Behavior Management Techniques Research Articles

Trends in behavioral management techniques for dental treatment of patients with autism spectrum disorder: a 10-year retrospective analysis.

Patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present challenges in dental treatment cooperation owing to deficits in communication skills and social interaction. Behavioral guidance, sedation, and general anesthesia may be employed to ensure the quality of dental care for individuals with ASD. This study aimed to examine the trends in dental treatment for patients with ASD who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Dankook University Jukjeon Dental Hospital, an oral health center for the disabled in the Gyeonggi region, over the past 10 years. This study utilized the order communication system to gather data on sex, age, cooperation level, number of quadrants treated, and administration of sedation or general anesthesia for patients with ASD who visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Dankook University Jukjeon Dental Hospital between January 2013 and December 2022. The total number of patients with ASD increased annually, possibly due to an increase in ASD prevalence and the hospital's designation as a center for disabled oral health. General anesthesia was predominant before 2017, with a shift towards N2O-O2 sedation. The most common age group for sedation or general anesthesia was 6-9 years, with a higher prevalence in males than in females. Notably, N2O-O2 and midazolam sedation resulted in better cooperation and fewer treated teeth than general anesthesia. This study highlights the evolving trends in dental treatment for individuals with ASD, indicating a shift towards outpatient methods, particularly N2O-O2 sedation. The sex distribution aligns with national statistics, emphasizing a higher prevalence of ASD in males than in females. These findings underscore the need for further research to establish evidence-based guidelines for optimal dental care strategies tailored to the unique needs of individuals with ASD.

Effect of an innovative relaxation technique on dental anxiety among 8- to 11-year-olds during infiltrative anesthetic procedures: a randomized control trial

BACKGROUND: Dental procedures especially involving local anesthesia have ranked highest in anxiety as the anaesthetic needle's appearance and feel are the most fear eliciting stimuli in children. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of an innovative reframing behaviour management technique by the combination of breathing and foot rotation in reducing dental fear. METHOD: In this randomized control trial, 50 children aged 8- 11 years of age, requiring local anesthesia in the maxillary arch and also based on inclusion criteria were selected. Subjects were divided by using flip of coin method of randomization. Children in the test group were taught to carry out deep breathing and simultaneous feet rotation in which the right foot was rotated in clockwise and left foot in anticlockwise direction. The exercises were asked to perform while the local anaesthesia was injected. No exercises were performed in control group. CFSS-DS scale was used as a tool and children fearful for injection were included. Pulse rate, SPO2 were used as physiologic parameters while FLACC scale was used to analyze fear. RESULT: In our study which included both subjective and objective recordings of anxiety during anaesthesia statistically significant variation between the two groups was observed. The FLACC score and pulse rate showed a statistically significant difference (p value <0.05) in the intervention group. There was a marked reduction for fear of injections after the treatment in case group. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of the study, the innovative exercise reduced the anxiety in children during anesthetic procedures and can be used as an alternative behaviour management strategy.

The application of behaviour modification techniques among paediatric patients in a dental set-up- A pilot study

This study was performed to evaluate the different non-pharmacological behaviour modification techniques preferred by the parents, to know whether single or multiple behaviour modification techniques are required to regulate the behaviour of the child and to assess the effectiveness of non-pharmacological behaviour modification techniques in the operating procedure.30 children aged between 4-7 years who required pulp therapy treatment to be done under local anaesthesia were enrolled for the study with parental consent. A video containing different behaviour management techniques was shown to the parents who had accompanied the child to the operatory. A questionnaire was given to the parents for their feedback, the response to each question was coded and the values of each code were analyzed statistically. The parents’ preferred technique was applied to their children before the planned treatment.Nonpharmacological behaviour modification techniques were effective in 90% of the children and it was found to be highly significant (p ≤ 0.05). It was seen that 66.67% of the children required more than one nonpharmacological behaviour modification technique to make them behave positively. The most preferred technique by the parents in this study was Positive Reinforcement (30%).This study brings forth that nonpharmacological behaviour management techniques can be successfully used to regulate most of the children in a paediatric clinic setup.

Comparison of basic and advanced behaviour management techniques between Colombian and Spanish parents during regular treatment and in emergency situations.

