Beliefs Of Others Research Articles

MULTICULTURAL-BASED MANAGEMENT OF CULTURING TOLERANCE VALUES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Character education is an endeavor that helps help people understand, care about, and act on core ethical values. This study aims to describe the management of teaching tolerance values in elementary schools. The location of this research is SD Pembangunan Jaya 2 Sidoarjo. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research. The result is that through social interaction, students learn to respect other religions so that students have a tolerant attitude. Schools give students the freedom to embrace their respective religions, and they understand the importance of tolerance for students of different ethnicities, races, ethnicities, and religions. Principals instill the values of tolerance by acting as managers, leaders, educators, administrators, and supervisors. Teachers instill values of tolerance through classroom learning, daily activities, examples, suggestions, habituation, and extracurricular activities. The resulting forms of tolerance include: recognizing the rights of everyone, respecting the beliefs of others, do not impose religion on others, living in harmony and peace among human beings, having the spirit of the Pancasila philosophy, and help each other. The findings of this study can be used as input for effective teaching and learning activities in multicultural-based schools. Multicultural-based schools require special attention from the principal because they are prone to conflict. Schools create a conducive climate in transforming the values of tolerance in multicultural-based elementary schools.

Parental Alienation Syndrome as a Consequence of Paranoid Contagion or Shared Psychosis

IntroductionParental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) was proposed by Richard A. Gardner in 1985. It is assumed to occur in some distressing marriage break-ups, when a parent “brainwashes” his children so they reject the other parent in an unjustified way. But, is it the result of a conscious act as Gardner suggests? Or could it also appear as part of a shared psychosis?ObjectivesTo assess the possibility of the appearance of PAS as a consequence of paranoid contagion or shared psychosis.MethodsWe present the case of a 45-year-old patient and her 9-year-old daughter, who is allegedly assaulted by her father during visits, according to both. Mother and daughter continually request attention in the emergency department for this reason, with no obvious injuries. A bibliographic review is carried out on the PAS and shared psychosis. We compare the existing data with our case.ResultsA paranoid cognitive style is observed in the 45-year-old patient, and it is observed that her daughter stops rejecting the father when she spends time separated from her. The contagion of delirium is the nuclear mechanism of shared psychosis. It is known that children with PAS may have distorted memories and incorporate beliefs of others through suggestion. There is also an inverse relationship between the number of visits by the alienated parent and the undervaluation of the child. We have not found any studies linking shared psychosis with PAS.ConclusionsThe existing bibliography on PAS is scarce. The possibility of an existing paranoid contagion mechanism has not been addressed yet.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Understanding factors associated with intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

As of December 1, 2020, when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices published their COVID-19 vaccine distribution and prioritization recommendations, health care workers (HCWs) and the elderly were deemed to be at greatest risk of contracting the coronavirus. Limited extant research suggests that most HCWs are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and findings from studies examining vaccine uptake in non-HCW samples also have reported high vaccination willingness. The health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) suggest that beliefs about severity and susceptibility of disease, perceived benefits of and obstacles to vaccination, and normative beliefs of others affect vaccine uptake. Further, perceptions of safety, side effects, and demographic factors can uniquely impact COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 526 participants via social media, through snowball emailing methods, and from university settings. The present findings demonstrate that 37% of participants intend to get the vaccine, and 35% reported that they might get the vaccine. No relationships among demographic factors, willingness to receive the vaccine, and level of intent were observed. However, those who reported that they would not receive the COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated fewer positive attitudes, less agreement, fewer normative views, and less anticipatory regret regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Also, perceptions of susceptibility, severity, and barriers were associated with participants' willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Our results suggest that factors related to the HBM and TPB might uniquely impact COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and could guide the crafting of interventions meant to encourage vaccine uptake. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Markers of Social and Emotional Health in College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Objective: Research on effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the mental health of youth have mostly focused on the occurrence of negative states such as anxiety and depression. The objective of this study was to assess the social and emotional health of university students in India, as influenced by COVID-19 test results and the experience of isolation or quarantine.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in India during July and early August 2021 among university students aged 20-25 years. The Social Emotional Health Survey-Higher Education (SEHS-HE) was used to assess 4 domains: belief in self, belief in others, emotional competence, and engaged living.Results: There were 187 respondents from 78 institutions in 14 of 29 states of India. The sample was 51% male. The mean SEHS-HE scores were approximately 75% of the maximum score in each domain. In multivariable regression analysis, sex, residence with family, and a negative COVID-19 report had little effect on SEHS-HE domains. COVID-19 positivity was associated with significantly lower scores on all domains (P < .01). Isolation/quarantine was associated with significantly or near-significantly higher scores on all domains (P < .01). In all cases, β coefficients and the proportion of the variance explained by the regression were small.Conclusions: Major pandemic-related internal and environmental determinants of SEHS-HE remain to be identified. Strategies to improve the well-being of college students should be directed toward those who have tested positive for the disease. The experience of isolation/quarantine is not pathoplastic.

