Beginning Of Century Research Articles

"An Emerging Science of Which I Am Aware Can Fail When Faced with the Question of Whether the Time to do it has Already Arrived". The Publicationof Wundt's Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie in 1874.

The first edition of the Grundzüge der Physiologischen Psychologie of Wilhelm Wundt which celebrated its 150th anniversary of publication. The Grundzüge was a constantly updated work that from 1874 to 1911 had 6 editions which laid the philosophical and methodological foundations of Wundt's project of psychology. The first edition of 1874 is maybe the most celebrated and remembered but the least studied and subject to a great deal of misinterpretation due to the few translations and the intrinsic complexity of the book. To understand what differentiated the Grundzüge from the other published works on physiological psychology that had been published ten years earlier, it was studied how it was received by its first readers and in general an intellectual context that made the appearance of works like Wundt's conducive. Most of the reviews affirmed that the originality of Wundt's work consisted in providing a philosophical solution to physiology that had definitively abandoned the doctrine of specific energies, which had been used to explain the origin of sensations. In this sense, the philosophers' reviews of Wundt's work were complimentary and saw in it a possibility of giving scientific treatment to certain questions that had previously been dealt with by philosophy. On the other hand, many physiologists regarded the Grundzüge as a transitional work that would be overcome when anatomy and physiology provided definitive answers. The Grunzüge was also a "publishing success" that inaugurated a successful relationship between Wundt and his publisher Wilhelm Engelmann that continued until the beginning of the twentieth century. This article aimed to reconstruct the genesis of the book by analyzing published works immediately prior to its writing that dealt, for example, with research in electrophysiology where he referred to the Gründzüge as a work in progress and that would help to answer many of the unsolved problems.

The origins of neuromuscular electrodiagnosis. 1800-1950: a crucial period.

The two components of today's electroneuromyography (i.e. neurography and myography) gradually emerged from the harmful practice of electrotherapy during the crucial period of 1800-1950. At the beginning of the 19th century, galvanism was supplemented by the fashionable induction coils created by Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (1803-1877). In the same decades, major physiological research was performed by the Italian Carlo Matteuci (1811-1868), the Germans Emil Heinrich du Bois Reymond (1818-1896) and Eduard Pflüger (1829-1910) and the French Claude Bernard (1813-1878). This led to the description of the nerve action potential and to the measurement of the speed of nerve impulses in frogs by Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894). In the mid-19th century, Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne (1806-1875) designed his own electrical equipment to perform faradisation, a focal electrification using induction current. Duchenne's methodology and conclusions led to a heated debate with Robert Remak (1815-1865) about the use of galvanic current, and with Hugo von Ziemssen (1829-1902) about the points which were to become the motor point. In the following years, the galvanic polar method was developed. Rudolf Brenner (1821-1884) formalised a literal notation of this method, expressing the muscle contraction formula by a system of letters. From the 1880s, a standardisation of electrodiagnostic exploration began. The German neurologist Wilhelm Erb (1840-1921) formalised a more complex situation called Entartungsreaktion (degenerative reaction). During WW1, a bipolar method was used and André Strohl (1887-1977) performed the electrical recording of tendon reflexes. Myography emerged in the first years of the 20th century thanks to the physiological work of Keith Lucas (1879-1916) and Charles Sherrington (1857-1952). The concentric needle, designed by Edgar Adrian (1889-1977) and Detlev Bronk (1807-1975), and the development of the cathode-ray oscilloscope were of great interest for electromyography. Such oscilloscopes also allowed Joseph Erlanger (1874-1965) and Herbert Gasser (1888-1963) to graph the action potential of a frog's sciatic nerve. During WW2, the American James G. Golseth (1912-2003) and James A. Fizzell (1912-1995) worked with the Canadian Herbert H. Jasper (1906-1999). They demonstrated the importance of interpreting myography and neurography together. In England, Herbert Seddon (1903-1977) and Graham Weddell (1908-1990) described the evolution of nerve injuries and muscle denervation on wounded soldiers. In the 1950s, the first widespread marketing of electromyographic devices allowed a new generation of neurologists to be invested in this novel topic.