To evaluate the acceptance of behaviour management techniques by Spanish and Colombian parents used in paediatric dentistry and the influence of factors that determine their consent during regular treatment and in emergency situations. An anonymous questionnaire was carried out in which 9 behaviour management techniques (BMTs) used in paediatric dentistry by Spanish and Colombian parents were evaluated in cases of regular dental treatment and in emergency situations (pain and/or dental trauma). The techniques evaluated were: tell-show-do (TSD), voice control, positive reinforcement, distraction, parental presence-absence, nitrous oxide, passive and active restraint, and general anaesthesia. The questionnaire also included information on the sociodemographic information about parents and their children, previous dental experience, and dental anxiety of the parents. The data were analysed using SPSSTM software, r. 26 of IBMTM. A value of p≤ 0.05 was considered as statically significant. A total sample of 124 questionnaire (62 from each country) was obtained. The basic BMT were the most accepted in both countries, especially by Spanish parents. In emergency situations, statistically significant differences were obtained in the acceptance of nitrous oxide and general anesthesia compared to their use in routine treatments (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in the preference of the techniques in relation to the age of the children or parental dental anxiety (p>0.05). An association was found between the socioeconomic status and the acceptance of nitrous oxide (p=0.005) and general anesthesia (p=0.004). The basic techniques were the most accepted by Spanish and Colombian parents. However, the Spanish parents had a better perception of both types of techniques compared to the Colombians. Their preference was influenced by factors such as annual income and need for urgent treatment of their children.

The use of pediatric behavior management techniques among Syrian dentists - A cross-sectional study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the attitude toward several behavior management techniques among Syrian pediatric dentists (PDs), general dental practitioners (GDPs), and other dental specialists (ODSs). Dental fear and anxiety are highly prevalent among schoolchildren and pre-school children. Behavior management techniques can be either pharmacological or non-pharmacological. Distraction is a non-pharmacological behavior management technique, which is safe, economical, and effective. Materials and Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was distributed through social networks. Syrian GDPs, PDs, and ODSs participated in the online questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of four sections and required responses regarding participants’ demographic characteristics, work setting, the use of several behavior management techniques, and attitude toward tablet distraction use. Pearson’s Chi-square test was performed at 5% for statistical analysis using SPSS version 23.0. Result: A total of 642 participants responded. Most of the participants reported using tell-show-do (63.08%) and positive reinforcement (65.58%) techniques. Less than half of the participants (45.79%) used virtual reality (VR) eyeglasses for distraction. PDs used cartoons and storytelling techniques significantly more than GDPs and ODSs, with P = 0.023 and P &lt; 0.001, respectively. However, most of the participants never used touch screen video games (74.45%) or joystick video games (92.21%) for distraction. Half of the questionnaire participants (52.34%) were unsure about using a tablet device for distraction. Conclusion: This study concluded that tell-show-do, positive reinforcement techniques, and VR eyeglasses were used the most. However, the vast majority of the participants never used video games for distraction. A good proportion of the study participants were hesitant about using a tablet device as a means of distraction.

Chairside oral prophylaxis for people with profound intellectual or multiple disabilities—a retrospective feasibility study

ObjectivesPeople with severe intellectual or multiple disabilities (PIMD) have been receiving dental care in a specialized unit offering special care dentistry. For most of these adult patients, the initial consultation is complaint driven. In addition, the limited ability to cooperate due to their disabilities often means that dental treatment for these patients is usually carried out under general anesthesia (GA). Chairside treatment attempts are the exception rather than the rule. This retrospective study evaluated whether consistent practice of behavioral management principles and techniques embedded in a specific dental environment enables successful dental treatment of PIMD.Materials and methodsThe feasibility of chairside dental prophylaxis in PIMD (n=36) was analyzed: specific behavioral management techniques were applied, and professional tooth cleaning (PTC) was performed in the dental chair. Clinical data obtained from medical records and a questionnaire were analyzed.ResultsAll patients had severe intellectual or multiple disabilities and had previously undergone at least one dental treatment under GA. Of these patients, 55.6% never had their teeth professionally cleaned before. Applying different behavioral techniques, all patients were compliant with receiving PTC in the dental chair.ConclusionsAn individualized and disability-specific treatment strategy using various noninvasive and nonpharmacological behavioral guidance techniques resulted in a higher compliance rate in PIMD, which allowed chairside PTC and reduced the need for treatment under GA.Clinical relevanceConsistent implementation of various behavioral guidance techniques and communication strategies in a supportive environment enabled all patients to receive chairside PTC and be involved in a lifelong recall program.

A classic screening marker does not affect antennal electrophysiology but strongly regulates reproductive behaviours in Bactrocera dorsalis.

