Behavioral Issues Research Articles

ТЕКСТОВІ ЗАДАЧІ ЯК ЗАСІБ ФОРМУВАННЯ У ЗДОБУВАЧІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ ЗНАНЬ ПРО БЕЗПЕЧНУ ПОВЕДІНКУ НА УРОКАХ МАТЕМАТИКИ

The article substantiates the relevance of the problem of preserving educational institutions as safe spaces for learning and education. A number of regulatory and legal acts of Ukraine were announced, detailing the content, forms and methods of organizational and educational work in the relevant direction. It was established that the formation of knowledge about safe behavior among students must be carried out directly and indirectly ‒ by means of special educational disciplines and interdisciplinary integration. A number of studies of Ukrainian scientists were noted, in which the problem of forming the basics of safe behavior among students of education is raised. The scientific work of Ukrainian and Polish scientists regarding the integration of «security topics» into the content of mathematics lessons is briefly characterized. The conceptual dimension of the security problem has been clarified: the definitions of the terms «security», «human security», «safety of the educational environment», «safe educational environment» available in the scientific space have been clarified. It is noted that among the directions of the organization of a safe educational environment, the pedagogical one occupies an important place ‒ it concerns the formation of students’ knowledge, abilities and skills regarding safe behavior. The concept of «safe behavior» has been specified. The content of one of the Standard educational programs for primary school was analyzed for the purpose of the reflection of issues of safe behavior in its content: «expected learning outcomes» from certain educational fields have been updated, which reflect the focus of the content of primary education on the formation of students’ safe behavior skills; relevant thematic profiles are defined. On the basis of the analysis of the studied sources, the potential possibilities of textual problems as a means of forming knowledge about safe behavior among students of education have been revealed. Variants of textual problems that can be used in mathematics lessons in order to implement the specified pedagogical process are represented (among them are simple tasks for finding the sum and remainder and for increasing and decreasing a number by several units; simple difference comparison problems; simple tasks for finding the product and quotient; composed tasks for finding the sum and the difference;composed tasks for finding the sum and the difference, which contain the relation «more than», «more than», «less than», «less than»;composed tasks for finding the third term; complex problems, which include finding a part of a number and a number by its part; etc.).

Study on the Diffusion Effects of Risk Issues in Popular OTT Content and Communication Behavior of Audiences : Focusing on the Drama ‘The Glory’ and the Spread of School Violence Crime Issues

Study on the Diffusion Effects of Risk Issues in Popular OTT Content and Communication Behavior of Audiences : Focusing on the Drama ‘The Glory’ and the Spread of School Violence Crime Issues

Vaccine/Vaccination Hesitancy: Challenging Science and Society

Abstract How disasters (e.g., disease, war, and natural disasters) affect people is reflected in their behavior; in the face of a disaster, people are likely to act out of fear, anxiety, uncertainty, and panic in terms of self-preservation. Following more than 2 years of living amidst a global pandemic, issues of human behavior, and especially individual and societal resilience in response to disasters, are increasingly gaining focus. The theories of planned behavior and cognitive dissonance can help explain behavioral changes and underlying intrinsic conflicts. Especially in relation to global health, such phenomena as discrimination and exclusion are identified as having a negative impact on efforts to contain infectious diseases. In this context, the question arises of how to encourage members of a global society to behave cohesively in terms of quarantine, social distancing, and vaccination. This article demonstrates the existence of disbelief and misrepresentations in the context of vaccine fatigue and skepticism. While vaccinations have helped improve public health, skepticism, and resistance toward their efficacy are increasing. Looking specifically at the relatively new vaccines inoculating against the coronavirus, this article explores factors contributing to vaccine skepticism, especially with regard to Western Europe and the United States.

