Habitual Behavior Research Articles

42 Behavioral Correlates of Action-Control in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective:Children with attention/deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit motivational and cognitive impairments that affect daily life functioning. These impairments may reflect a deficit in action-control; the process by which voluntary actions are selected and executed based on prior reinforcement learning. It consists of parallel opposing processes; goal-direction and habit formation. Using the outcome-devaluation paradigm, we previously showed that children with ADHD rely on reflexive habitual, at the expense of goal-directed, behavior to deploy their actions. The current study investigates action-control using a contingency degradation paradigm, which involves outcome overvaluation as opposed to outcome devaluation. We hypothesize that children with ADHD will display a habitual behavior, while healthy controls (HC) will use goal-directed behavior to control their actions.Participants and Methods:We tested 19 ADHD and 14 HC participants (age 6-10 years) for this study. Children with ADHD were recruited from Children’s Specialized Hospital and underwent a structured clinical diagnosis. All participants were screened for ADHD and other neurologic or psychiatric conditions that could contribute to attention impairment using the SNAP-IV rating scale. Participants completed a set of the Woodcock-Johnson® IV assessments. They were tested using an outcome-overvaluation computer-based task. During learning, participants acquired stimulus-reward associations in the acquisition phase, as well as the overvaluation phase. In the latter, one of the rewards was delivered in a similar contingency to the acquisition phase (valued), while the other reward was randomly accompanied by an extra reward in 10% of the trials (overvalued). After the overvaluation phase, participants were presented with two stimuli (associated with a valued, and an overvalued outcome) and were asked to choose one stimulus in extinction. Choosing the overvalued at a higher rate was assigned as goal-directed behavior, while choosing both stimuli at the same rate was assigned as habitual behavior.Results:Independent-samples t-test showed that children with ADHD scored significantly higher than HC in the following measures: ADHD_inattention, ADHD_hyperactive/Impulsive, ADHD_combined, inattention/overactivity, Conner’s index, inattention domain, hyperactive/impulsive domain, and general anxiety disorder screening (P-value for all is <0.001). Results from the computer-based task showed that both groups acquired action-outcome associations during the first two phases of the task. During the extinction phase, HC, as compared to ADHD, responded at a higher rate on the stimuli that were associated with the overvalued outcome (t(31)=2.1, p=0.043); indicating higher tendency to show goal-directed behavior. Further, paired-samples t-test showed that there was no significant difference between response rate on the valued vs. overvalued stimuli in the ADHD group (t(18)=1.027, p=0.318), while there was a difference trending towards significance in response rate in the HC group (t(13)=-2.00, p=0.067). These results show that ADHD responded habitually, while HC responses were goal-directed.Conclusions:Our results indicate that children with ADHD are less likely than HC to engage in goal-directed behavior as opposed to habitual responding. This is consistent with our previous research highlighting a deficit in action-control in ADHD.

FACTORS INFLUENCE THE INTENTION TO USE IN PAYLATER FEATURE AMONG THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION

<p>These days the use of PayLater has become a trend in society, focusing on the gen z and millennials. This is because digital adoption in significantly higher than the previous generation. Shopee introduced the latest digital credit card payment feature called Shopee PayLater (SPayLater). In this case, the research is carried out on Acceptance and Use Technology in Shopee PayLater feature using UTAUT2 Model. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence the intention to use the PayLater feature on Shopee PayLater using UTAUT2 Model. The data used was obtained from distributing questionnaires with 122 respondents of millennial generation Shopee PayLater users. The data collection technique used is Nonprobability Sampling. The data was processed using SmartPLS 3. The resuts of this study indicate that there are variables that have a significant and no significant effect on the use of Shopee PayLater. The variables of Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, and Price Value have no significant effect on Behavioral Intention. In addition, the Hedonic Motivation and Habit variables have a significant effect on the Behavioral Intention of using SPayLater. Another result of this research is that Behavioral Intention, Facilitating Conditions, and Habit variables have a significant effect on Use Behavior using Shopee PayLater.</p><p> </p>