Through the Narrative Looking Glass: Commentary on "Impact of Electronic Health Records on Information Practices in Mental Health Contexts: Scoping Review".

The authors of “Impact of Electronic Health Records on Information Practices in Mental Health Contexts: Scoping Review” have effectively brought to our attention the failure of the electronic health record (EHR) to represent the human context. Because mental health or behavioral disorders (and functional status in general) emerge from an interaction between the individual’s characteristics and the social context, it is essentially a failure to represent the human context. The assessment and treatment of these disorders must reflect how the person lives, their degree of social connectedness, their personal motivation, and their cultural background. This type of information is best communicated both through narrative and in collaboration with other providers and the patient—largely because human social memory is organized around situation models and natural episodes. Neither functionality is currently available in most EHRs. Narrative communication is effective for several reasons: (1) it supports the communication of goals between providers; (2) it allows the author to express their belief in others’ perspectives (theory of mind), for example, those who will be reading these notes; and (3) it supports the incorporation of the patient’s personal perspective. The failure of the EHR to support mental health information data and information practices is, therefore, essentially a failure to support the basic communication functions necessary for the narrative. The authors have rightly noted the problems of the EHR in this domain, but perhaps they did not completely link the problems to the lack of functionality to support narrative communication. Suggestions for adding design elements are discussed.

Practical recommendations to communicate with patients about health‐related conspiracy theories

Practical recommendations to communicate with patients about health‐related conspiracy theories

TOLERANCE OF THE TRANSMIGRATION COMMUNITY IN TABOLANG VILLAGE, TOPOYO DISTRICT, MAMUJU CENTRAL REGENCY

This study aims to determine the form of tolerance of the transmigration community, the supporting factors of tolerance and the inhibiting factors of tolerance, and efforts to maintain the tolerance of the transmigration community in Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method and combined with quantitative research methods. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. which aims to reveal facts or occurrences of variable phenomena and circumstances that occurred during the research by presenting what actually happened and by adding the results of the questionnaire as supporting data from the results obtained through interviews if needed. The data analysis technique used interactive analysis and descriptive statistical analysis.The results of the study based on data analysis showed that the form of tolerance of the transmigration community was seen from sixteen indicators, this was generally carried out by the transmigration community in Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency. This is also in accordance with the percentage level of tolerance in the form of transmigration society obtained in the high category of 74 percent. The supporting factors for community tolerance, seen from the five indicators, tend to be carried out by the transmigration community in Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency as a form of supporting the creation of diverse community tolerance. In addition, the most influential and dominant factor carried out by the transmigration community is respecting the beliefs of others of 86. The inhibiting factor of community tolerance seen from the four indicators, this tends to be carried out by the transmigration community in Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency as a form of inhibiting the creation of community tolerance diverse. Of these four factors, the factors that most tend to hinder the tolerance of transmigration communities are poor education and love to live in hostility. However, these four factors are classified as high in inhibiting the tolerance of the transmigration community based on the results of the questionnaire data which obtained an average of above 70 percent. Efforts to build community tolerance seen from two indicators, are generally carried out by transmigration communities in Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency as an effort to maintain a form of tolerance for transmigration communities that exist in diverse communities. Of these two factors, all of them are high and the factor that most transmigration people tend to do in an effort to maintain community tolerance is that it requires social interaction through intensive conversation and association by 73 percent. This shows that the form of tolerance of the transmigration community is generally carried out by the community so that it needs to be maintained or developed for the better.