The key phenotype white eye (white) has been used for decades to selectively remove females before release in sterile insect technique programs and as an effective screening marker in genetic engineering. Bactrocera dorsalis is a representative tephritid pest causing damage to more than 150 fruit crops. Yet, the function of white in important biological processes remains unclear in B. dorsalis. In this study, the impacts of the white gene on electrophysiology and reproductive behaviour in B. dorsalis were tested. The results indicated that knocking out Bdwhite disrupted eye pigmentation in adults, consistent with previous reports. Bdwhite did not affect the antennal electrophysiology response to 63 chemical components with various structures. However, reproductive behaviours in both males and females were significantly reduced in Bdwhite-/- . Both pre-copulatory and copulation behaviours were significantly reduced in Bdwhite-/- , and the effect was male-specific. Mutant females significantly delayed their oviposition towards γ-octalactone, and the peak of oviposition behaviour towards orange juice was lost. These results show that Bdwhite might not be an ideal screening marker in functional gene research aiming to identify molecular targets for behaviour-modifying chemicals. Instead, owing to its strong effect on B. dorsalis sexual behaviours, the downstream genes regulated by Bdwhite or the genes from white-linked areas could be alternate molecular targets that promote the development of better behavioural modifying chemical-based pest management techniques.

Parental Acceptance of Behavior Management Techniques for Pediatric Dental Visits in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Behaviour management techniques have been commonly used to promote a child’s positive behaviour during oral health treatment. Parents play an important role in their child’s dental care and its delivery. Objective: This study aimed to determine the most accepted behaviour management techniques used in paediatric dental clinics and assess the parents’ acceptance level for each technique using a visual analogue scale. Methods: This cross-sectional study based in Qassim, Saudi Arabia, used videotaped scenes of seven behaviour management techniques recorded in Arabic. After watching the videos, parents filled out a questionnaire on acceptance of each technique and rated their acceptance of it by using a visual analogue scale. Results: The study consisted of 130 parents, of which 86 (66.2%) were males and 44 (33.8%) were females. 96.9% of parents approved positive reinforcement, which was followed by tell-show-do (TSD) with 93.1% acceptance. General anesthesia (47.7%) was the least accepted behavioral management technique. Conclusion: It is crucial for parents to systematically understand the procedures to be used in a pediatric dental setting. Dentist-parent communication is necessary to address any concerns, thereby creating a safe environment to deliver quality oral care.

Protocols and procedures for safe administration of nitrous oxide–oxygen inhalational minimal sedation for anxiolysis in pediatric dentistry: A case series

Abstract Fear and anxiety related to dental treatment are the most important causes of avoidance of oral care among pediatric patients. The majority of pediatric dental patients are managed with only behavior management techniques, without any pharmacological intervention. However, several pediatric dental patients, owing to noncooperation or the extent of surgery required may require pharmacological means of management, such as sedation or general anesthesia. Children with mild-to-moderate anxiety are suitable for management with inhalational sedation agents, such as nitrous oxide and oxygen (N2O–O2). An inhalational mixture of N2O–O2 has been used in this setting for over a century and has a high index of safety. With the advent of newer failsafe equipment for the delivery of these agents and the availability of trained dental and anesthesiology teams, this modality of sedation for behavior management of children while rendering dental treatment is gaining more acceptability. Proper case selection, informed consent from parents/guardians before the procedure, preprocedure and preprocedure counseling, and anesthetic evaluation of the child are important steps in the successful administration of sedation. The awareness of guidelines, alertness regarding adverse events, and preemptive preparation to manage any critical incident are essential for the safe administration of this inhalational mixture; thus, providing oral care to pediatric patients with the least amount of discomfort.

Does education in special care dentistry increase people's confidence to manage the care of a more diverse population?

Education in Special Care Dentistry (SCD) at undergraduate and postgraduate levels is often limited when compared with other dental specialities, even though dental professionals encounter people with Special Healthcare Needs (SHCNs) on a very regular basis. This literature review examined whether education at undergraduate and postgraduate level increases dental students' and professionals' confidence in managing a patient with SHCN. It also appraised whether there was a correlation between increased practitioner confidence and increased quality of care for people with SHCN. This review also examined educational efforts worldwide, and whether there is an increased emphasis on providing education in SCD to dental students. It was found that those who received high-quality practical and theoretical education on how to properly manage patients with SHCN reported having higher levels of confidence than those who did not. People also reported being far more likely to employ the proper behavior management techniques and were more likely to treat people with SHCN regularly. There has been an increased emphasis on providing education in SCD worldwide in recent years, but a number of barriers still exist to providing complete education in the area.