Instilling Multicultural Values in the Sikep Samin Community in Klopoduwur Village, Blora, Central Java

This research is descriptive and qualitative to examine Sikep Samin multicultural principles. The subjects are the Sikep Samin figure, the Sikep Samin community and the community in Klopoduwur Village. Data is collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis process includes reduction, presentation, and verification. This study found: 1) The Sikep Samin community in Klopoduwur Village promotes human values, honesty, politeness, and openness; 2) Habituation of behavior, traditional event meetings, and the Sangkan Paraning Dumadi community instill multicultural values; and 3) Internal constraints constrain multicultural values. External limitations are the stereotypes of ordinary people who are unfamiliar with foreign cultures, producing negative stereotypes in that civilization (The Sikep Samin community).

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Islam Dalam Pembacaan Assalai/Asyroqol Pada Masyarakat Melayu Sambas di Dusun Semayong Desa Sungai Kumpai

The Sambas Malay community in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village still carries out the tradition of reciting assalai/asyroqol which is considered to complement the events they hold. Reading assalai/asyroqol in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village seems to be an obligation that is not formally written down. However, only older people are involved in reading assalai/asyroqol, even though assalai/asyroqol itself is a tradition that is acculturated to Islamic culture. Starting from the existing problems, the focus of this research problem is to describe the values ​​of Islamic education in reading assalai/asyrqol and their relevance to the Sambas Malay community in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village. This research uses qualitative methods with descriptive research type. The data collection techniques used in this research are observation techniques, interview techniques and documentation techniques. Researchers used observation techniques to observe phenomena related to the reading of assalai/asyroqol in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village. Meanwhile, researchers used interview techniques to dig up deeper information regarding the issue of Islamic educational values ​​in reading assalai/asyroqol. Furthermore, researchers used documentation techniques to obtain additional data to complement the data obtained through observation and interview methods. Based on the results of observations and interviews as well as documentation, the results of this research are: 1) The values ​​of Islamic education in reading assalai/asyrokol in the Sambas Malay community in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village, namely: a) The values ​​of the faith consist of: reading Surah Al-Fatihah, reading salawat and praying; b) Sharia values ​​consist of: friendship and cooperation; c) Moral values ​​consist of discipline and respect for knowledgeable people. 2) The relevance of the values ​​of Islamic education in reading assalai/asyrokol to the Sambas Malay community in Semayong Hamlet, Sungai Kumpai Village, namely: increasing faith in Allah and His Messenger, as a medium for friendship, and habituation of commendable behavior.

Development of psychological and educational aspects of interaction between medical workers and patients

Aim. To develop a patient education algorithm used by medical workers. The leading method for studying this problem is a pedagogical experiment, as well as a statistical processing of quantitative research results. The relevance of this study is due to the need to address the priorities of the Healthcare national project, i.e. developing the skills of maintaining a healthy lifestyle among the population, changing behavior and attitudes towards their own health and the health of others. The introduction of educational programs for patients in combination with therapeutic measures contributes to the most complete rehabilitation. Forming partnerships and trust between patients and medical workers to prevent diseases requires the latter to have psychological and pedagogical knowledge and skills.Material and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the City Outpatient Clinic № 7 (Kazan). The study was conducted in the Department of Internal Medicine on the daytime basis. The experiment involved 20 nurses, 15 doctors and 60 patients from these departments. The study was carried out in three following stages: at the first stage, the current state of the problem under study in pedagogical theory and practice was analyzed, a research methodology program was developed, and a survey of nurses at the medical institution was conducted. At the second stage, the theoretical concept of the study was adjusted, a training experiment was conducted with doctors and senior nurses, and a structural and functional model of pedagogical training of medical workers for patient education was introduced. At the third stage, analysis, generalization and systematization of the data obtained, and presentation of the research results were carried out.Results. The developed educational program for teaching patients, consisting of three stages (design, implementation, control of the educative process), and containing various methods of training, contributes to the formation of the psychological and pedagogical competence of medical workers. The specificity of the methodology is that the emphasis is on developing the ability to present information in an accessible form, and, most importantly, teach the patient and his family members specific techniques for self-monitoring, self-care and self-help.Conclusion. The study proved the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for teaching patients by medical workers, which was confirmed by the development of patients’ skills and abilities in selfmonitoring and self-help. Patients' behavioral habits have changed, their motivation to improve their health has increased, and they have become responsible for their health.