How Ethical Behavior Is Considered in Different Contexts: A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research Trends

In the past, sustainable development was considered a guideline for all human activities, but the world has gradually changed. The criteria for action today must not only ensure sustainability but also meet appropriate ethical standards in diverse contexts. As a result, the topic of ethical behavior has been studied more extensively in recent studies. Accordingly, through bibliometric approaches, this study seeks to generalize the issues of ethical behavior explored in a variety of contexts from 1991 to 2022. A total of 1409 articles were found and extracted from the Web of Science using the keywords “ethical behavior” and “context”; they were then decoded using VOSviewer software (version 1.6). Three techniques, including bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and co-occurrence were conducted to identify the six most influential contexts in ethical behavior. The results demonstrate that the six most influential contexts in ethical behavior are consumption, leadership, business, organization, medical, and education. The results further revealed that leading countries such as the USA and UK have a larger number of studies on ethical behavior in many different contexts, such as organization, business, education, health, consumption, and politics. The Journal of Business Ethics leads the way in research into ethical behavior, followed by the Journal of Applied Psychology.

Public Accountability and Deviant Behavior

This study aims to conduct empirical research regarding the issue of deviant behavior among public administrators. Organizational and interpersonal deviances have been used, describing deviance as a multidimensional construct. The study also identified public accountability dimensions; external accountability, internal accountability, leadership, and personality as contributors to the deviance problem. The structural equation modelling showed all constructs showed a degree of validity and reliability and indicated a fit model. Public accountability dimensions have caused variance in organizational and interpersonal deviance, except leadership. The findings can be used by decision-makers to identify the effect of public accountability against deviant behavior.

Characteristic features of manifestations of aggressiveness in children

Aggressive behavior in children is a serious problem that can have far-reaching consequences for both children themselves and their families, as well as for society as a whole. Understanding the characteristic features of aggressiveness in children is key to developing effective strategies for prevention and correction. Its manifestations can be different: from physical aggression (hitting, pushing) to verbal (insults, threats) and emotional (anger, resentment). In today's world, where children are constantly exposed to the flow of information, violence and stress, the issue of aggressive behavior is becoming more and more relevant. The increase in the number of cases of bullying, cruelty and violence among children indicates the need for a deep study of this problem. The purpose of the article is to study the characterological features of manifestations of aggressiveness in children, to identify factors influencing its development, and to provide recommendations for prevention and correction. Various types of aggression, factors that provoke it, and age-related features of its manifestations are described. The types of children's aggression are considered: physical aggression (is the most common type of aggressive behavior in children, it can manifest itself in the form of hitting, pushing, spoiling things), verbal aggression (verbal insults, threats, mocking) and emotional aggression (anger, resentment, hostility). Factors that can provoke aggressive behavior in children are described, in particular: family problems (brutal treatment by parents, quarrels, divorce), mental disorders (anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), media influence (children who often watch movies and violent TV shows, more prone to aggressive behavior). It is noted that in preschool age, aggression often manifests itself in a physical form, in elementary school age, verbal forms of aggression appear, and adolescence is characterized by aggression, which can manifest itself in various forms, in particular, group aggression is often observed. It is noted that aggressiveness in children is a complex problem that requires a comprehensive approach. It is important not only to punish children for aggressive behavior, but also to help them find healthy ways to express their emotions.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE LEADER’S PASSION AND POISE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEADERSHIP

The study tackles the issue of the essential behaviours that directly affect the impression that a leader leaves upon the others. Passion and poise are the most explicit forms of manifestation of leadership and, at the same time, the chance to be efficient in having successful interactions between the leaders and other people.

A Review of Anomalous Behavior Detection in Internet of Vehicles

The intelligent transportation system with the Internet of Vehicles as its core is gradually penetrating into the lives of urban residents, but it has also exposed security threats such as remote control of vehicles and leakage of personal information of car owners. Compared to the security issues at the level of vehicle end devices and vehicle networking service platforms, the article focuses on the security issues of abnormal behavior in vehicle networking. Based on this, the article reviews the relevant research on abnormal behavior detection mechanisms in the Internet of Vehicles environment in recent years. Firstly, the definition of abnormal behavior was analyzed, and the basic framework for detecting abnormal behavior was provided; Then, the classification of abnormal behavior detection mechanisms was discussed from three aspects: deep learning based abnormal behavior detection, spatiotemporal fusion based abnormal behavior detection, and visual based abnormal behavior detection; Finally, the unresolved technical issues and future research trends in the current abnormal behavior detection mechanism for the Internet of Vehicles were summarized.