The use of dental anxiety management techniques during one-session treatment: a study on five video-recorded patient cases

Objective The aim was to examine what kinds of dental anxiety management techniques dentists use in the context of one-session treatment. Material and methods The data consisted of videotaped treatment sessions for five dentally anxious adults. The treatment was conducted by two experienced dentists without formal training in the treatment of dentally anxious patients or behavioral management techniques. Theory-driven qualitative content analysis, based on the anxiety management classification of Milgrom et al. was used to identify and classify the techniques used during the treatments. Results Altogether, diverse categories of dental anxiety management techniques were identified under the main themes of enhancing trust and control and psychological management. Techniques that fell into enhancing trust and control included the categories of ‘building a trustful relationship’, ‘informational control’, and ‘behavioral control’. These techniques were used consistently throughout the sessions. Additionally, psychological management techniques were identified and classified as ‘behavioral strategies: relaxing the body’ and ‘cognitive strategies: relaxing the mind’, which were regularly used in specific situations. Conclusion The results indicate that a variety of dental anxiety management techniques were used during one-session treatments. The findings provide valuable insights for dentists in managing their patients with dental anxiety and improving their overall treatment experience.

Predictors of Parental Acceptance towards Contemporary Behavior Management Techniques Used in Pediatric Dentistry: A Preliminary Study on Turkish Population.

Parents, who make the final decision regarding their child's treatment, play a significant role in their dental care. Parental approval is important for each stage of treatment and may affect the physician's approach to the treatment. Therefore, it is essential for pediatric dentists to comprehend which behavior management techniques (BMTs) are acceptable to parents and to identify the factors that influence their acceptability. Parents who were bringing their children for dental treatment answered a survey on the acceptance of twenty contemporary BMTs. The sociodemographic data of the parents and the age, gender, and Frankl behavior rating scale (Frankl) scores of their children were recorded. Parents were asked to indicate their level of acceptance of each BMT. Binary logistic regression analysis was designed to see the predictors of "accepted" and "declined" answers. According to acceptance frequencies, the most accepted technique was communication and communicative guidance. The most declined technique was parental absence. The child's age, gender, Frankl score, parental educational status, and parent type predict the acceptability of some BMTs. This study revealed that pediatric dentists must consider parent and child factors when selecting BMTs for children. We believe that this study can provide a basis for determining which factors pediatric dentists should consider when selecting individualized BMTs.

An overview of corrosion behavior and contemporary management techniques of thermomechanically treated rebars in concrete structures

ABSTRACT The corrosion of reinforcement possesses a huge problem for our present infrastructure both in terms of human lives and monetary ground. Understanding the corrosion of thermomechanically treated (TMT) rebar in concrete structures is essential as it represents a large segment of reinforcement materials. In this review, we have tried to scrutinize this issue from different directions. The established corrosion model for rebar, especially for TMT rebar, has been examined. The main contributing factor for rebar corrosion is how passivation occurs and its disintegration in contact with aggressive ions. The effects of composition, microstructure, concrete-rebar interface, concrete type, and corrosion media on this phenomenon have been analyzed. We have realized that the exact time of chloride ion attack determines the effectiveness of the passive layer in inhabiting the corrosion initiation. A combination of suitable alloying and controlled thermomechanical treatment ensures corrosion resistant rebar. Concrete also plays an important role in corrosion prevention as it helps passivation step and stops aggressive ions from reaching the rebars. Finally, we have discussed some recent trends in corrosion management technologies and their effectiveness.