Tradisi Maisi Sasuduik dalam Perkawinan Masyarakat Minangkabau:

This study aims to analyze the sasuduik tradition in the minangkabau indigenous people, the influence of women’s social strata on the amount of “uang sasuduik”, the relationship between religion and custom, and its relevance to the marriage law. The maisi sasuduik tradition is the giving of a sum of money or goods that must be fulfilled by the man when he is about to marry a women based on an agreement made by the female ninik mamak and the male ninik mamak. This tradition only applies in Luhak Nan Limo Puluah which covers the entire Lima Puluh Kota and Payakumbuh City. This tradition is also called Adat Salingka Nagari because it only applies to one particular area and is not obligatory for other areas. This study departs from the theoretical framework of al-‘adah muhakkamah. Because, the maisi sasuduik tradition can be used as a behavioral attitude or habit in society. The research method used is qualitative research ehich uses more subjective qualitative with a legal anthropological approach that ficuses on studying the legal system in terms of human norms and culture. The main source for explaining this research is by conducting interviews with traditional leaders (datuak), cadiak pandai and indigenous people who understand the maisi sasuduik tradition in Nagari Andiang, Suliki District, Lima Puluh Kota District. Costoms and religion in Minangkabau Society cannot be separated as is the philosophy of life in Minangkabau: “Adaik basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah.”even though the maisi sasuduik tradition does not have written rules, the community still adheres to it because of the awareness of the law that exists in every individual in the community itself. Keywords: Maisi Sasuduik Tradition, Custom, Islamic Law, Minangkabau

The role of sociological methods in implementation of environmental hygienic health monitoring for territories

Introduction. The presence of an unwanted annoyance odour is the one of the important criteria for atmospheric air quality, affecting its assessment. 
 This study is aimed at using of sociological methods for identifying the sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances and for assessing possible impact of their pollution on human health and life quality in a city with various industrial enterprises.
 Materials and methods. The study of the perception of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances by residents of Glazov (Udmurt Rebublic) was carried out based on the analysis of messages on social networks, a survey of inhabitants, as well as with the help of qualitative sociological research, including interviews and focus groups.
 Results. The survey of residents have shown there to be a problem of annoying, intrusive odours in the city, the frequency of perception and intensity of which, as well as the degree of corresponding annoyance, are associated with the presence of various health complaints. As a result of the analysis of residents’ messages on social networks, conducted interviews and focus groups, the suspected sources of annoyance odours were identified. Among the city residents a tendency is shown to associate changes in habitual behaviour with the presence of annoyance odours in the atmospheric air.
 Limitations. The limitations of this study are related to the sample size. Increasing the sample size will allow gettin a more accurate picture in the future.
 Conclusion. The results of the analysis of statements made by city residents about the presence of annoyance odours can serve as a starting point for identifying potential sources of atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances, as well as an important and useful additional fragment to the data of the questionnaire survey of inhabitants for more complete assessment of the environmental situation in the studied locality and the development of management decisions to reduce atmospheric air pollution with odorous substances.