The Unnoticed Issue of Coercive Citation Behavior for Authors

The Unnoticed Issue of Coercive Citation Behavior for Authors

Urban Population of Nizhny Novgorod in First Half of 1920s: Leisure Practices

This study examines the leisure activities of Nizhny Novgorod residents during the NEP era. Various forms of urban leisure and their connections to state ideology are characterized. A total of 31 sources were analyzed, including legislative sources, statistics, and periodicals. Sources included articles from criminal and administrative codes, statistical data, and Nizhny Novgorod press. An overview of Nizhny Novgorod periodicals from 1921-1924 is provided. Results of a comparative analysis of legislative materials, statistical data, and periodicals are presented. Emphasis is placed on the ways and methods of shaping urban culture in line with state ideology. The issue of deviant behavior among city dwellers and its causes is raised. It is highlighted that new holidays aimed to replace religious celebrations. The study shows that the values of the urban community were influenced by ideological beliefs and spread through new leisure forms. It is proven that the structure of urban festivities contributed to the establishment of new societal values. The authors conclude on the significance of organized leisure in creating a socio-cultural urban environment. The role of periodicals in popularizing urban leisure forms is demonstrated. The relevance of the study lies in exploring the connection between ideology and the organization of urban leisure.

Exploring individual responses to welfare issues in growing-finishing pig feeding behaviour

The feeding behaviour of individual growing-finishing pigs can be continuously monitored using sensors such as electronic feeding stations (EFSs), and this could be further used to monitor pig welfare. To make accurate conclusions about individual pig welfare, however, it is important to know whether deviations in feeding behaviour in response to welfare issues are shown only on average or by each individual pig. Therefore, this study aimed (1) to quantify the individual variation in feeding behaviour changes in response to a range of welfare issues, and (2) to explain this individual variation by quantifying the responses to welfare issues for specific subgroups of pigs. We monitored four rounds of 110 growing-finishing pigs each (3–4 months per round). We collected feeding behaviour data using IVOG® EFSs and identified health issues and heat stress using climate sensors and twice-weekly health observations. For each pig, a generalised additive model was fitted, which modelled feeding behaviour through time and estimated the effect of each welfare issue that the pig had suffered from. The range of these effect estimates was compared between pigs to study the individual variation in responses. Subsequently, pigs were repeatedly grouped using physical and feeding characteristics, and, with meta–subset analysis, it was determined for each group whether a deviation in response to the welfare issue (i.e. their combined effect estimates) was present. We found that the range in effect estimates was very large, approaching normal distributions for most combinations of welfare issues and feeding variables. This indicates that most pigs did not show feeding behaviour deviations during the welfare issue, while those that did could show both increases and reductions. One exception was heat stress, for which almost all pigs showed reductions in their feed intake, feeding duration and feeding frequency. When looking at subgroups of pigs, it was seen that especially for lameness and tail damage pigs with certain physical characteristics or feeding strategies did consistently deviate on some feeding components during welfare issues (e.g. only relatively heavier pigs reduced their feeding frequency during lameness). In conclusion, while detection of individual pigs suffering from heat stress using feeding variables should be feasible, detection of (mild) health issues would be difficult due to pigs responding differently, if at all, to a given health issue. For some pigs with specific physical or behavioural characteristics, nevertheless, detection of some health issues, such as lameness or tail damage, may be possible.

Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Collegiate Setting: A Card Study.

Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) in all populations improves patient outcomes, leading to better patient-centered care. Despite known influences of SDOH, little is known about the ability of athletic trainers (ATs) to observe SDOH in practice. To explore ATs' observations of SDOH and describe actions taken at the point of care in collegiate and university settings. Descriptive via an observational card study. Athletic training facilities. Collegiate and university ATs (23 participants across 20 institutions). The ATs used a modified observation card to document observations of SDOH during patient encounters in the collegiate or university setting. The cards contained instructions for completion and a table with 4 columns: (1) a list of 19 predetermined SDOH, (2) a checkbox for observed SDOH, (3) a checkbox for the perceived negative influence of observed SDOH on patient health, and (4) an open box to write in what actions, if any, were taken to address the observed SDOH. Overall, 424 cards were collected. Of 725 observed SDOH, access to social media (153/725, 21.1%), academic stressors (131/725, 18.1%), and behavioral health issues (71/725, 9.8%) were the most commonly observed. Nearly 39% (281/725) had a perceived negative influence. Of those, academic stressors (49/281, 17.4%), behavioral health issues (46/281, 16.4%), and transportation issues (32/281, 11.4%) were most common. For the 23.0% (166/725) of SDOH acted upon, ATs used counseling and education (73/166), provided additional resources (60/166), referred to others (29/166), or communicated with others (4/166). Because ATs are positioned to accurately assess SDOH, they can promote better patient-centered care and improve patient outcomes. Our results suggest that many SDOH observed by ATs in the collegiate or university setting have a negative influence on patient health. Better support for patients with academic stressors and behavioral health issues is important because of these SDOH.