PENDIDIKAN PLURALIS-TOLERAN DI LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA NGADAS PONCOKUSUMO MALANG

Ngadas is one of the villages that are strong in maintaining the customs of the Tengger Tribe. This village has followers of various religions, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism. The reality of this village's religious differences can become a source of conflict for the community if it is not appropriately managed. This study aims to describe the concept and form of pluralist-tolerant education in the Ngadas family. The qualitative approach and the type of case study research are used in this research. The research found that the concept of pluralist-tolerant education in the family environment in Ngadas is education that opens a vision to a broader horizon regardless of group, ethnicity, or cultural and religious traditions to realize universal brotherhood in line with Islamic teachings. This pluralist-tolerant education is carried out in an informal and early form. Meanwhile, the implications of the practice of Islamic education in the Ngadas village family are respecting the beliefs of others and acknowledging the existing religious reality.

Factors affecting conspiracy theory endorsement in paranoia.

Paranoia and conspiracy thinking are known to be distinct but correlated constructs, but it is unknown whether certain types of conspiracy thinking are more common in paranoia than others. In a large (n = 1000), pre-registered online study we tested if endorsement of items on a new Components of Conspiracy Ideation Questionnaire varied according to whether harm was described as being (a) intentional and (b) self-referential. Our predictions were supported: paranoia was positively associated with endorsement of items on this questionnaire overall and more paranoid individuals were more likely to endorse items describing intentional and self-referential harm. Belief in any item on the Components of Conspiracy Ideation Questionnaire was associated with belief in others and items describing incidental harm and harm to others were found to be more believable overall. Individuals who endorsed conspiracy theory items on the questionnaire were more likely to state that people similar to them would as well, although this effect was not reduced in paranoia, counter to our expectations.

Higher-order learning

We design a novel experiment to study how subjects update their beliefs about the beliefs of others. Three players receive sequential signals about an unknown state of the world. Player 1 reports her beliefs about the state; Player 2 simultaneously reports her beliefs about the beliefs of Player 1; Player 3 simultaneously reports her beliefs about the beliefs of Player 2. We say that beliefs exhibit higher-order learning if the beliefs of Player k about the beliefs of Player k-1 become more accurate as more signals are observed. We find that some of the predicted dynamics of higher-order beliefs are reflected in the data; in particular, higher-order beliefs are updated more slowly with private than public information. However, higher-order learning fails even after a large number of signals is observed. We argue that this result is driven by base-rate neglect, heterogeneity in updating processes, and subjects’ failure to correctly take learning rules of others into account.

Getting the Cosmology Right

Getting the Cosmology Right

Investigating working adults' intentions to participate in microlearning using the decomposed theory of planned behaviour

AbstractThe current work validated the decomposed theory of planned behaviour (DTPB) with working adults to assess its ability to predict intentions to participate in microlearning and also identify the significant factors that drive microlearning usage decisions. We found that positive attitudes towards microlearning (Attitude), stronger beliefs in others' opinions regarding microlearning use (SN), and stronger perceptions about one's capability to engage in microlearning (PBC), are associated with stronger intentions to participate in microlearning. All decomposed constructs were found to be significant predictors of the respective factors, except superior influence (SI) and resource facilitating conditions. We discuss potential targeted interventions focused on what works best to encourage microlearning adoption. For instance, while reporting superiors have no significant influence over one's microlearning use decisions, the opinions of peers and colleagues positively influence microlearning use. Hence, focusing on embedding community‐related aspects into a microlearning design may effectively encourage the use of microlearning. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic The decomposed theory of planned behaviour (DTPB) is reported to be suited for studying e‐Learning adoption due to its robustness and high explanatory power. The DTPB allows for a deeper and more detailed explanation of behavioural intentions compared to other models. However, the DTPB has not been explored for learning innovation such as microlearning. What this paper adds The DTPB was found to be theoretically sufficient for predicting intentions to participate in microlearning. Attitudes towards microlearning was found as the strongest determinant of intentions, followed by one's beliefs in others' opinions regarding microlearning use, and lastly, perceptions about one's capability to engage in microlearning. Contrary to expectations, only the influence of peers in one's social circle was significantly predictive of subjective norm, while the influence of those in positions of authority in the workplace (e.g., one's reporting manager or superior) was not. Additionally, while self‐efficacy and technology‐related facilitating conditions (e.g., technical compatibility, technical support) were significant predictors of perceived behavioural control, the availability of resources required to perform microlearning was not. Implications for practice and/or policy Factors identified as strongly influential for behavioural intentions may aid in facilitating and accelerating microlearning adoption in the workforce.