The Role of Self-Regulation in Childrens Eating Behavior

Considering food, many people are particularly interested. Food can satisfy hunger and make some foods highly creative. People have an appetite, and more advertisements about food are attractive. Some people want to eat something delicious to celebrate when they are happy, and some people eat to relieve when they feel sad or depressed. There are many delicious foods for people to choose from, however, these food might not be good for children. This paper presents the concept of self-regulation and how self-regulation plays a role in childrens dietary behaviors. The purpose is to find out what impacts childrens healthy eating habits from an early age. A healthy diet has different effects on children from childhood to later stages. If eating healthily is the basis, it can make child have a good and stable mood as well. In addition, childrens self-regulation in dietary behaviors can be influenced by factors of the environment, e.g., the impact of family or parental lifestyles. When a family is well-educated and parents create a harmonious atmosphere, the childs daily diet and behavior habits are positive, which also lays the foundation for the future. On the contrary, if children live under malnutrition, it will affect their living habits in youth and adulthood. Finally, there are the external factors that come into playing a role. Moreover, another restriction should also be considered. Children should have a balanced diet every day. Snacks can be added between meals, but they will not be used as the main meal. This review can provide some insights for healthy diet related programs at schools and communities.

Credibility, Privacy Concerns, Self-exposure, Engagement & Social Media: Discussion on I.P. Address Disclosure

This work is based on the current social media and Internet situation in China. Starting from 2022, China request all the social media platform to show I.P address for individual users. The exposure of IP address in China is inevitable, however, the author would like to see what will happen if this happens in another country. When TikTok is targeting a more international market, how will this exposure behavior influence users action or habits? What kind of negative effects will exert on TikTok? How will the exposure of privacy correlate with users behaviors? By conducting questionnaire in College students, the result shows people take privacy as a large portion of using an app but with limitations. Exposure of privacy is an important element, but as long as users build habits on the app, it will not affect users on a large scale. Credibility, Privacy, self-exposure, and engagement rate are all slightly influenced by the exposure of I.P address.

Guidelines for Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Sleep in Colombian Youth during COVID-19

Abstract The Canadian 24-Hour movement guidelines integrate physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep habits for children and adolescents. This study aims to assess the compliance of these guidelines in Colombia, as an instrument to design strategies of health promotion in this population. A cross-sectional study in 619 scholars aged 7-17 in Caribbean Colombian region was performed to measure aerobic activity, muscular force and flexibility during 7 days through the ActivityGram questionnaire of the Cooper Institute. The data was gathered in May, 2021, through phone interviewing, and parents and participants signed an informed consent form. The screen time was measured (in hours/day), as well as the times sitting and sleeping, to perform a regression analysis and determine the Pearson coefficient characterizing the correlation between the total time in physical activity and the time in aerobic exercise. A 73.5% of the sample do not comply with the Canadian physical activity guidelines. The mean sleeping time per day is 7.9±1.2 h, being 8.1±1.2 h for 7-13 scholars and 7.5±1.3 h for 14-17 adolescents (p = 0.003). Sedentary behaviour exceeds 2 h per day, being 4.7±1.3 h sitting and 3.2±1.9 h screen time. Aerobic exercise was the most influential in the total time of physical activity (r = 0.82, p = 0.0001). The sample was composed of 51.5% males, and the mean age was 11.5±3.2 years. In this sample, 80.5% were socioeconomically vulnerable, and 55.7% were involved in remote learning activities. The COVID-19 health emergency increased the non-compliance of the physical activity guidelines and the sedentary behaviour in childhood and adolescence. It is mandatory to design health promotion strategies to encourage active life styles during these stages, as they lay the foundations of healthy habits in the future, and this is a shared responsibility between educational institutions, families and policy-making institutions Key messages • The ActivityGram test assesses physical activity in children and adolescents. • Analysis of physical activity and sedentary habits help to design health promotion policies in young people.