3 Implementation of Family-based Treatment Principles in the Primary Care Management of Paediatric Anorexia Nervosa

Abstract Background Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex illness frequently beginning in adolescence and often associated with significant medical complications. In Canada, youth with AN typically first present to a primary care provider. Currently, the standard of care for paediatric restrictive eating disorders is Family Based Treatment (FBT). However, access to this modality remains limited. Numerous principles of FBT, including behavioural approaches to treatment, could be applied in a community setting. However, little is known regarding the awareness and uptake of FBT principles by primary care providers. Objectives To identify the extent to which FBT principles are understood and implemented by community providers (family physicians and community paediatricians) in treating paediatric patients with anorexia nervosa. Design/Methods We undertook a cross-sectional survey among family physicians and community paediatricians from 5 paediatric, urban, community clinics in Montreal, Quebec. Participants completed a standardized, self-administered electronic questionnaire to characterize their knowledge and degree of implementation of FBT principles in the treatment of adolescent AN. All practicing physicians who evaluated paediatric patients (age 5-18 years) were recruited to participate. Physicians were excluded if they self-reported spending less than 50% of their clinical practice in community care or were not involved in the assessment of eating disorder patients. Chi-square testing was used to compare frequency data between family physicians and community paediatricians. Results Survey response rate was 65% (n=36/55; 16/20 family physicians and 16/32 paediatricians, 4/55 other). Half of respondents had been in practice for over 10 years. Overall, 56% of respondents reported referring all their paediatric AN patients to tertiary services. Less than half of respondents (31.3%) reported following these patients weekly or biweekly once a referral was sent. Frequency of follow up did not vary for paediatricians and family physicians (37.5% vs. 25% p=0.45). Across both groups, 50% reported good knowledge of FBT principles, yet 47% reported using or expecting a nutritionist to use strict meal plans during treatment. There was no significant difference between family physicians and paediatricians in their reported awareness of FBT principles (43.8% vs. 56.3% p=0.48), and knowledge of behavioural management techniques in the treatment of paediatric AN (31.3% vs. 37.5% p=0.71). Overall, only a small percentage felt comfortable in applying FBT principles in the community (12.5% of family physicians vs. 6.3% of paediatricians, p=0.54) and 63% felt unaware of existing resources to assist physicians in implementing the tenets of FBT in a community practice. Conclusion Survey results suggest poor awareness and implementation of FBT principles in the community medical management of adolescent AN. FBT-specific education likely represents an important intervention to optimize physician comfort and improve the early delivery of appropriate care for adolescents with eating disorders.

Obesity and psychiatric disorders

Obesity and mental disorders belong to the most alarming health concerns in the modern era, and when they co-occur, they can pose a significant threat to patients' overall health and well-being. It has been shown that obesity increases the risk of developing psychiatric conditions, and individuals with mental illness are more likely to become obese. The relationship between psychiatric illness and weight is complex and involves multiple factors, including neurobiological, psycking it challenging for individuals to follow a healthy lifestyle. Another undisputable association between obesity and mental illness is the iatrogenic weight gain caused by psychopharmacological treatment. Managing weight in individuals with mental illness and obesity should involve prescribing weight-neutral medications for managing psychiatric symptoms, evaluation of associated comorbidities and metabolic risk factors, utilization of behavioral weight management techniques, and potentially adding weight loss pharmacotherapy if needed.

Effectiveness of Audiovisual Distraction Technique and Filmed Modeling on Anxiety and Fear in Pediatric Dental Patients.

To evaluate the effectiveness of the audiovisual distraction (AVD) technique and filmed modeling (FM) on anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. This experimental in vivo study was conducted on 80 subjects of age-groups 5-8 years coming to the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry for their first dental visit. Study subjects were subjected to noninvasive restorative treatment under AVD in group I, FM in group II, and a combination of AVD and FM in groups III and IV (control 0). To assess the level of pre and postoperative anxiety and fear, various biological parameters like pulse rate, oxygen saturation, body temperature, respiratory rate, and salivary cortisol estimation along with facial image scale (FIS), and fear assessment picture scale (FAPS) were used. Group III (a combination of AVD and FM) came out to be better than other experimental groups and control groups in reducing dental anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. A combination of AVD and FM techniques can be recommended to be used as an effective behavior management technique. A child's disruptive behavior due to dental anxiety causes difficulty in delivering effective dental treatment. Thus, a child's behavior management is of paramount importance in the pediatric dental setup. Nonpharmacological behavior management techniques, that is, a combination of AVD and FM techniques can be recommended to be used as an effective behavior management technique to reduce dental anxiety and fear in pediatric dental patients. Jamil F, Khan SY, Jindal MK. Effectiveness of Audiovisual Distraction Technique and Filmed Modeling on Anxiety and Fear in Pediatric Dental Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(4):598-602.