A Retrospective of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Films in the Global Context:Evolution of Genre · Independent Representation · Documentary Shaping

A review of Chinese cinema history reveals a close and intertwined relationship between its development and the Lingnan region, from figures such as Lai Man-wai, Zheng Junli, and Chu Yuan, to films ranging from Chuang Tzu Tests His Wife to The House of 72 Tenants. From the signing of the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) by the central government and the Hong Kong SAR government at the beginning of the new century, to the cultural development concept of "Jointly Building a Humanistic Bay Area" put forward in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Development Plan issued by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council in February 2019, Hong Kong and mainland China's film cultures have converged, intertwining with each other. In the past, the film industry in Guangdong leveraged its geographical and policy advantages to flourish. Looking ahead, as the largest ticket box in the Chinese film market for consecutive years, the Lingnan film market centered on Guangdong still holds potential for development. This paper attempts to trace the development trajectory of film in Hong Kong and Guangdong since the signing of CEPA in the new century, elucidating the new characteristics of film cultural integration and development.

Mirzə Şəfi Vazeh və Fridrix Bodenştedt Ədəbi Əlaqələrinin Psixologiyası: Təqliddən Plagiata Doğru

One of the many Eastern poets who became famous in the West in the 19th century is the “Sage from Ganja” Mirza Shafi Vazeh. His cheerful and song-like poems were translated into German by his student Friedrich von Bodenstedt. The songs quickly gained popularity in Germany. The co-authors of this great cultural event of the 50s of the 19th century, the poet Mirza Shafi and the translator F.Bodenstedt, managed to harmoniously complement each other. The work of F.Bodenstedt “Songs of Mirza Shafi” appeared as a unique result of the cultural unification of the East and the West. In the 70s of the 19th century, confessions written by F.Bodenstedt in the appendix to the work “From the Accounts of Mirza Shafi” led to the rupture of this poetic unity. The issue of plagiarism, which is usually emphasized in our scientific community, when it comes to the literary relationship between Mirza Shafi and F.Bodenstedt, has gained relevance after these confessions. The plagiarism committed by F.Bodenstedt in relation to Mirza Shafi has largely obscured the true essence of the cultural phenomenon that arose, as a result of the fusion of Eastern poetry and Western thinking. It should be noted that indirect acts of plagiarism by F.Bodenstedt were reflected in his memories about Mirza Shafi. He absorbs the colorful oriental features of Mirza Shafi, which could arouse the interest of a German reader tired of the revolutions of the 40s. The German translator masterfully imitates the vivid and emotional image of the poet. During conversations, he exploits the poet intellectually, involving him in “psychological games”. F.Bodenstedt tried to translate into German the impromptu poems of Mirza Shafi in the Azerbaijani and Persian languages to the extent that he understood the essence of what was said in these passages. He sought to gain popularity in the competitive German scientific community through his translations on Oriental subjects. Despite the fact that, F.Bodenstedt published the songs in his own name his confessions were not successful, because he could not separate the oriental spirit of Mirza Shafi from the songs. The confessions which were supposed to make him the sole author of the “Songs of Mirza Shafi”, caused serious doubts and sharp criticism in the German scientific community. Along with F.Bodenstedt, who gradually lost the trust he had won in the eyes of his readers, the Azerbaijani poet Mirza Shafi also began to be forgotten. As a result of the steady change of poetic tastes in German societies, the process of oblivion is further accelerated. Mirza Shafi, forgotten in the West since the beginning of the 20th century, became famous in Azerbaijan in the same century and has continued his path independently ever since.

Archibald Scott Couper – The Star That Went Out Too Soon

In the mid-nineteenth century Archibald Scott Couper within less than two years developed the very first structural formulae of organic compounds, introduced to this day used symbol of chemical bonds, was the first to predict and depict the cyclic structure, at the same time as Kekulé, but independently of him, described the ability of carbon atoms to concatenate, formed a new chemical theory in place of then recognized inadequate type and radical theories, and synthesized hitherto unknown bromobenzenes and chlorophosphates of salicylic acid. Due to unfavorable circumstances, he was prevented from continuing his work and defending his discoveries, which were subsequently associated with other names, and became forgotten for half a century, only to be appreciated – too late for him – at the beginning of the 20th century.