Eating behaviour of the Croatian working population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background Disruption in the defined daily work and life routine caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in the eating habits of the population. Home confinement during pandemics could change eating patterns, reduce diet quality, and promote overconsumption. This study aimed to evaluate the eating habits of the Croatian working population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted from February to June 2021 period. A validated, anonymous questionnaire that contained questions regarding demographic and anthropometric data, and data on eating habits, was self-administered to a convenient sample of Croatian working adults from central and northwestern Croatia. Results The study sample included 939 subjects with, a median age of 42 years (interquartile range 35-48), 35.4% males, and 64.6% females. Overweight and obesity were more frequent among males (p < 0.001), subjects with a lower level of education (p < 0.001), and subjects living in households with more household members (p < 0.001). In comparison to subjects with normal weight, during pandemics, overweight subjects more frequently gained weight (p < 0.001), more frequently consumed a larger amount of food than usual (p < 0.001), consumed snacks more frequently (p = 0.001), and cooked more in their households (p = 0.042). Consumption of more snacks during the pandemic was more frequently detected among females (p = 0.007), and subjects with a higher level of education (p = 0.045), while latter subjects also cooked more in their households (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study highlights that COVID-19 preventive measures have affected the eating behaviours and dietary habits of the Croatian working population. To avoid possible negative health effects of observed changes organized nutritional education and support should be implemented at the population level, particularly for the most vulnerable groups, including overweight and obese subjects. Key messages • The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the eating behaviour and dietary habits of the Croatian working population. • To avoid an increase in chronic diseases connected with an imbalanced diet there is a need for the implementation of organized nutritional education and support at the population level.

Sex divergent behavioral responses in platform-mediated avoidance and glucocorticoid receptor blockade

Women are more likely than men to develop anxiety or stress-related disorders. A core behavioral symptom of all anxiety disorders is avoidance of fear or anxiety eliciting cues. Recent rodent models of avoidance show reliable reproduction of this behavioral phenomenon in response to learned aversive associations. Here, a modified version of platform-mediated avoidance that lacked an appetitive task was utilized to investigate the learning and extinction of avoidance in male and female C57BL6/J mice. Here, we found a robust sex difference in the acquisition and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. Across three experiments, 63.7% of female mice acquired avoidance according to our criterion, whereas 83.8% of males acquired it successfully. Of those females that acquired avoidance, they displayed persistent avoidance after extinction compared to males. Given their role in regulating stress responses and habitual behaviors, we investigated if glucocorticoid receptors (GR) mediated avoidance learning in males and females. We found that a subcutaneous injection (25 mg/kg) of the GR antagonist, RU486 (Mifepristone), significantly reduced persistent avoidance in females but did not further reduce avoidance in males after extinction. These data suggest that GR activation during avoidance learning may contribute to persistent avoidance in females that is resistant to extinction.

Novelty detection in an auditory oddball task on freely moving rats

The relative importance or saliency of sensory inputs depend on the animal’s environmental context and the behavioural responses to these same inputs can vary over time. Here we show how freely moving rats, trained to discriminate between deviant tones embedded in a regular pattern of repeating stimuli and different variations of the classic oddball paradigm, can detect deviant tones, and this discriminability resembles the properties that are typical of neuronal adaptation described in previous studies. Moreover, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) latency decreases after training, a finding consistent with the notion that animals develop a type of plasticity to auditory stimuli. Our study suggests the existence of a form of long-term memory that may modulate the level of neuronal adaptation according to its behavioural relevance, and sets the ground for future experiments that will help to disentangle the functional mechanisms that govern behavioural habituation and its relation to neuronal adaptation.

The influence of behavioral intention, facilitating condition, and habit on use behavioral of QRIS: a study on mobile banking services

During the Covid-19 pandemic, banking services began to switch to digital services such as Quick Response Code Indonesia Standard (QRIS) services. This study analyse the influence of behavioural intention associated with acceptance and use of technology on use behaviour of QRIS mobile banking services. This study used a modification of Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (meta-UTAUT) with the main variables being Hedonic Motivation, Performance Expectancy, Social Influence, Trust, Attitude, Facilitating Condition, Habit, and Behavioural Intention. This study applied a convenience sampling from the non-probability sampling approach with data collected online to bank customers in Indonesia. Data processing uses Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) by carrying out the stages of measuring and testing the proposed hypotheses. Based on the results of the analysis it was found that performance expectancy, social influence and attitude proved to have a significant positive influence on behavioural intention. Facilitating conditions have a significant positive effect on use behaviour. From the results of the study it can be concluded that behavioural intentions and usage behaviour related to QRIS in mobile banking services can be influenced by factors related to social influence, and user needs, and are strongly supported by performance expectations and conditions that facilitate QRIS in mobile banking services. This study contributes to the literature by identifying the behavioural intention to contribute the development QRIS in mobile banking in Indonesia.