Public Accountability and Deviant Behavior

This study aims to conduct empirical research regarding the issue of deviant behavior among public administrators. Organizational and interpersonal deviances have been used, describing deviance as a multidimensional construct. The study also identified public accountability dimensions; external accountability, internal accountability, leadership, and personality as contributors to the deviance problem. The structural equation modelling showed all constructs showed a degree of validity and reliability and indicated a fit model. Public accountability dimensions have caused variance in organizational and interpersonal deviance, except leadership. The findings can be used by decision-makers to identify the effect of public accountability against deviant behavior.

Behaviour Management of Children in a Dental Clinic

The dental healthcare team treats a child in a pediatric clinic using a child management approach that is both effective and efficient. Managing children in a pediatric clinic requires a delicate balancing act between the child, the parent, and the dentist. It takes effective communication abilities to give dental treatment to youngsters. In addition to the well-known personality trait of anxiety, additional factors have also been discovered to contribute to the persistence of behavioral issues during dental procedures. It is often acknowledged that behavior management plays a crucial role in providing dental care for kids. It is undoubtedly difficult to deny a child the necessary dental care if their behavior in the office or dental clinic cannot be controlled.

Exploring the impact of dogs on the human-cat relationship in private homes

Abstract Despite the growing numbers of dogs and cats cohabiting in US households, little research has focused on the influence of dogs on the human-animal bond of their feline roommates. The present study investigated whether cohabiting with a dog has an impact on the human-cat bond and the ways in which cats interact with humans. Based on existing knowledge of the differences between human-dog and human-cat interactions, we predicted that cats who have lived with a dog for at least 1 year will exhibit differences in the bond and interaction frequency with their owners. A 46-item survey was administered to 682 US cat owners via social media (SM) and Mechanical Turk (MTurk), Amazon’s crowdsourcing service, to collect data on demographics, interaction frequency, behavioral issues, and pet-owner bond. Although owners in cat-only households tended to report slightly higher bond scores with their cats ( μ SM = 30.34; μ Mturk = 28.32) than owners in mixed households ( μ SM = 29.33; μ Mturk = 27.42), the differences were small, and the association between household type and bond score was not significant ( p SM = 0.973, p MTurk = 0.124). Owners who engaged in more frequent active interactions with their cats had higher bond scores. These results indicate that spending more time engaging in active interactions with one’s cat is associated with a stronger bond, and the frequency of these interactions may be more important than the presence of a cohabiting dog.

(145) Health Practitioner Attitudes and Values Towards Problematic Sexual Behaviours