Coordination of The Constitution of The Republic of Uzbekistan With The Ideas of The Jadids Movement (Social - Philosophical Analysis)

At the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Jadidism movement, the social and political actions and the ideas they promoted served as an important factor for the spiritual life of that time. The Jadidlar movement included not only educational or cultural-educational activities, but also the development of social, political and legal culture, and the creation of the conceptual foundations of civil society. In the process of adoption of the new version of the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with the study of the legal system of many developed countries, we can see that the views of modern intellectuals were also reflected in the changes. In this article, changes in the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan are analyzed in harmony with the ideas of modernism.

Oprema gradu Hmeljnik pred letom 1926

Based on a comparative analysis of previously unpublished archival sources, the article provides information on the furnishings of Hmeljnik Castle from the beginning of the seventeenth to the beginning of the twentieth century. The painting collections of the Barons Ruessenstein and Zierheimb, who owned Hmeljnik in the seventeenth century, are presented in detail, and the inventories from the time of the Barons Wambolt provide a more detailed insight into the castle furnishings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Supplemented by the transcription of selected sources, the article lays the foundation for further research into the castle interiors, as the analysis of these and other surviving documents reveals their appearance before the major renovation of the castle and the relocation of the Frischau furnishings to Hmeljnik in the second half of the 1920s.

Oddziały kozackie i Kozacy w milicjach prywatnych w Rzeczypospolitej w XVIII w. Nowe spojrzenie

At the beginning of the 18th century, based on decisions made in 1699, the Cossack units, the so-called registered ones, which had earlier supported the state army in the defence of the south-eastern provinces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth for over 150 years, were liquidated. Those experiences related to numerous Cossack rebellions, the last in 1701–1703, meant that until 1792 it was not decided to recreate units recruited from Cossacks in the state army. However, the magnates and gentry were willing to use such units, by taking advantage of the applicable law, and they decided to maintain a court army. In the south-eastern provinces, having private militias was necessary in the face of raids by haidamaks (native bandits), Moldavian bandits, and Cossacks from the territories of Russia. Cossack units were easy to form due to a large recruitment base and cheap to maintain. The latter was due to granting farms exempt from all feudal services except compulsory police and military service. It is no wonder that Cossack units were an important, sometimes dominant element of the court armies of such large landowners as Chodkiewicz, Jabłonowski, Lubomirski, Potocki, or Radziwiłł (but with the reservation that only on their estates in Ukraine) presented in the article. The total number of court Cossack units was certainly much smaller than the 30,000 given by Kitowicz. However, they still constituted a significant group of combatants in the service of the magnates and the borderland nobility, protecting but also threatening their estates.

Emil Bratz (1868–1934): the life and work of an early German epileptologist

Abstract Emil Bratz (1868–1934) was a German neuropsychiatrist who worked in Berlin institutions until 1933. From 1894 to 1910 he was affiliated with Berlin-Wuhlgarten, one of the first hospitals and colonies dedicated exclusively to epilepsy patients in Europe. From the beginning of his career, he actively researched the topic of epilepsy including pathoanatomical microscopic studies of Ammon’s horn starting before 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, he wrote extensively on the topic of epilepsy. Furthermore, he represented Germany in the founding years of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and belonged to the group that established the journal Epilepsia. Here we commemorate Emil Bratz, an early but largely forgotten epileptologist, by presenting the first comprehensive synopsis of Bratz’s life and work including new information from first-hand materials, illustrating his professional career and research activities as an epileptologist, providing a full list of his publications on epilepsy, and describing his role in the founding years of ILAE and Epilepsia. As we show, Emil Bratz deserves to be remembered for his important contributions to the rise of epileptology at the turn of the 20th century.

Exploring Cosmetics as a Black Archive to Document the Experiences of Black Women

This paper examines the uses, methods, strengths, and weaknesses of cosmetics as a historical archive to better understand the experiences of Black women in North America during the twentieth century. Encompassing cosmetic products, advertisements, magazines, and companies, the archive of cosmetics documents Black women’s secondary role within the cosmetic industry as both buyers and businesswomen. As large, white-owned cosmetic companies virtually dominated the makeup industry, Black women were sidelined and racially exploited, largely rendered unable to exercise the agency to determine their own beauty standards through dictating the representation of, messaging around, and distribution of beauty products designed for Black women. Their lack of agency within the cosmetic industry will be explored through the beginning of the twentieth century, during which the emphasis on skin lightening products reinforced the undesirability of dark skin. Throughout the later twentieth century, despite the emergence of the ‘Black is Beautiful’ campaign, there was instead a predominately superficial shift in the cosmetic industry with companies releasing new lines specifically designed to suit dark skin. Moreover, the experiences of Black women in the United States and Canada will be analysed through the use of case studies of Madame C.J. Walker and Viola Desmond to further contextualise and compare the exclusion of Black women within the cosmetic industry across North America.