Multicultural Community Rationality in Running Religious Activities in Pandemic Times

Indonesian society is a multicultural society that lives side by side with all the differences. In Indonesia, they are presently six official religions-namely Islam, Protestant Christian, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. It is this difference of belief that makes people live in peace and practice their respective religious teachings without any intention of disturbing the beliefs of others. The teaching of tolerance is also applied in one of the villages in Malang Regency, namely Peniwen Village. The majority of the population of this village are Protestant and Catholic Christians. Residents in this village always carry out religious activities in accordance with what has been ordered without any sense of demeaning other religions. The method used in this article is descriptive qualitative using Max Weber's theory of rationality. The purpose of this article is to find out the rationality of the people of Peniwen Village in carrying out religious activities during the pandemic. This happened because during the pandemic almost all activities were limited. The results of this study demonstrate that the Village residents continue to perform religious activities by implementing health protocols and upholding tolerance between different religious communities. The current health protocols regulate the number of congregants who will worship at the church, wear masks, and maintain personal distance.

Philosophical Fundamentals Of The Culture Of Tolerance

This article reveals the philosophical essence of developing a culture of tolerance in society. It reveals the importance of making the culture of tolerance a universal value, a culture of tolerance, tolerance for the lifestyles, behaviors, manners, feelings, opinions, ideas and beliefs of others.

Conjecturing Harmful Intent and Preemptive Strike in Paranoia.

Paranoia depicts a belief of others having harmful intent. Research using economic games has exhibited the correlation between paranoia and the propensity to characterize ambiguous intentions as harmful. Using a non-clinical sample recruited online from the United States (N=290), we examined whether paranoid thoughts influence aggressive behavior against the subjective perception of harmful intent. We conducted a preemptive strike game wherein aggressive behavior was assumed to be guided by the fear of an opponent. The outcomes indicate that (1) individuals with high paranoia assume harmful intent of an opponent more than those with low paranoia (2) conjecturing an opponent’s harmful intent predicted an increase in the probability of a preemptive strike, and (3) paranoia did not have a statistically significant effect on encouraging a preemptive strike. Additionally, the exploratory analysis revealed that paranoia was related to participant’s aggressiveness and with suppositions of other’s self-interests and competitiveness. This study presents empirical evidence that paranoia is related to the perception of social threats in an uncertain situation. We discuss the possibility that paranoid ideation can promote or inhibit a preemptive strike.

Distinguishing Self, Other, and Autonomy From Visual Feedback: A Combined Correlation and Acceleration Transfer Analysis.

In cognitive science, Theory of Mind (ToM) is the mental faculty of assessing intentions and beliefs of others and requires, in part, to distinguish incoming sensorimotor (SM) signals and, accordingly, attribute these to either the self-model, the model of the other, or one pertaining to the external world, including inanimate objects. To gain an understanding of this mechanism, we perform a computational analysis of SM interactions in a dual-arm robotic setup. Our main contribution is that, under the common fate principle, a correlation analysis of the velocities of visual pivots is shown to be sufficient to characterize "the self" (including proximo-distal arm-joint dependencies) and to assess motor to sensory influences, and "the other" by computing clusters in the correlation dependency graph. A correlational analysis, however, is not sufficient to assess the non-symmetric/directed dependencies required to infer autonomy, the ability of entities to move by themselves. We subsequently validate 3 measures that can potentially quantify a metric for autonomy: Granger causality (GC), transfer entropy (TE), as well as a novel “Acceleration Transfer” (AT) measure, which is an instantaneous measure that computes the estimated instantaneous transfer of acceleration between visual features, from which one can compute a directed SM graph. Subsequently, autonomy is characterized by the sink nodes in this directed graph. This study results show that although TE can capture the directional dependencies, a rectified subtraction operation denoted, in this study, as AT is both sufficient and computationally cheaper.

No one is immune to misinformation: An investigation of misinformation sharing by subscribers to a fact-checking newsletter.