Abstract Introduction Sexuality is expressed through an individual’s sexual behaviours. Distinguishing “problematic” or atypical sexual behaviours from “typical” sexual behaviours depends on sociocultural conceptions of the norm. Perceptions of problematic sexual behaviour evolve in response to societal change. These perceptions influence and reflect the attitudes and vales of health practitioners. The attitudes and values of health practitioners directly affects clients with problematic sexual behaviours. Therapy approaches are not value-free. Practitioners are influenced by sociocultural norms which create and reinforce stereotypes. These social forces are especially pronounced in the context of problematic sexual behaviours. The nosological classification of sexual “disorders” risks pathologizing normal variants of sexual behaviours. Despite this, research examining health practitioner attitudes and values toward problematic sexual behaviours is scant. Existing measures of attitudes either focus on a broad range of sexual behaviours or on sexual health overall. We therefore sought to understand the themes underlying health practitioner attitudes and values toward problematic sexual behaviours. Objective To assess the themes influencing health practitioner attitudes and values towards problematic sexual behaviours. Methods An inductive qualitative approach provided the framework using in-depth, semi-structured interviews. An interview schedule was based on deductive domains gleaned from a review research exploring health practitioner attitudes and values toward problematic sexual behaviour, and the research team’s experience of the field. A case vignette of a distressed person reporting a problematic sexual behaviour was created to trigger discussion. A diverse range of health practitioners working with people reporting problematic sexual behaviours was recruited. This included five medical doctors (general practice, psychiatry, sexual health) and two sexual health nurses. A coding matrix was generated based on a priori review of the literature and a posteriori review of the interviews. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed using the software program NVivo. Results Five themes emerged from the interviews. Two deductive themes were identified: methods of inquiry about sexual behaviours; discrepancies in defining problematic sexual behaviours. Myriad frameworks underpin a practitioner’s exploration of sexual behaviour issues. Interviewees also could not operationalise a consistent definition of the “problem”. Three inductive themes emerged: managing judgement in consultations; reflections on practitioner knowledge; the tension between fantasies and problematic sexual behaviours. Interviewees referred to “non-judgemental care” as essential in addressing sexual behaviour problems. There was consistent reference to a “limited understanding” of problematic sexual behaviours. A need to differentiate thoughts (fantasies) from actions (behaviours) for risk stratification was apparent. Conclusions The attitudes and values of health practitioners are influenced by sociocultural conceptions of normative sexual expression. These attitudes and values affect practitioner responses to people with problematic sexual behaviours. To better understand this, we propose three recommendations: the development of tailored supports to assist practitioners in managing judgements; an educational module to build understanding of problematic sexual behaviours; the development of a survey instrument to investigate the attitudes and values of health practitioners more broadly in responding to problematic sexual behaviours. Disclosure No.

Indicators of learning disabilities among kindergarten students from the perspective of their teachers

Introduction. The study of children's learning disabilities is highly relevant to the global scientific community for several compelling reasons. First and foremost, early identification and intervention in learning disabilities among kindergarten students can significantly impact their long-term academic and social development. By shedding light on indicators of learning disabilities from the perspective of teachers, this research contributes vital insights that can inform evidence-based practices and policies aimed at improving the educational outcomes of young children worldwide. In the vibrant city of Amman, where educational paradigms are progressively evolving, it is crucial to scrutinize the indicators of learning disabilities at this fundamental stage. This research paper aims to fill a critical knowledge gap by delving into the manifestations and indicators of learning disabilities among kindergarten student, as observed and reported by their dedicated teachers in Amman. Study participants and methods. Engaging a sample of 183 teachers (Jordan, Amman), the study examines the relationship between demographic characteristics (age, years of experience, and level of education) and teachers’ observations of learning disabilities, intervention strategies employed, and the sufficiency of professional development and administrative support received. Results. Demographically, the majority of participants were in the age groups of 20-29 (39.9%) and 30-39 (44.3%), with 75.4% holding Bachelor's Degrees. In terms of learning disabilities observation, a substantial number of teachers agreed (38.3%) or strongly agreed (31.7%) that students exhibited difficulty following instructions, and a similar pattern was observed for poor academic performance, with 35.5% agreeing and 35.5% strongly agreeing. Behavioral issues were acknowledged by 39.3%, and 29% strongly agreed. For social interaction problems, 31.7% agreed, and 27.9% strongly agreed. In terms of intervention strategies, peer tutoring was perceived as effective by 36.6% who agreed and 39.9% who strongly agreed. Visual and auditory learning aids were viewed positively, with 41% agreeing and 42.6% strongly agreeing on their effectiveness. Individualized learning plans also garnered support, with 35% agreeing and 36.6% strongly agreeing. In terms of professional development and support, the majority found the frequency of training sessions (53.6%) and the quality of training materials (56.3%) to be adequate, while a significant proportion indicated administrative support (53.6%) as adequate. Practical significance. These findings hold practical significance for educators, policymakers, and scholars, serving as a vital resource for informing policy decisions and pedagogical practices in early childhood education. Additionally, they offer a solid groundwork for future research and the formulation of effective strategies to address learning disabilities in this critical educational domain.

Social Stigma Toward Individuals with Schizophrenia in a Lebanese Population.

