of the internal flow characteristics. this paper adopts CFD 3D simulation technology to explore the influence law of 5 kinds of bending radius, 6 kinds of bending Angle and 4 kinds of pipe diameter on the pressure loss of the pipeline. The results show that there are pressure difference and velocity difference in the inner wall and the outer wall of the bend, due to the impact of the fluid inertia force on the bend, when the fluid flows in the bend. As bending radius and pipe diameter increases, the pressure difference and speed difference of the inner and outer walls at the turning point of the pipeline are reduced, the local pressure loss at the bending is reduced, the internal pressure loss of the pipeline is reduced, and the flow is more uniform. With the increase of bending angle, the pressure difference and velocity difference of the inner and outer walls of the pipeline bending increase, the local pressure loss increases, and the overall pipeline pressure loss increases. The research results of this paper can provide some reference for pipeline hydraulic design and optimization.

Effect of the advancing contact angle on coal particle–bubble detachment at the mesoscopic scale

Improving particle–bubble adhesion stability and reducing particle–bubble detachment are crucial in froth flotation processes. In this study, a nonequilibrium molecular dynamics approach is applied to investigate the dynamic detachment process of low-rank coal particles adhering with/without a collector from bubbles under different pull forces at the mesoscopic scale. Results indicate that a collector oil film on the surface of a low-rank coal particle can considerably increase the advancing contact angle and counteract the contraction of the three-phase contact line, enabling the particle to withstand a greater detachment force. Conversely, the residual water clusters on the particle surface tend to cause contraction of the contact line. Force analysis of the liquid surrounding the particle and the contact line indicates that the maximum static capillary force between the particle and the bubble is equivalent to the capillary force when the bending angle of the liquid surface reaches the advancing contact angle. When the bending angle of the liquid surface exceeds the forward contact angle, the force on the liquid around the contact line becomes unbalanced, causing the contact line to move to decrease the bending angle of the liquid surface and restore balance to the surrounding liquid. Hence, on mesoscopic scales of ten to tens of nanometers, the advancing contact angle still determines particle–bubble detachment. The study of particle–bubble detachment mechanisms at the mesoscopic scale is expected to establish a relation between microscopic mechanisms at the molecular scale and macroscopic experimental studies at the micrometer to millimeter scale

A Flexible Multifunctional Sensor Based on an AgNW@ZnONR Composite Material.

A multifunctional sensor comprising flexible and transparent ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) with strain gauges based on Ag nanowire (AgNW)@ZnO nanorods (ZnONRs) was fabricated using a cost-effective, simple, and efficient method. High-aspect ratio silver nanowires were synthesized using the polyol method. An AgNW@ZnONR composite was formed via the hydrothermal method to ensure the multifunctional capability of the flexible sensors. After refining the process parameters, the size of the ZnO nanorods was decreased to fabricate pliable multifunctional sensors using AgNW@ZnONRs. At a deposition of 0.207 g of AgNW@ZnONRs, the sensor achieves its maximum switching ratio and fastest response time under conditions of 2000 μW/cm2 UV optical power density. With a ton (rise time) of 2.7 s and a toff (fall time) of 2.3 s, the ratio of Ion to Ioff current is 1151. Additionally, the sensor's maximum optical current value correlates linearly with UV light's power density. The maximum response current increased from 222.5 pA to 588.1 pA, an increase of 164.3%, when the bending angle was increased from 15° to 90° for the sensor with a deposition of 0.276 g of AgNW@ZnONRs. There was no degradation in the response of the sensors after 10,000 bending cycles, as they have excellent stability and repeatability, which means they can meet the requirements of wearable sensor applications. Therefore, there is great potential for the practical application of multifunctional AgNW@ZnONRs in flexible sensors.