Like other disease outbreaks, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid generation and dissemination of misinformation and fake news. We investigated whether subscribers to a fact checking newsletter (n = 1397) were willing to share possible misinformation, and whether predictors of possible misinformation sharing are the same as for general samples. We also investigated predictors of willingness to have a COVID-19 vaccine and found that although vaccine acceptance was high on average, it decreased as a function of lower belief in science and higher conspiracy mentality. We found that 24% of participants had shared possible misinformation and that this was predicted by a lower belief in science. Like general samples, our participants were typically motivated to share possible misinformation due to interest in the information, or to seek a second opinion about claim veracity. However, even if information is shared in good faith and not for the purpose of deceiving or misleading others, the spread of misinformation is nevertheless highly problematic. Exposure to misinformation engenders faulty beliefs in others and undermines efforts to curtail the spread of COVID-19 by reducing adherence to social distancing measures and increasing vaccine hesitancy.

Neural mechanisms of modulations of empathy and altruism by beliefs of others' pain.

Perceived cues signaling others' pain induce empathy which in turn motivates altruistic behavior toward those who appear suffering. This perception-emotion-behavior reactivity is the core of human altruism but does not always occur in real-life situations. Here, by integrating behavioral and multimodal neuroimaging measures, we investigate neural mechanisms underlying modulations of empathy and altruistic behavior by beliefs of others' pain (BOP). We show evidence that lack of BOP reduces subjective estimation of others' painful feelings and decreases monetary donations to those who show pain expressions. Moreover, lack of BOP attenuates neural responses to their pain expressions within 200 ms after face onset and modulates neural responses to others' pain in the insular, post-central, and frontal cortices. Our findings suggest that BOP provide a cognitive basis of human empathy and altruism and unravel the intermediate neural mechanisms.

“If they believe, then so shall I”: Perceived beliefs of the in-group predict conspiracy theory belief

Conspiracy beliefs are widespread and can have detrimental consequences. As perceived social norms can exert a powerful influence on individuals, we investigated the relationship between perceived conspiracy belief norms and personal endorsement, and whether others’ conspiracy belief is overestimated. In Study 1, UK university students ( N = 111) completed measures of their personal conspiracy beliefs and estimations of others’ beliefs (an in-group and an out-group they chose, and a prescribed in-group). Perceived in-groups’ belief strongly predicted personal conspiracy belief; perceived out-group’s belief did not. Studies 2 and 3 replicated these findings in a British community sample ( N = 177) and in a UK parent sample ( N = 197), focusing on antivaccine conspiracy theories. All studies demonstrated that people overestimate the conspiracy beliefs of others. This is the first demonstration of the association between perceived in-group conspiracy belief social norms and individuals’ personal conspiracy beliefs. Interventions challenging misperceived norms could be effective in reducing conspiracy beliefs.

Social-Emotional Health and Psychological Well-Being among Church School Students

Abstract Introduction: This study aims to determine the level of social-emotional health of church school students and relationships among the variables of social-emotional health and psychological well-being. Methods: The research group consisted of 73 church school students in Presov Region. The data collection tools were the Social – Emotional Health Survey for secondary education (SEHS-S) and the Scale of Psychological Well-Being (PWB). The presented quantitative study has a correlation character with the comparative questions and exploratory - verification design. Results: The findings of the study showed that there is a strong positive correlation between overall social-emotional health referred to covitality and psychological well-being. Strong and moderate correlations were found among domains and psychological indicators of social-emotional health and dimensions of psychological well-being. A domain belief in others strongly correlates with positive relations with others. A strong correlation has been found between the indicator of peer support and the dimension of positive relations with others. The findings showed a moderately large, statistically significant difference in the level of belief in self in favor of males compared to females. Small and medium-sized differences between males and females were also found at the level of psychological indicators. The level of overall social-emotional health increases with the increase in the mastery of the environmental mastering and positive relations with others, which explains 35% of the data variance. Discussion: Research indicates relationships between the social-emotional health and psychological well-being as well as among dimensions, domains and indicators. The results support previous findings of other authors. Furthermore, the results showed a significant difference in the level of belief in self domain in favour of males compared to females. This finding indicates that males have higher self-confidence while compared to females. Limitations: There are certain limitations in the research, which include usage of non-standardized methods on Slovak population and a low level of reliability for Psychological Well-being Scale. Among other limitations, we include the time of data collection, which took place during the last class at the end of the week. Conclusion: Mental Health is about more than mental illness. Being mentally healthy and feeling well is important. To measure and identify elements of mental health may be useful to comprehend and promote psychological strengths of a person. A value of the paper lies in findings concerning social-emotional health of church school students, which contributed to the standardization of SEHS-S in Slovakia. Nevertheless, social-emotional health of Slovak students should not be neglected and further research on a larger sample is needed.