Psychological Mechanisms in Chekhov

This paper aims to analyse the psychological mechanisms present in the dramaturgy of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov, alongside the psychic transformations undergone by the theatre creator during the process of interpreting and staging these classic texts. Considering the symbolic value of Chekhov’s characters at a social and cultural level, all of which were developed under the auspices of the great cultural and historical shifts of the beginning of the 20th century, the present analysis investigates a series of stage expression methods that the contemporary theatre has exhibited over the past decades. In fact, what this essay questions is the creator’s level of understanding of his own artistic predispositions, needs, or fears. The way the artist navigates through the realm of signs and aesthetic images born from Chekhov’s dramaturgy tests both the discernment that everyone trains in front of the stage, as well as the predilection for certain motives and directorial directions. Moreover, for a theatre-maker, Chekhovian dramaturgy provokes an essential interaction with the emotional and psychological sensibilities of the characters, as it requires great attention to detail in the interpretation and staging of these fine psychological processes.

The Historical Path of the Soviet State to the Constitution of 1924

The article examines in detail the historical processes that led to the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924. The article analyzes the importance of the Soviet state, which was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, and its role in the formation of a new political system. The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 laid the foundations of the socialist state and became an important step towards the creation of the USSR. After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War, new territories became part of the RSFSR, which served as the basis for the formation of a unified Soviet state. Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in laid the foundation for the creation of a unified legal space on the territory of the former Russian Empire. The Constitution not only consolidated the federal structure of the state and established the separation of powers between the central government and the republics, but it also emphasized the sovereignty of the Union republics, while at the same time limiting the possibility of independent foreign policy activities for the sake of national security. The author argues that over-centralization has undermined the very possibility of consolidating the federal principles laid down in the Constitution of 1924. This led to the formation of an authoritarian system of government that dominated the USSR throughout its history. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the historical processes that led to the adoption of the USSR Constitution of 1924 and its impact on the formation of the Soviet political system.

A brief survey of the Pentecostal tradition through a postcolonial optic

ABSTRACT The earliest expressions of Pentecostalism, emerging spontaneously around the world at the beginning of the 20th century, are contested due to the outsized influence of the Azusa Street Revival alongside missionary work which erased indigenous-born expressions of the Spirit. Pentecostal distinctives work to emphasise radical equality and challenge societal understandings of gender, race, and age; the Spirit advocates decolonial activity and subverts imperialism. As Pentecostal expressions develop into larger movements, however, entrenched cultural imperatives reassert themselves in the guise of pragmatic considerations, forcing a divide between theology and praxis. The need for rapid responses to the surrounding culture and the imperative for continuous growth often results in a consolidation of power in an individual, reversing the decolonising work of the Spirit to advance the interests of the powerful. Despite this, hope remains as Pentecostal theologians reclaim the decolonial impulses of the movement and advocate for a return to original principles.

The changing nature of celebrity in musical theatre: the development of star casting

ABSTRACT This article draws on a historical account of musical theatre as an art form to establish a basis from which to explore the changing nature of celebrity casting in musical theatre. It reveals the significant influence of reality TV celebrities on musical theatre in the twenty-first century and focuses on the changing nature of celebrity itself from the beginning of the 20th century until the first two decades of the 21st century. The article takes the form of a diachronic account of how stars, known within musical theatre circles, and celebrities, known as personas within and beyond musical theatre circles, have shaped musical theatre since the end of the nineteenth century. It shows how both stars and celebrities at different points of the art form’s history have been utilised, the part they played in musical theatre as a commercial industry and their influence on both musical theatre audiences and creatives.

Sympathetic nerves, salivary secretion, and the parched mouth of fear: unraveling historical perspectives on persistent contradiction in physiology textbooks.