Schizophrenia has been recognized as the most stigmatized mental disorder, imposing a substantial burden on affected individuals. However, no prior studies have investigated social stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia in Lebanon. We aimed to examine three components of social stigma including knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward individuals with schizophrenia in a Lebanese population and to explore associated factors with the level of social stigma. A cross-sectional online survey was administered, and data from 469 participants were gathered from January 31, 2023, to February 18, 2023. We used previously validated questionnaires to assess the knowledge, attitude (Social Distance Scale), and behavior (Reported and Intended Behavior Scale) of participants toward individuals with schizophrenia. The score for each section was calculated and used to explore the associations between sociodemographic factors and the levels of stigma in each domain. The study participants had a moderate understanding of schizophrenia. However, a substantial proportion showed negative attitudes and unfavorable behaviors toward individuals with schizophrenia. We identified several sociodemographic factors associated with the knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores. Notably, a higher knowledge score and more positive attitudes were positively correlated with improved intended behaviors. This study highlights the pervasive stigma encompassing issues in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior surrounding schizophrenia in a Lebanese population. Our study suggests a pressing need for targeted interventions to increase public awareness and decrease the social stigma of schizophrenia in Lebanon.

Estimation of Psychometric Properties of Leadership Style Questionnaire at Higher Education

This study aimed to validate the Even & David-Hadar (2021) leadership style questionnaire for assessing head leadership in the context of Indian higher education. The three-factor structure (transformational, transactional, laissez-faire) was tested with data from 400 university teachers across science, engineering, humanities, and social sciences from both public and private institutions in Punjab.
 Purposive random sampling was employed in two separate studies (n=200 each). Study 1 utilized exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to reveal three dimensions explaining 65.46% of the variance, with good internal consistency (>0.80). Study 2 confirmed these findings through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), demonstrating moderate goodness of fit (CMIN/DF=2.114, GFI=0.89, TLI=0.92, CFI=0.93, RMSEA=0.074).
 These results support the validity and reliability of the adapted questionnaire for measuring leadership styles in Punjab higher education. This 15-item, three-dimensional scale can be valuable for addressing behavioral and management issues among university teachers.

Socioeconomic status in adulthood of children with and without a history of seizures: A retrospective cohort study

ObjectiveCompare adulthood socioeconomic status for children with and without a history of seizures. MethodsRetrospective cohort study using Aberdeen Children of the Nineteen Fifties (ACONF) data comprising children born 1950–1956 attending primary school 1962–1964, with follow-up data collected in 2001. Adulthood socioeconomic status was based on registrar general measure of occupational social class and categorised as high or low. We adjusted for potentially confounding variables including childhood socioeconomic status, behavioural issues (Rutter A/B scores), biological sex, school test scores, educational attainment, parental engagement with education, peer-status in school, and alcohol use in adulthood. A multivariate binary logistic regression was performed to estimate the adjusted association between children with a history of seizures of any type (for example febrile seizures, or provoked seizures of any other etiology or seizures in the context of epilepsy) or severity and adult socioeconomic status. Multiple imputation using the Monte-Carlo-Markov-Chain method accounted for missing data. ResultsPooled estimates (N = 2,208) comparing children with a history of seizures (n = 81) and children without a history of seizures (n = 2,127) found no differences between these cohorts in terms of adulthood socioeconomic status in both unadjusted (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.45 [95 % CI 0.71–2.96], p = 0.31) and adjusted (1.02 [0.46, 2.24], p = 0.96) analyses. Compared to males, females were at increased odds of having a lower socioeconomic status in adulthood (1.56 [1.13–2.17], p = 0.01).Compared to those with low educational attainment, those with moderate (0.32 [0.21, 0.48], p < 0.001) and high (0.12 [0.07, 0.20], p < 0.001) educational attainment were at reduced odds of having a lower socioeconomic status in adulthood. ConclusionCognitive problems in childhood (using educational attainment and scores on primary school tests proxy markers for cognition) rather than a history of seizures per se, were associated with lower SES in a population of adults born 1950–56 in Aberdeen. This relationship may be different depending on the time in history and nation/region of study. Given the changes in health, education and social support in the management of children with seizures over time, it would be of interest to investigate outcomes in a contemporary cohort. Such studies should ideally have validated diagnoses of seizures, details on seizure characteristics such as seizure type and severity, and a large sample size using national data.