Profiles of teachers' classroom management style: Differences in perceived school climate and professional characteristics

Teachers are tasked with not only delivering high-quality, evidence-based academic instruction, but they are also responsible for managing student behavior within the classroom and school. To manage these behaviors, teachers can use a variety of strategies that result in a range of outcomes on student and school-wide functioning. Although an overreliance on punitive strategies has been shown to worsen behavior problems, positive strategies and social-emotional learning (SEL) techniques are associated with more favorable outcomes for students' global functioning. In a sample of K–12 teachers (N = 111), we examined direct associations between teachers' use of behavior management techniques (i.e., punitive, positive, and SEL) and their self-reports of perceived school climate. Furthermore, latent profile analysis was used to identify teachers' behavior management styles and evaluate whether teachers' characteristics and perceived school climate predicted behavior management style. Findings not only replicate previous research examining direct associations between behavior management techniques and school climate, but also extend the theoretical understanding of teachers' behavior management approaches. Three profiles of teacher behavior management style emerged, including a (a) Moderate Proactive profile characterized by frequent use of positive strategies and SEL techniques and infrequent use of punitive strategies; (b) Moderate Reactive/Proactive profile characterized by moderate use of both punitive strategies and positive strategies, as well as slightly lower use of SEL techniques; and (c) High Proactive profile characterized by very frequent use of positive strategies and SEL techniques and very infrequent use of punitive strategies. Use of these profiles may enhance understanding of how school psychologists can support teachers' behavior management practices through consultation or professional development to promote effective school and classroom behavior management practices.

Evaluation and comparison of anxiety levels after using Guided Imagery technique for relaxation and modified Guided Imagery-Hypnotherapy technique in 6 to 14 year-old children undergoing local anesthesia administration

Anxiety has been defined as a “vague, unpleasant feeling accompanied by a premonition that something undesirable is about to happen”. Dental anxiety is driven by a strong negative or unpleasant emotion towards a dental office or dental procedures. Children with a high level of dental anxiety are more resistant to treatment, and due to this avoidance in dental care can lead to needing more dental treatments. The quality of a treatment being carried out, as well as what materials that are to be used, is directly influenced by a child’s level of cooperation and ability to follow instructions. Behaviour management techniques play a major role during all paediatric treatment procedures, and it is the clinician who is responsible to properly and safely guide the child’s behaviour. Guided Imagery is a visual and sensory-based complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) technique. In hypnotherapy which is a type of mind-body intervention; increased suggestibility is used in the treatment of a medical or psychological disease or condition. Therefore, there is a need of a newer modality based on guided imagery and hypnotherapy to be used in as a whole or in tandem with other conventional behaviour management techniques. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare anxiety levels after using Guided Imagery for relaxation and modified Guided Imagery-Hypnotherapy techniques in 6-14 year-old children undergoing local anesthesia administration.

Behavior management in pediatric patients towards dentistry

Anxiety in pediatric patients is often found in dental practice. It is triggered by several components such as encountering unfami-liar adults, unfamiliar sounds and feelings, having to lie down for treatment, discomfort, and even pain. So that the need for be-havior management in pediatric patients in dental procedures. This case discusses the behavior management of a 6-year-old child who is accompanied by his mother and will undergo dental restoration treatment (ART). It is known that the child has a his-tory of unpleasant dental treatment and traumatizes the child in dental treatment. During the treatment process in dealing with the child's attitude, a combination of several behavior management techniques was applied such as tell-show-do, use of second lang-uage, and the presence of parents, where the application of these techniques succeeded in influencing the child's attitude which at the first appointment was negative to become positive at the second appointment and definitely positive at the third appoint-ment. It is concluded that it is important for dentists to analyze the proper technique in dealing with the behavior of pediatric patients so that dental treatment can run well and effectively.

Developing classroom management skills for pre-service primary education students through pedagogical training in Vietnam

The article focuses on the development of classroom management skills for pre-service primary education students through pedagogical training. The study employs a literature review method to explore various pedagogical training approaches designed to enhance classroom management abilities for future teachers. The article highlights the significance of a strong theoretical foundation in classroom management. Pre-service teachers need to grasp essential concepts and theories related to classroom management to effectively address challenges in the classroom and foster a positive learning environment. Moreover, practical strategies, such as behavior management techniques and setting clear expectations, are emphasized as crucial elements for developing classroom management skills. Additionally, the article emphasizes the positive impact of teacher-student relationships on effective classroom management. Building rapport with students, showing empathy, and creating a supportive learning environment are identified as critical factors in successful classroom management. Furthermore, the article stresses the importance of personalized support in classroom management. Pre-service teachers should be equipped with strategies to address the diverse behaviors and learning needs of their students, ensuring that each student receives appropriate guidance and assistance. The practical implications of the research findings lie in the design and enhancement of comprehensive and practical pedagogical training programs for pre-service primary education students.