We have observed two starkly contradictory notions regarding the sympathetic influence on the salivary outflow in discussions with our students. Most of them believe that sympathetic nerves decrease salivation and are antagonistic to parasympathetic nerves. Some students, however, show awareness of the cooperative stimulatory action of both types of autonomic fibers. We have found a similar dichotomy in the descriptions of the sympathetic effect on secretion of the main salivary glands and their inconsistent illustrations in Anatomy/Physiology textbooks. We have investigated the historical roots of this discrepancy. Ludwig discovered excitatory actions of both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves on salivary flow by 1856. The next year, Czermak proposed the hypothesis of an inhibitory effect of sympathetic nerves, observing their interference with salivation induced by the chorda tympani (i.e., parasympathetic) stimulation. Bernard and Eckhard soon confirmed Ludwig's findings, but Czermak's notion persisted because sympathetically evoked salivation was unstable and potentially abatable by glandular vasoconstriction. The salivary secretory response to moderate sympathetic nerve electrostimulation was reaffirmed by Langley who also discovered salivation in response to adrenaline injection at the beginning of the 20th century. A few years later, Cannon, on a purely theoretical basis, attributed the sensation of dry mouth occasionally associated with fear to hyposalivation induced by elevated sympathetic discharge. Despite subsequent researchers' inability to find unequivocal evidence of salivary flow reduction by sympathetic activation, Cannon's assumption gained acceptance in some textbooks. Most Anatomy/Physiology textbook authors, however, recognized the excitatory action of sympathetic nerves on salivary glands established by Ludwig and Bernard.

William Cecil Slingsby and Elizabeth Le Blond in Norway: transnational mountaineering, modernity and temporality, 1870–1910

ABSTRACT In both William Cecil Slingsby’s Norway. The Northern Playground (1904) and Elizabeth Le Blond’s Mountaineering in the Land of the Midnight Sun (1908), Norway is presented as an alternative destination for British mountaineers at the beginning of the twentieth century. Reflecting the increasing popularity of Norway with travellers, both Slingsby and Le Blond saw their journeys as temporal. For Slingsby, this was searching for an Old Norse past which connected to Britain; for Le Blond, it was as an escape from modernity. Yet both depicted the tensions of modern travel; mountaineering in particular was an activity dependent on modern infrastructure and technology. Moreover, both, and especially Slingsby, were part of transnational networks of mountaineers, constructing Norway as a tourist landscape. The texts of Le Blond and Slingsby offer important insights into British imperial travel culture at the time, as well as the transnational histories of mountaineering and modernity.

<유봉선전> 연구 - 이본 소개 및 관련 작품 서사단락 대비를 중심으로

This study was the subject of analysis of the classic novel Yubongseonjeon, which has not been discussed in detail. There was a mention of introducing Yubongseonjeon held in the Chungnam National University Library as a copy of Giyeonhoebongnok, but no specific research was conducted to compare it with Giyeonhoebongnok, perhaps because the Chungnam script Yubongseonjeon was a lost copy. Recently, I was additionally introduced to the Goryeong edition Yubongseonjeon, which has a record of being written by a 15-year-old girl, and I took this opportunity to review the contents of the Chungnam script and the Goryeong edition Yubongseonjeon. As a result, it was confirmed that this work was not related to the Giyeonhoebongnok. Although both the Chungnam script and the Goryeong script are not complete copies, they are expected to be able to make up for each other’s shortcomings so I worked on comparing the two books. As a result, it is highly likely that neither book is a draft, and that the Chungnam script is more inclined to accurately use vocabulary and convey information than the Goryeong script, and that the Goryeong script is interested in expressing emotions. It also confirmed that each book can complement the unclear parts of each book. Next, I thought about what kind of work can be considered to be related to Yubongseonjeon. As a result, I confirmed that Yubongseonjeon is related to the work of the Leedaebongjeon and its similar works, novels featuring female heroes, and briefly compared the narrative paragraphs of the works of the Yubongseonjeon, the Leedaebongjeon and Leebongbinjeon. In the case of the current Yubongseonjeon copy, both are jade copies, and the narrative development is not smooth, so it is difficult to see them as well-organized works. However, if a number of practice-level novels or imitative novels were created around the beginning of the 20th century, it will be possible to conduct research to understand the reality by considering them as a cultural phenomenon. Therefore, this study informs basic information on individual works Yubongseonjeon and understands the creation and enjoyment of classical novels from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. I would like to give significance to the fact that it has laid the foundation.