Extended theory of planned behavior to explain the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior.

Low-speed driving is an underestimated dangerous behavior that may cause safety issues, such as speed dispersion and traffic flow bottlenecks. To investigate the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior, this study constructed the low-speed specific model (LSSM) by extending theory of planned behavior (TPB). The LSSM incorporated two factors, namely, risk perception and behavior habit, into the standard TPB components (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavior intention). Web-based questionnaires were used to collect data from a valid sample of 374, of which males accounted for 50%. The participants were aged from 18 to 65 years (M = 35.40, SD = 0.88). The structural equation model was applied to calculate and validate the interrelationships among the components of LSSM. Results showed that the LSSM could explain the variance in low-speed driving behavior and behavior intention by 46% and 76%, respectively. Meanwhile, attitude (β = 0.52, p < 0.001) and behavior habit (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) had the strongest positive influence and prediction power over low-speed driving behavior, respectively, whereas subjective norm (β = 0.05, p > 0.01) and perceived behavioral control (β = -0.12, p > 0.01) showed few significant in influencing the intention. LSSM also showed that people who were sensitive to driving risk perception would avoid low-speed driving behaviors and attitudes. Our findings may provide theoretical support for interventions on low-speed driving behavior.

Variables Impacting Academic Writing: An Investigation of First-year TVET Students’ Writing Performance

This study aimed to investigate the variables affecting first-year TVET students’ academic writing performance in South African Higher Education. The study was quantitative in nature and a purposive sampling technique was used to select participants. The study was targeted at first-year students in Technical and Vocational Education and Technology (TVET) College in the Western Cape. The sample size of the study was 185 students. The results clearly indicated that students’ motivation for academic writing was the most important, with the highest mean. In addition, learning styles and strategies, study behaviour or study habits, difficulty managing time, and inadequate and poor-quality learning materials exert an influence on academic writing performance. It emerged from the study’s findings that motivation is an essential attribute first-year students must possess to enhance their academic writing at the tertiary level. Lack of motivation to develop academic writing skills can hinder them from acquiring the necessary skills. Most of the students asserted that academic writing posed challenges. The study concluded that there is a need for first-year students in colleges to devote time and be committed to academic writing to develop and improve student writing skills. It was revealed that attention paid to academic writing can facilitate overcoming many barriers apparent to students’ writing performance. Keywords: First-Year Students, Academic Writing, English Second Language, Student Engagement, Apprehension.

Absolute and relative preferences for mobile phone internet content, mobile phone dependence, and depressive symptoms: a study of Chinese university students in the post-pandemic era.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Chinese university students may have increased mobile phone dependence, a habitual behavior in the student population and a risk factor for depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study explored the association between mobile phone dependence and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students in the post-pandemic era. It also investigated the effects of different types and categories of mobile phone Internet content preferences. In particular, this study examined whether mobile phone dependence mediates the relationship between absolute preference (AP) for mobile phone Internet content and depressive symptoms, and whether relative preference (RP) for mobile phone Internet content moderates the association between mobile phone dependence and depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study of Chinese university students recruited through Credamo was conducted in February-March, 2023. Participants completed the Mobile Phone Internet Content Preference Questionnaire, Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use, and Center for Epidemiological Survey, Depression Scale. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, correlation, regression, and analyses of mediation and moderation effects. The final sample comprised 1,602 students (709 males). We found a positive association between mobile phone dependence and depressive symptoms. The mediating role of mobile phone dependence between AP for mobile phone Internet content and depressive symptoms differed according to the type and category of content. Meanwhile, different types and categories of RP for mobile phone Internet content moderated the association between mobile phone dependence and depressive symptoms in opposite directions. Our results highlight the interrelationships among mobile phone Internet content preferences, mobile phone dependence, and depressive symptoms in Chinese university students. For different types and categories of mobile phone Internet content preferences, we propose distinct preventive measures to alleviate students' depressive symptoms.