Monastic Estates in the Wachau Region: Nodes of Exchange in Past and Present Days

Abstract In the Lower Austrian part of the Danube region, known as the Wachau, viticulture as an agrarian form of economy was established to a large extent by monastic estates. From the ninth century onwards at the latest, numerous monasteries in Austria, Salzburg, Bavaria, and Bohemia came into possession of vineyards in the Wachau by donation or purchase. Charters, urbaria, and tax lists document the importance of these mostly far-off properties from the beginning of the thirteenth century. Viticulture played a special role in this process. This is even more remarkable because the distances between the monastery and the estates – the so-called “Lesehöfe” – were sometimes considerable, for example, in the case of the Augustinian canons’ monasteries of Herrenchiemsee (Traunstein, Bavaria) and Höglwörth (Berchtesgaden, Bavaria) or the Benedictine monasteries of Prüfening (Regensburg, Bavaria) and Tegernsee (Miesbach, Bavaria) and the Hochstift Freising. These far-off estates served as an interface for the interests of both local and foreign actors, still visible today in the form of surviving buildings and historical documents and objects. As part of a project, the monastery estates and their historical documents were catalogued to establish a basis for an interdisciplinary analysis of the phenomenon. The essential goal of the project was to record the monastic estates as broadly as possible to create a basis for an interdisciplinary analysis of the phenomenon. Basic groundwork was laid to make the various estates available for the interests of cultural tourism within the Wachau World Heritage region.

Russia’s policy in the Eurasian area amid confrontation with the West

Western sanctions against Moscow have led to a radical change in the Russian foreign policy course. The Western direction of Russia’s diplomacy, which had been promoted since the late 1980s, began to change at the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI centuries. Amid the Western pressure, Moscow began to give higher priority to the eastern direction, expanding political and economic contacts with non-Western states. Russia’s main attention was turned to the countries of the Eurasian area, for which the policy of the West also created significant risks. As a result, over the past decades, Moscow’s diplomacy has made a radical turnaround, establishing a new framework of economic relations and creating a solid foundation for the further development of political ties with the Eurasian states. Furthermore, in recent years, the forming of new ties with Eurasian countries has rapidly accelerated, primarily due to the worsening of the relations between Russia and the West. This factor provoked a fundamental revision of Moscow’s foreign policy, which was forced to respond to the confrontational course of the Western states. The article analyzes the main results that Russia has achieved in its relations with the Eurasian countries. The research concludes that the shift of Russian policy towards the Eurasian area has a long-term basis and meets the interests of Moscow.

Journey into a Toxic Past: Pest Control in Museums at the End of the Nineteenth and the Early Twentieth Century in Germany and Beyond

This contribution examines the use of pesticides in German museum collections at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. This basic research is extracted from my doctoral thesis. The former Königliches Museum für Völkerkunde zu Berlin, today named Ethnologisches Museum der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (EM), is suited as an example amongst others. Furthermore, German museums are in focus against the background of the formation of nation states, the situation around the German colonies at that time, the First World War, industrialization and the subsequent hygiene movement. These social and political circumstances played an important role for ethnological museums in Germany as well as in Europe. In this context former employees in ethnological museums are focused while they were fighting with various active ingredients and means against harmful insects in their collections based on organic materials. From this view museums appear as small self-contained institutions that relied heavily on outside support. Due to their persistence, the consequences of pest control with pesticides for objects as well as for humans are obvious and documented in many places. Material damage can be observed as well as serious health consequences for the human organism. The subject is also placed in the context of current debates about neo colonialism and colonialism, because it is clearly shown that there is a significant aspect that remains often unnoticed. To be more precise, there is a lack of responsible treatment and appreciation in German as well as in European museums for persons from source communities, who demand the repatriation of their objects, which are contaminated in this way. From this perspective it is a great matter of concern, to complement today’s conservator’s knowledge on the toxicity of museum objects and the human-toxic hazards that emanate from active ingredients and means introduced in the past.