Goal-directed and habitual control: from circuits and functions to exercise-induced neuroplasticity targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor and cognitive impairments. The progressive depletion of dopamine (DA) is the pathological basis of dysfunctional goal-directed and habitual control circuits in the basal ganglia. Exercise-induced neuroplasticity could delay disease progression by improving motor and cognitive performance in patients with PD. This paper reviews the research progress on the motor-cognitive basal ganglia circuit and summarizes the current hypotheses for explaining exercise intervention on rehabilitation in PD. Studies on exercise mediated mechanisms will contribute to the understanding of networks that regulate goal-directed and habitual behaviors and deficits in PD, facilitating the development of strategies for treatment of PD.

Study on behavioral risk factors and lagging effect analysis with liver cancer mortality in rural critical areas of 4 provinces of China from 2009 to 2019

Objective: To analyze the trend of liver cancer mortality in rural key areas of Jiangsu Province, Anhui Province, Shandong Province, and Henan Province (4 provinces) from 2009 to 2019 and to explore the influence of behavioral risk factors on liver cancer mortality and its lagging effect, and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer in China. Methods: Based on the 2009-2019 National Cause of Death Surveillance Database of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the survey data of tumor and risk factor behavior of residents in key areas of 4 provinces, Joinpoint 4.2 software was used to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) for assessing the temporal trend of standardized mortality of liver cancer; Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test were used to analyze the regional distribution difference and temporal change trend of behavioral habit factors. Stata 16 was used to establish a panel model to analyze the correlation and lagging effect of behavioral risk factors with liver cancer. Results: The standardized mortality rate of liver cancer in Jinhu County, Sheyang County, Lingbi County, Shou County, Mengcheng County, Wenshang County, Juye County, Luoshan County, Shenqiu County, and Xiping County showed a downward trend (AAPC<0, P<0.05) from 2009 to 2019. The consumption frequency of pickles/salted fish, red meat, and aquatic products showed a downward trend. The consumption frequency of healthy foods such as fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, and dairy products in all counties and districts showed an upward trend, and the consumption frequency of fried foods, kimchi, smoked foods, moldy foods, coffee, and soy products remained at a low level (P<0.05); but the consumption frequency of soy products and dairy products was still <20.00%. Fried food, pickles/salted fish, current smoking rate, alcohol consumption rate, and unvaccinated hepatitis B vaccine rate were positively correlated with liver cancer death, and there was a lag effect, and the lag period was 4, 1, 6, 5, 4 years respectively. Conclusions: From 2009 to 2019, the mortality rate of liver cancer in rural key areas of 4 provinces shows a downward trend. There is a correlation and lagging effect between behavioral risk factors such as fried food, smoking, and alcohol consumption and liver cancer death.

Effects of early-life stress on probabilistic reversal learning and response perseverance in young adults

Early life stress (ELS), including experiences with abuse and neglect, are related to several negative health outcomes in adulthood. One area that has received attention is the increased rate of substance abuse disorder in individuals who had experienced ELS. Given the critical role habitual behavior in the development of substance abuse, ELS may affect the trajectory of neural development such that habitual responding is more dominant than in individuals who did not experience ELS. Here, we examine learning of a probabilistic classification task (the Weather Prediction Task) in healthy young adults who reported significant ELS and those that did not. This task can be learned in a declarative, model-based manner, or in a more habitual, stimulus-response manner. Participants learned to choose the outcome (sun or rain) that was probabilistically associated with each cue combination through reinforcement on each trial. After 100 trials, the probabilities were reversed, and we conceptualized habitual behavior as perseverating responses based on the old probabilities. We also collected information about subjective socio-economic status (sSES), anxiety, depression, and substance use from participants. Using multiple regression, we found that our measure of habitual responding was correlated with reported alcohol use, suggesting that our measure of habit has validity for health behaviors. Furthermore, we found that some forms of early life stress led to greater response perseverance after contingencies were reversed. Overall, the results suggest that childhood adversity may contribute to the development of habit.